Solving problems of commercial losses of electricity

Electricity in Russia is not important commodity, and refers to one of the supplied power systems and services so that theft of electricity is not considered a theft of property, and Thief of electricity when it detects the theft may incur only administrative punishment, but the fact of such theft is difficult to provable.

This state of affairs for a long time to work out mechanisms to allow the theft of electricity in very large quantities. Since the evaluation of power sales organizations in the private sector, theft of electricity in Russia on average up to 60%, and in the municipal sector to 25% of the total consumption of residential consumers of electricity. Therefore, without taking into account new technologies in electricity consumption among organizational measures to deal with this problem is not.

If for large and medium-sized enterprises in recent years worked relatively reliable system of technical and commercial electric power accounting, significantly reducing the possibility of theft, for domestic and melkomotornyh consumers, especially in the private sector required metering of electricity, providing protection against theft of electricity, reducing operating costs and reliable in operation and most suitable for integration into automated systems for commercial metering of domestic customers (AMR BP), until recently, was not.

Thus recommended to reduce commercial losses in the private sector way of the removal of electric meters on the facades of private houses or in support grids has several disadvantages:

• requires removal of electric meters in a securely protected by boxes, with a good ground, and quick disconnect devices in contact with a person under stress, requires the use of CIP and the like;
• do not solve the problem of calculation and the resulting balance of electricity consumed;
• issues are not solved automate the collection of information

AMR PSU for public housing, for example, well-known system of "Continuum" solves the problem of AMR PSU for public housing, but because the data from the meter to the hub are not in digital form, and in the form of pulses proportional to the telemetry power consumption, the loss of communication between the meter and concentrator leads to loss of electricity from the meter reading is proportional to the time of loss of communication.

The specialists of JSC "Rome," together with the Novosibirsk Energosbytomi Fund saving in the Novosibirsk region has been developed to incorporate the concept of power which formed the basis of less developed systems.

The main thrust of these systems - is:

• reduction in commercial and technical losses of electricity;
• reduction in operating costs;
• calculation of the balance of received and consumed energy.

At the same time domestic sector electricity consumption can be divided into two sub-sectors are:

• Detached (detached houses, cottages);
• Utilities (apartment buildings).

On this basis the development of electricity meters was carried out taking into account the specifics of electricity consumption in these subsectors.

For the private housing sector is characterized by the following key features:

• Greater level of commercial losses of electricity, up to 60%;
• The big difficulty of access to the meter readings for verification or validation of its technical condition.

For the public housing sector is characterized by the following features:

• Understatement of meter readings when paying for electricity consumers, business losses can reach up to 20%;
• Retailing companies do not have traceability consumed and paid for electricity;
• Difficulties of access to the meter readings for verification or validation of its technical condition.

To solve these problems have been developed AMR system domestic sector, which more fully take into account the characteristics of each sub-sector and private and public, that the PMC and PMC-2050-2060b.

PMC-2050 system is designed for the private sector and the following tasks:

• meters must ensure that electricity as authorized under, and when you connect an unauthorized party and make meaningless any unauthorized connections;
• organize the collection and subsequent remote centralized processing of accounting information about an individual electricity consumption by each customer;
• finding a metering device must be on private property, ie responsibility for the safety and serviceability of the device is a subscriber (consumer power);
• provide a calculation of the balance of power for a specified settlement date and hour.

For the practical implementation of these solutions has been developed set of hardware and software comprising the system of PMC-2050m:

• Single-phase multi-tariff meter - SOEB-2P DR with data transmission over the air and protected from theft;
• Three-phase multi-tariff meter - STEB-04/2-80-DR with data transmission over the air and protection from theft;
• Three-phase multi-tariff meter - STEB-04/1-7 ,5-P to the transfer of data via radio to be installed in TA to obtain data for calculating the balance of electricity consumed;
• The portable reader controller - RMRM-2055RK. Receive data over the air, followed by pumping them into the computer via RS-232;
• Software drivers data into an existing power sales database for further processing.

Counters with protection from theft (single phase and three phase) have been developed with an external remote (s) sensor (s) capacity (DDM), which allowed to control all the supply line to the caller from the support of 0.4 kV overhead lines. Block diagram of single-phase counter-2P SOEB DR simplified and enhanced presented in Figure 1 and 2, respectively, and the look on photo1.

In Fig. A

In Fig. 2

Photo 1.

The principle of operation of the counter based on the fact that the CPU base unit (WB) analyzes data from the output of 2 meters, one that is in the DDM, the second base station, and summarizes the data only from the meter, which is currently at the output of the maximum measured capacity. Data from the DDM in the base unit are transmitted in digital form for power network, this is a transmitter in the DDM. The principle of transmission - Frequency Shift Keying (FSK). The transfer is carried out at 4 frequencies in the range 50 - 93 kHz. Sure transmission range on power channel at least 60 meters. The data from the meter via radio transmitted to the remote data transfer (reader) RMRM-2055RK. The carrier frequency of 433.92 MHz, frequency shift keying (FSK), the transmitter power not exceeding 10 MW. It provides a range of reliable reception to the car antenna up to 100 meters.

Based on the principle of operation of the counter look at the main form of theft of electricity:

• - Any impact on the individual at the DDM or the BB will cause the imbalance data from DDM, and BB and the adder data will come from the meter, whose output the maximum power. For example, a shunt, or did BB "threw" in the lead-in wires, then the current passing through the DDM will be more than a BB (Iddm> IBB) data to combiner will be taken from the DDM and vice versa during bypass DDM Iddm <IBB, the data to the adder will be taken from BB.
• - The counter is disabled, made a temporary connection, bypassing the meter, watch Fig.3

Figure 3

Since DDM in this scheme to account of electricity consumed, the pattern of consumption in the recovery of data from the DDM will go into the base unit and added to the totalizer. Thus, the consumption data is not lost, but will be fully taken into account. In addition, the operational log counter will reflect information about:

• On / off time counter;
• Amount of consumed kWh / Tariffs before and after switching;
• Status information, before and after operation.

Thus it is possible to conduct a full analysis of modes of consumption and work counter.

Features of this type of counter:

• Two channels of measurement;
• Self-diagnosis;
• LCD display with a range of temperatures to -36 ° C;
• Technological allowance of accuracy;
• Resistance to environmental, mechanical and electromagnetic effects;
• Remote digital data transmission over the air to a distance of 100 meters;
• Operation at a voltage of 160 - 380 V.

Main characteristics of the counter:

• A. Accuracy class according to GOST 30207-94, 2.0;
• Two. Rated voltage, V 220 ± 20%;
• Three. Operating current, A 5 - 50;
• 4. Power detection NSP, kVA, not less than 0.1;
• Five. Detection time, no more, min 5;
• 6. Power of the transmitter (433.92 MHz), 10 mW;
• 7. Power consumption, VA less than 10;
• Eight. More channels, radio; RS-232.

The functionality of the counter:

• Recording and display of cumulative energy consumed, separately for the three rates;
• Recording and display of electricity consumed on the first day of the month, separately for the three rates;
• Automatic switching rates;
• Displays the current rate;
• Automatic transition to "winter" and "summer" time;
• Fixation of tariff schedules and adjustments to the current time;
• Fixing the checksum of the tariff schedule;
• Accounting for the total operation time counter;
• The accumulation of data on the amount of electricity consumed, on three separate rates for the last 12 months in an internal log counter;
• The accumulation of operational data on the modes of operation of the counter. Capacitance meter 79 records.
• Automatic daily clock correction (± 30 sec / day);
• Data transmission by radio to the mobile remote data transfer RMRM RK-2055.

Transmitted the following information:

• Its own address;
• Electricity consumption by 3 Cumulative rates;
• Electricity consumption by 3 tariffs on first day of the month;
• The total operating time counter;
• The current date and time;
• Proprietary information;
• Checksum.

MOBILE READER THE COMPTROLLER.

Mobile reader RMRM RK-2055 (see photo 2) is used for reading data from electricity meters via radio, and transfer them to your PC. Additionally, the meter reader made the programming of the tariff schedule, entry number DDM, correction time and read through the magazine counter channel RS-232.

Photo 2

To simplify the controller to reader it has three basic modes:

• A. Receive data from a specific number counter;
• Two. Receive data from all the counters located in the reception area (total dose);
• Three. Receive data from a given number of counters (selective method).

In the latter case, the procedure is as follows. With energy sales of the database through a program of communication with the reader in the reader recorded information from which subscribers should receive the data. At the same time for each subscriber shall be inserted the following: - a personal account, № counter, the name of the street and house number. And so on each route. Routes may be several, and each route described what counts to be taken. If for some reason, the route will not be accepted by the data from which a counter, the controller of the display reader will see what numbers are not accepted, as well as the addresses are not accepted counter to already understand exactly what it was. After receiving data from all scheduled meter data through the program due to the reader are downloaded to the base power sales organization for further processing.

Reeder is a microprocessor which provides control of all device nodes, calendaring, storing, viewing and retrieval of accounting information in a database reader, as well as the management of radio receiver. All modes are set using the keyboard and displayed on the LCD display.

Main characteristics of reader:

• A. Memory capacity for 7,000 subscribers;
• Two. Displays on LCD power consumption of all kinds;
• Three. Time communication over the air no more than 30 sec;
• 4. Radio range of at least 50 meters to the car antenna is not less than 100 m;
• Five. Data speed of RS-232 for at least 9600;
• 6. Power consumption less than 1W;
• 7. Power stand-alone or from an external source.

Features:

• Selective reception of information from the counters on the radio;
• The overall reception of information over the air;
• Radio search by number counter;
• Viewing the display of information databases;
• Delivery of information on request from an external device via the RS-232;
• Storing the data received with the power off (with built-in remote control batteries);
• Implementation of technological functions (programming in the counters of a new tariff schedule, time correction, entry number DDM);
• Indication of the battery;
• Charge AA batteries installed in place of 1.5;
• Additionally reader can be powered by 12V on-board vehicle network or via the external power supply of 220V.

Three-phase meter is built like a single-phase STEB-04/2-80-DR SOEB DR-2P and has the same features, is designed for consumers with a three-phase input.

Three-phase meter STEB-04/1-7 ,5-P to be installed in substations in order to ensure the calculation of the balance of electricity consumed. The appearance of the counter is shown in Photo 3.

Foto.3

Features:

Counters have eight-bit LCD display with a wide range of operating temperatures.

The indicator is a pointer to type the displayed parameter.

Modifications of the counters, characterized by additional transmitters:

• counters with the letter "K" have RS-485 interface, two-wire with an external power supply 9 ... 12 V.
• counters with the letter "P" have the radio transmission unit (433.93 MHz, 10 mW) for data on consumption at the reader controller RMRM-2055RK communication range of at least 50 m

Features:

• In phase and the total consideration of energy - the current and the first day of the month;
• In phase and the total average power measurement over a period of 5 ... 30 minutes;
• Billing is the consumption rates in three and six tariff zones;
• Automatic switching rates;
• Displays the current rate;
• Automatic switching to daylight saving time;
• Accounting for the total operation time counter;
• Automatic daily updating of the clock;
• Logging accounting for energy and the total phase for months during the year;
• Logging accounting for energy and the total phase of days during the month;
• The following data are transmitted over the air:
  • Amount of electricity consumed by the three-current rates, and the first day of the month;
  • The total operating time counter;
  • Current date and time;
  • Number counter;
  • Inside Information;

Technical parameters:

• Rated voltage - In 3'220
• The range of phase voltage - The 150 ... 400
• Rated Current - A 5
• Maximum Current - A 50 (7.5)
• Nominal frequency - 50 Hz
• Accuracy class - 1.0
• Communication range - 50 meters

The software normally supplied by:

• Configuration and type of input counters SOEB, STEB in operation;
• Mobile reader service program supervisor.

The system of PMC-2060b is designed for public sector and the following tasks:

• (A) to organize the collection and subsequent remote centralized processing of accounting information about an individual electricity consumption by each customer;
• (B) Location of a metering device must be on private property, for example, in an apartment or a closed part of the landing, that is, responsibility for the safety and serviceability of the device is a subscriber (consumer power);
• (C) The system should not require installation of additional lines of communication (or require a minimum number of lines);
• (D) The system must take into account the per-apartment obschedomovoe and consumption with the ability to detect unauthorized connections;
• (E) Ensure that the calculation of the balance of power for a specified settlement date and hour.

The problem must be solved so that the usual line personnel can perform a normal installation of the replacement meter.

For the practical implementation of these solutions developed a set of hardware and software that make up the lower level of the system:

• Electronic Single-rate meter SOEB-2nk -01 with remote transmission of readings on the power wire;
• Electronic single-phase multi-tariff meter SOEB-2nk with remote transmission of readings on the power wire;
• Electronic three-phase multi-tariff meter STEB 04-7,5-1 to a remote transmission of readings on the RS485 interface and the possibility of taking into account each phase of electricity consumed;
• The device data collection and transmission of the RM-RTU 2064M, which has in its composition:
  
  • data receiver on power network and the interface RS485;
  • cellular GSM / GPRS modem;
• The device data collection and transmission of the RM-RTU 2064, which differs from the RM-RTU 2064M lack of GSM / GPRS modem;
• The software includes:
  • Configuration and type of input counters SOEB, STEB in operation;
  • Program designed for top-level system configuration, data collection and preliminary processing of information.

The block diagram of a system based on a block of flats is shown in Figure 4

In Fig. 4

The system presented in Figure 4 is composed of a minimum number of component elements, ie непосредственно сам электросчетчик со встроенным передатчиком по силовой сети и УСПД (устройство сбора и передачи данных). Данные с УСПД посредством встроенного GSM-модема передаются сразу на связной компьютер энергосбыта смотреть рис.5.

In Fig. 5

Таким образом смонтировать систему на доме может обычный линейный электротехнический персонал который обслуживает счетчики. После установки счетчиков и передачи данных о соответствии № счетчика № квартиры со связного компьютера проводится активация системы, т.е. в УСПД сообщается эти данные и система готова к функционированию. Данные с УСПД передаются в связной компьютер по запросу последнего.

Электросчетчик СОЭБ-2ПК

Приборы учета СОЭБ-2ПК устанавливаются вместо существующих индукционных счетчиков и предназначены для коммерческого учета потребления электроэнергии до трех тарифов и передачи данных о потребленной абонентом электроэнергии по силовым проводам на УСПД.

Основные характеристики счетчика.

• Номинальное напряжение, В 220 ±20%;
• Номинальный ток, А 5;
• Максимальный ток, А 60;
• Класс точности 1 или 2;
• Мощность потребления, ВА 10.
• Диапазон рабочих температур, °C -25…+50.
• Счетчик может быть запрограммирован для учета электроэнергии по одному, двум или трем тарифам, в соответствии с установленным тарифным расписанием, состоящим из 6-и тарифных зон.
• Счетчик по силовой сети передает следующие данные:
  
  • Собственный заводской номер;
  • Дату и время передачи по внутренним часам реального времени;
  • Количество электроэнергии нарастающим итогом;
  • Количество потребленной энергии на 1 число текущего месяца по каждому из трех тарифов;
  • Служебную информацию.
• Дальность передачи по силовой сети до 200м в пределах одной фазы одного присоединения. Принцип передачи данных по силовой сети – частотная манипуляция (FSK). Для увеличения помехоустойчивости передача ведется на 4-х частотах в диапазоне 50 – 93 кГц

Устройство сбора и передачи данных РМ-УСПД 2064М.

Устройство сбора и передачи данных РМ-УСПД 2063 предназначено для приема данных по силовой сети от счетчиков типа СОЭБ-2ПК, приема и управления данными по интерфейсу RS485, а также для обмена информацией по сотовой связи с центральным сервером Энергосбыта. УСПД устанавливается в электрощитовой дома и подключается к трехфазной сети. Трехфазные счетчики, учитывающие общее потребление и потребление МОП, лифтов, субабонентов и т.д., подключаются к УСПД через интерфейс RS485. Питание интерфейса RS485 осуществляется от УСПД.

Основные характеристики УСПД:

• Максимальное количество обслуживаемых абонентов 256
• Максимальная дальность приема по силовой сети 300м
• Максимальное количество фаз, с которых собирается информация, 3
• Максимальное количество устройств, подключаемых к интерфейсу RS485, 32

Счетчик СТЭБ–04-7,5-1К

Приборы учета СТЭБ-04-7,5-1К устанавливаются вместо существующих трехфазных счетчиков и предназначены для коммерческого учета потребления электроэнергии по трем тарифам и передачи данных о потребленной абонентом электроэнергии по интерфейсу RS485 на УСПД РМ-УСПД 2064М. Счетчик косвенного включения и используется совместно с трансформаторами тока, выбор которых зависит от мощности потребления электроэнергии в конкретном присоединении. Счетчики используются для учета общей электроэнергии, а также для учета потребления мест общего пользования, лифтов, систем дымоотсоса и т.п.

Основные характеристики счетчика:

• Номинальное напряжение, В 220/380 ±20%;
• Номинальный ток, А 5;
• Максимальный ток, А 7,5;
• Класс точности 1;
• Мощность потребления, ВА 10.
• Диапазон рабочих температур, °C -25…+50.
• Счетчик может быть запрограммирован для учета электроэнергии по одному, двум или трем тарифам, меняющимся в соответствии с установленным тарифным расписанием, состоящим из 6 тарифных зон.
• Счетчик передает по интерфейсу RS485 широкий набор данных, среди которых потребление по трем тарифам текущее и на 1 число текущего месяца раздельно по каждой фазе и суммарное, профиль мощности нагрузки и т.п.

ПРОГРАММНОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ

Программное обеспечение, поставляемое в составе системы, предназначено для работы в среде “WINDOWS-2000/XP/2003” и обеспечивает сбор данных от абонентских счетчиков в СУБД MS SQL Server. Программное обеспечение позволяет организовать сбор данных о потребленной электроэнергии, как в масштабах дома, так и в масштабах города. Сбор данных возможен по следующим каналам связи: RS-485, GSM (передача данных) и GPRS. Обработка собранных данных, баланс потребления. Анализ собранных данных. Вывод результата в табличном и графическом виде. Возможность экспорта в таблицы Excel. Доступ к базе данных по ЛВС с разграничением полномочий.

Наиболее широкое распространение получила система РМС-2050 , т.к. она применяется в частном секторе, где наиболее большие коммерческие потери. Система эксплуатируется и опробована как пилотный проект в 19 городах России и во многих регионах показала экономический эффект от внедрения, при этом не только резко уменьшается небаланс электроэнергии, но и снижается нагрузки на трансформаторные подстанции. Как показывает опыт применения системы платежеспособность населения (уровень собираемости денег) остается на прежнем уровне, а небаланс по электроэнергии доходит до уровня технических потерь.