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INVENTION
Russian Federation Patent RU2107359

A method of generating electrical energy from biomaterials (OPTIONS)

A method of generating electrical energy from biomaterials (OPTIONS)

Name of the inventor: Frau Hannelore Gallin-Ast (DE)
The name of the patentee: Frau Hannelore Gallin-Ast (DE)
Address for correspondence:
Starting date of the patent: 1993.03.12

Application: The invention relates to the field of electric power generation of biomaterials.

The inventive biomaterials from oxidation reactor substantially free of sulfur, is generated by the gasification process gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Carbon monoxide is oxidised to carbon dioxide. Purify the modified working gas from the particulate matter and / or gaseous impurities and feed it into a fuel cell comprising a porous cathode, anode and electrolyte.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a method for generating electrical energy from a perennial plant reed low content of sulfur. Perennial reed plants with low content of sulfur related to biomaterials, which are called, in general, all the so-called regenerative materials, t. E. Such materials that can be recovered by biological means such a capacity that corresponds to the rate of consumption, as opposed to fossil materials that formed much more slowly than are consumed. The biomaterial may be provided with essentially perfect cellular structure or disintegrated structure such as a fine powder. Biomaterials can occur in as biological and organic waste. Biomaterials contain primarily elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

The direct emission of hydrogen using fuel cells is well known. Fuel cells have compared to heat engines the advantage that they are not exposed to the basic thermodynamic limitations in efficiency resulting from the Carnot cycle. Theoretically fuel cells may convert the combustion heat obtained from the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to form water substantially completely into electrical energy. In practice, using a fuel cell without difficulty is possible to achieve a much higher efficiency than by means of heat engines. However, this condition is that the fuel cell catalysts should not contain poisons which may be present in the hydrogen.

Molecular hydrogen is not in the form of raw materials and must be obtained from hydrogen-containing materials. Production of hydrogen from water using a conventional electrolyte requires more current than can be generated by hydrogen and is not considered further. Catalytic cleavage of water into hydrogen and oxygen is very slow and produces a time-consuming only small amounts, whereby its commercial exploitation unattractive.

Known method of generating electric power from a perennial plant reed negligible sulfur plant biomass comprising oxidation by processing gas containing oxygen to form a combustion gas supply of the working gas in the fuel cell generating electric energy (German application 3,523,487).

The known method is not characterized by high productivity and reliability and has a significant emission of harmful substances.

Well-known and so-called generation of synthesis gas from coal, which contains mainly hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and required for this installation. This process is called coal gasification. In the so-called substitution reaction water carbon monoxide in the synthesis gas by adding water vapor at elevated temperatures and can be converted to hydrogen and carbon dioxide.

Use of synthesis gas for the fuel cell is possible in principle, but it appeared essential disadvantages in practice. Firstly, coal generally contains inherent in the raw materials of sulfur, which is present in the synthesis gas as gaseous sulfur compounds. However the sulfur compounds are typically substances that poison the catalyst and can irreversibly deactivate the catalyst of the fuel cell and thereby the fuel cell. For security reasons, environmental protection sulfurous gases are undesirable emissions. Second, the production of synthesis gas from coal generally very expensive and time-consuming, which are formed, for example, from an underground excavation, a coal gasification process and the required cleaning of sulfur compounds.

The basis of the method of the present invention is put electric power generation, which uses cheap raw materials, which has a high efficiency, long and reliable operating time and has very little emission of harmful substances.

To solve this problem, the invention provides a method of generating electric power from a perennial plant reed low content of sulfur, wherein the combination of the following features is realized:

a) applied biomaterials that are largely free of sulfur compounds,

b) in the oxidation reactor of biomaterials using gasification agents containing oxygen, combustion gas generated due to the partial oxidation, which contains carbon monoxide and hydrogen,

c) in the oxidation reactor is established and maintained the ratio of oxygen and temperature of the biomaterial and the gas phase, which provide the fuel gas, substantially free of nitrogen oxides,

d) operating the gas released from the oxidation reactor is freed from sulfur adsorber compounds

d) working gas free of sulfur compounds, is supplied to the fuel cells which comprise a porous anode, a porous cathode and an electrolyte based on phosphoric acid.

Biomaterials, which contain little or no sulfur containing it have negligible amounts of protein. This usually plants with high content of cellulose or lignocellulose. Be sufficiently free of sulfur means that the sulfur content is so little that there is no poisoning of the fuel cell or unacceptable sulfur emissions catalyst. If the sulfur content is increased, it is possible to carry out cleaning of sulfur compounds by a conventional process to remove sulfur. In the oxidation reactor biomaterial is treated at elevated temperature with pure oxygen and / or oxygen in the air and / or water vapor.

The energy may be generated by direct autothermal biomaterial partial combustion in the oxidation reactor fed allothermic or indirectly. In a partial oxidation reactor to form a biomaterial oxidation of combustible gas, which contains hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Thus the proportion of oxygen and the biomaterial is selected so that on the basis of thermodynamics interconnections on the one hand, oxidation biomaterial would not extend beyond the formation of hydrogen reaction product or hydrogen located in the water would not be decomposed to molecular hydrogen, and on the other hand, to nitrogen contained in the feedstock and / or air-nitrogen is not oxidized in the oxidation reactor to form nitrogen oxides.

When used in the preparation of water vapor in the fumigation of hot gas carbon dioxide may be present in addition to carbon monoxide. It goes without saying that the determination of the ratio of oxygen and biological material and the gas phase oxidation reactor temperature deviation from the thermodynamic equilibrium, resulting in a continuous mode may be considered known technology of properly. Suspended solids are called particle size and density of which allow their presence in the fuel gas stream. Suspended solids may arise from non-combustible biomaterials, but may be particles of ash. Called catalytically active anode electrode of the fuel cell to which fuel gas is supplied, and after the electrons return oxidized. The cathode is called a catalytically active element or a fuel electrode to which fuel is supplied and means for receiving electrons after decomposed. The fuel must contain a means for the reaction of carbon dioxide with oxygen to form the cathode carbonation. Porous mean an electrode structure which, on the one hand, ensures contact of all three phases of the working gas, or fuel means an electrode or catalyst, but also the electrolyte, and on the other hand, for example, due to the influence of capillary forces, prevents overflow of the electrolyte in the fuel chamber or fuel gas chamber means. The term "porous" and covers the grid structure with a suitable mesh size.

The present invention is based on the known fact that the working gas can be produced from the partial oxidation of biomaterials with very high efficiency in fuel cells, namely, with the proviso that a method of generating combustion gas meets the purpose of use of the working gas. Application of the biomaterials which are sufficiently free of sulfur compounds, making it without further measures that on the one hand, the fuel cells can operate for a long time and safely without the catalyst poisoning, and, on the other hand, when the entire process is no emission of sulfur compounds. Value oxidation reactor operating parameters relatively high in nitrogen content biomaterials ensures that, despite this large component nitrogen practically no formation of any extraneous nitrogen oxides. Nitrogen oxides as well as sulfur compounds and isolation are undesirable for environmental protection reasons environment. Liberation of the working gas from the sulfur compounds which are largely allocated in the partial oxidation of biomaterials, causes, on one hand, the fact that the pores of fuel cell electrodes can be hammered to a small extent without reducing the effective surface and thus without reducing the current density, and with on the other hand prevents particles from incidental emission process. The deposition of suspended solids can take place in conventional manner, for example, via cyclone filter.

Fuel cells with electrolyte from the solution containing hydrocarbon salts are characterized by very high efficiency and high output due to the relatively high operating temperature. Another advantage of this type of fuel cell in combination with the release of the working gas of biomaterials is that carbon monoxide is not only a hindrance for catalysis, but also applied as the hydrogen to generate electricity. Thus there is a reaction of carbon monoxide and carbonate ions on the anode when giving electrons to form carbon dioxide. As a result, through the combination of features of the invention, it achieved a significant synergistic effect, which is that with a very high efficiency and very high reliability can be generated electrical energy from a very cheap and regenerative raw materials in the substantial absence of emission of sulfur compounds, nitrogen oxides and particles. The end products of the process of this invention are basically harmless water and, during normal power generation, carbon dioxide. Additionally, heat is generated. It may be returned to the process, in particular for allothermic technology.

Methods thermal partial oxidation to form biomaterials domestic gas are known in principle. Production of the direct flow of gas or needed for this action are still unknown.

In embodiment of the process according to the invention carbonate salt solution is formed mainly of carbonate salts and alkali metal aluminates, alkali metal carbonate salts and the solution exhibits at the operating temperature of the fuel cell paste flow properties. Alkali metal salts of carbon in the molten state have a very good ionic conductivity. Melt temperature are thus relatively small value. Especially low melt temperature is the eutectic mixture of carbonate salts of lithium, sodium and potassium. Addition of a mixture of alkali metal aluminates have a dual effect. Firstly, it is possible to produce a pasty mass at the operating temperature of the fuel cell, since the powder of the alkali metal aluminate is not melted. The electrolyte is a paste-like consistency allows you to produce a relatively low requirements to the porous structure of the electrode, and this does not affect the containment of the electrolyte. Secondly, alkali metal aluminates presumably act as carbon powder.

The invented method is particularly advantageous and environmentally safe forms of execution of the carbon dioxide recovered from the waste gas recirculator onto the anode side and combustible matter flows into the fuel flow by means of the cathode. A fuel cell with an electrolyte of molten carbonate salts form on the anode side of the carbon dioxide as a result of the oxidation of hydrogen and carbon monoxide oxidation. On the other hand, on the cathode side of the carbon dioxide produced in the fuel means that carbonation could be formed by reaction with oxygen. If fuel should be formed with a means of air, it requires the addition of carbon dioxide. This required carbon dioxide may be obtained by recirculating the carbon dioxide from the waste gas of the flammable substance. Such recirculation leads to optimal flow rate of substances required power saving and carbon dioxide to the lowest possible total emissions of carbon dioxide in the process. You can set the circulation of carbon dioxide neutral for the environment in which the biomaterials are introduced growing up, in particular, C 4 plants, i.e. perennial reed plants with low content of sulfur.

Independent and independent solution of the problem referred to above provides a method of generating electrical energy from perennial reed plants with low content of sulfur, and implemented a combination of the following features:

a) applied biomaterials that are largely free of sulfur compounds,

b) in the oxidation reactor of biomaterials using gasification agents containing oxygen is generated through the partial oxidation of a working gas which contains carbon monoxide and hydrogen,

c) in the oxidation reactor is established and maintained the ratio of oxygen and temperature of the biomaterial and the gas phase, which generate a working gas, containing substantially no nitrogen oxide,

d) operating the gas released from the oxidation reactor is freed from sulfur adsorber compounds

d) working gas free of sulfur compounds, is supplied to the fuel cells which comprise a porous anode, a porous cathode and an electrolyte of the molten carbonate.

This method has substantially all properties and advantages of the method with an electrolyte based on phosphoric acid. However, in contrast, the fuel cell is operated at a relatively lower temperature. In general, the efficiency of the carbonate with the electrolyte melt is somewhat less than with an electrolyte based on phosphoric acid. However, this is offset by the fact that due to the comparatively low operating temperature can easily cope with the corrosive action on the electrodes. This achieves highly reliable, as it can be reliably prevented agglomeration supporting framework structure of porous electrodes. As a preferred electrolyte, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid. Both of these acids, especially phosphoric acid, has only a small additive in water is comparatively high boiling point, so that the fuel cell can operate at the maximum possible temperature, for example, 160 o C.

However, the overall operating temperature of the fuel cell acidic electrolyte not so small as to maintain high catalytic activity of the electrodes to isolate the flammable gas. The catalysts are used mainly in the compound of gold and platinum and alloys. Most of the other metals can not withstand the corrosive action of sulfuric acid, and especially - phosphoric acid. The catalytic activity of platinum, as a rule, exceeds the catalytic activity of gold. Platinum catalysts may become contaminated by carbon monoxide. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment of the process with the acidic electrolyte working gas is processed in the reactor of replacement water when water vapor and heat for the conversion of carbon monoxide to hydrogen and carbon dioxide. This ensures optimum utilization of heat and the combustion gas of the combustion.

In further embodiment of the inventive method with an acid-electrolyte fuel cell operates at a temperature above 130 o C and the platinum-rhodium catalyst is used. Under these conditions may be allowed a certain amount of carbon monoxide in the working gas. In further embodiment of the inventive method with an acid-electrolyte fuel cell operates at a temperature below 130 o C and a platinum catalyst is used with oxides of molybdenum or tungsten. These forms differ in execution and carbon monoxide tolerance in the working gas.

When the inventive methods are used primarily C 4 plants as biomaterials. C 4 plants can be grown cheaply and quickly and practically do not contain any sulfur compounds.

The inventive method can be used for partial oxidation in the oxidation reactor in different forms of execution. In particular, it is possible to conduct direct partial combustion of biomaterials in the oxidation reactor. In one form of execution, which is given a special value that the partial oxidation is carried out when applying the heat generated from the outside, and with an auxiliary agent for treating a gas containing mainly water vapor. This method is known as another relationship allothermic processing auxiliary gas. The heat output is generated from the outside, the processing required for allothermic auxiliary gas as biomaterial reaction with water vapor to form a working gas is generally endothermic. The heat for partial oxidation can be advantageously obtained by burning biomaterial or the working gas. The heat for partial oxidation is supplied to the oxidation reactor via a conventional heat-carrying gas through the heat exchanger.

In another form of the invention, partial oxidation is performed without supplying the heat generated from the outside and with an auxiliary agent for treating a gas containing mainly water vapor and molecular oxygen or air. This method is known as a relationship to the other subsidiary gas autothermal process. Thus with molecular oxygen in preparation for processing the exothermic oxidation reaction occurs, so that the right place is formed the heat required for the endothermic reaction of water vapor with the biomaterial.

Autothermal or allothermic auxiliary gas processing fundamentally known from the literature, "Iron and Steel", vol 110, 1990,., N 8, pages 131-136, however, other linkages. Known here autothermal and allothermic aeration is based on the generation of domestic gas from coal. However, the literary source does not give any indication as to how the working gas may be generated by autothermal or allothermic of biomaterials.

Further objects of the invention provides a solution method of generating electric energy biomaterials, and implemented a combination of the following features:

a) applied biomaterials that are largely free of sulfur compounds,

b) in the oxidation reactor of biomaterials using gasification agents containing oxygen is generated through the partial oxidation of a working gas which contains carbon monoxide and hydrogen,

c) in the oxidation reactor is established and maintained the ratio of oxygen and temperature of the biomaterial and the gas phase, which generate a working gas, containing substantially no nitrogen oxide,

d) operating the gas released from the oxidation reactor is freed from sulfur adsorber compounds

d) working gas free of sulfur compounds, is supplied to the fuel cells which comprise a porous anode, a porous cathode and a solid electrolyte based on metal oxides, and fuel cells operate at a temperature of at least 800 o C.

And in this case the operation takes place at autothermal or allothermic process gas generating manner.

Because of the very high operating temperature of fuel cells with solid electrolyte metal oxide catalytic action of the electrode is not only unnecessary, but also without having established a very high rate of working gas reactions at the anode and fuel means to the cathode, since the thermal energy of the gases is significantly higher activation heterogeneous dissociative energy reactions. The high reaction rate enables the flow to achieve a high specific electrical performance of fuel cells. Therefore, the fuel cell in a preferred form of the invention operate at temperatures of at least 1000 o C, preferably at least about 1200 o C. These operating temperatures may be achieved if anode materials, cathode and electrolyte correspond to each other and fit together in a conventional manner with respect to their thermal expansion coefficients. Needless to say that the anode and cathode should be made of materials sufficiently corrosion-resistant.

High ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte can be set if the electrolyte is a mixture of zirconium oxide and calcium oxide or of zirconium oxide and yttrium oxide. High ionic conductivity in combination with high-speed chemical reactions at the electrodes guarantees very high thermal efficiency of the fuel cell. Further performance as the anode material used is preferably a ceramic material based on zirconium oxides with nickel or cobalt. As the cathode material used mainly LaNiO 3 or doped indium oxide.

To reduce the number of unnecessary carbon monoxide in the fuel gas, it can be processed in the reactor of replacement water when water vapor and heat for the conversion of carbon monoxide to hydrogen and carbon dioxide. hydrocarbon content in the working gas can be reduced due to the fact that the working gas immediately before passing through the reformer is fed with the catalyst, preferably with a transition metal catalyst, preferably a nickel catalyst, wherein the catalyst is at the same temperature level as the fuel cells.

Very high specific productivity of the fuel cell can be obtained if the fuel cells are used, cathode, electrolyte and anode layers which are deposited on a porous inert carrier in thin-film technology. Due to the small thickness of the solid electrolyte layer of the internal resistance of the fuel cell is very little. Needless to say, the porosity of the support is open porosity to provide gas access to the direct application of the electrode.

By themselves, fuel cells with solid electrolyte based on metal oxides are known from practice but are used almost exclusively in space flights, the working gas is hydrogen, which first extracted and stored in a conventional manner.

When the inventive methods are used as biomaterials predominantly C 4 plants. C 4 plants can be grown cheaply and quickly and practically do not contain any sulfur compounds.

The inventive method can be used for partial oxidation in the oxidation reactor in different forms of execution. In one form of execution of the partial oxidation is carried out when heating is generated outside, and an auxiliary processing agent for gas containing mainly water vapor. This method is known as another relationship allothermic processing auxiliary gas. The heat for partial oxidation can thus be generated predominantly by incineration or combustion gas biomaterial. More preferred is a process in which heat is supplied for the partial oxidation in an oxidation reactor using a conventional heat-carrying gas through the heat exchanger.

In another embodiment, the inventive partial oxidation process is performed without supplying the heat generated from the outside and with an auxiliary agent for treating a gas containing mainly water vapor and molecular oxygen or air. This method is known as a relationship to the other subsidiary gas autothermal process. Thus with molecular oxygen in preparation for processing the exothermic oxidation reaction occurs, whereby in the right place is formed the heat required for the endothermic reaction of water vapor with the biomaterial.

In another embodiment, the inventive partial oxidation process in the oxidation reactor biomaterials occurs thermally, for example, air as a drug for the treatment of auxiliary gas. Using air as a drug for the treatment may be met if the thermodynamic boundary conditions on the quantitative ratio between oxygen and biomaterial. The air is cheap and available everywhere.

Brief Description of the drawings in which: FIG. 1 - scheme of the installation for carrying out the process according to the invention with a method for melt electrolyte containing carbonate salt; FIG. 2 - scheme of installation for the process according to the invented method the electrolyte of phosphoric acid; FIG. 3 - scheme of the installation for carrying out the process according to the invention, a method and a fuel cell comprising a solid oxide.

Referring to FIG. 1 of the plant, in particular from C 4 plants produced dried and pulverized biomaterial. Biomaterial 1 is fed into a reactive chamber 4 oxidation reactor 2 through pipe 3. From the drug supply device 5 fumigation air is supplied as a preparation for processing auxiliary gas. Oxidation biomaterial reactive chamber 4 in the oxidation reactor 2 is controlled and regulated by the incoming air and heat so that the partial oxidation occurs only one biomaterial to form hydrogen and carbon monoxide and that virtually no nitrogen oxides are formed. This may be conventional sensors installed and adjusting elements, which are not shown in the Figure for reasons of greater clarity. Partially or fully oxidized solid biomaterial 1 comes in ash dischargers 6. Hydrogen and carbon monoxide as the working gas coming through the mixing duct 7 adsorber 8. The adsorber 8 working gas is cleaned of suspended solids that are removed flowlines 9. Purified by suspended particles worker gas is then fed to the anode 11 of the fuel cell 10. From the air supply device 22 is given air, carbon dioxide-enriched first, and then as a drug for the treatment of auxiliary gas is supplied to the cathode 12 of the fuel cell 10.

Between anode 11 and cathode 12, electrolyte 14 is concluded from a mixture of alkali metal carbonates and alkali metal aluminates which is maintained at a temperature of about 650 o C. The anode 11 and cathode 12 have open pores 13 which create electrolyte contact with the working gas 14 and combustible means but well embody paste electrolyte. At the cathode 12 there is the reaction of carbon dioxide with oxygen to receiving electrons from the cathode, and the formation of carbonate ions, which dissolve in the electrolyte. carbonate ions move to the anode 11 and hydrogen react with the working gas to form water and carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide combustion gas to form carbon dioxide at the anode 11. The electron impact DC voltage applied between the negative and the positive anode 11 cathode 12 is supplied to the inverter and the voltage converter 18 and is converted into a normal mains voltage. Emerging from the anode waste gas combustible matter fed through the recirculator 17, carbon dioxide in the exhaust pipe 16. In this case, the waste gases from the recirculator 17 to release carbon dioxide, which is added to the combustion products entering the cathode. Formed by the cathode waste gas flow directly into the exhaust pipe 16.

In the method of FIG. 2 1 biomaterial according to the method shown in FIG. 1, it turns into combustion gas and freed from suspended particles. Therefore reference may be made to the description of FIG. 1.

A further method with acidic electrolyte is described in detail as follows. The working gas is purified of suspended particles initially fed to the reactor 20'zamescheniya water. In addition, to this reactor from a source 19 'of hot steam enters the steam in sufficient amounts and the required temperature, so that the carbon monoxide combustion gas shift reaction in water is converted into hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Formed working gas with hydrogen and carbon dioxide as main components, which in the water separator 21 'is freed from excessive amounts of steam and / or water generated from the water shift reaction. The working gas thus treated and freed of water is supplied to the anode 11 'of the fuel cell 10'. From device 22 'he air supply means as fuel is supplied to the cathode 12' of the fuel cell 10 '. Between the anode 11 'and cathode 12' enclosed electrolyte 14 'consisting of phosphoric acid and about 10% water, which is maintained at a temperature of about 150 o C. Anode 11 'and cathode 12' have open pores 13 'which allow the electrolyte to provide a contact 14' with a working gas or fuel means, but securely stored electrolyte 14 due to the alignment of the surface tensions. At the anode 11 'of the working gas after hydrogen recoil electrons anode 11' is dissolved in the electrolyte 14 'as a proton. The protons move to the cathode 12 'and react with oxygen at the fuel receiving means electrons from the cathode 12' to form water. Anode 11 'and cathode 12' have a catalytically active surface of platinum. And, at least at the anode 11 'platinum alloyed with rhodium. The DC voltage applied between the negative anode 11 'and positive cathode 12' is supplied to the inverter and converter 18 'and the voltage is converted into a normal mains voltage. Outgoing from the anode waste gases, which are substantially contain carbon dioxide from the reaction of water replacement, and outgoing and the cathode side of the combustion waste gases, which along with air components include water, can be introduced through the exhaust pipe 16 '.

Below is the balance of the partial oxidation of materials biomaterials to form working gas an example of the invention with allothermic gasification. Biomaterial was used, which contained 29.4 mol.% Carbon, 48.3 mol. % Hydrogen, 21.9 mol.% Oxygen, 3.0 mol.% Nitrogen and 0.3 mol. % Sulfur. Allothermic gasification occurred at a temperature of 750 o C, but at different pressures, namely at 40 bar at 10 bar and 2 bar. When we received allothermic gasification fuel gas containing 47 vol.% Hydrogen, 11.6 vol.% Carbon monoxide, 28.3 vol.% Carbon dioxide and 12.7 vol.% Methane. The total amount of gas was 1.27 m 3 / kg biological material (normal pressure). As a result allothermic gasification at 10 bar pressure, a fuel gas obtained from 57.6 vol.% Hydrogen, 15.8 vol.% Carbon monoxide, 22.8 vol. % Carbon dioxide and 3.6 vol.% Methane. Net gas quantity amounted to 1.67 m 3 / kg biological material (normal pressure). As a result allothermic gasification at a pressure of 2 bar working gas is received, comprising: about 61.4% hydrogen, 17.6 vol.. % Carbon monoxide, 20.7 vol.% Carbon dioxide and 0.3 vol.% Methane. The total amount of gas was 1.84 m 3 / kg biological material (normal pressure).

Gas analysis occurred in thermodynamic equilibrium. In all cases, the working gas was practically free from nitrogen oxides. Oxides of sulfur were found only in small quantities, which even after prolonged use had no effect on the performance of the fuel cell. To operate the fuel cell with an electrolyte containing phosphoric acid at allothermic gasification required relatively cheap replacement water reactor, because the fuel gas at the outlet of the oxidation reactor already contained relatively little carbon monoxide and relatively much carbon dioxide. It is possible that in the embodiment of the invention with allothermic gasification and an electrolyte comprising phosphoric acid, generally water can be dispensed from the replacement of the reactor. Of course, that the invention within the heat liberated can be used with feedback and act accordingly in the inventive process.

In the form of execution according to FIG. 3, the gasification is carried out in the manner described in accordance with FIG. 1 and 2. The working gas, already appropriately described above, freed from sulfur compounds is fed to the reactor 20 '' water substitution. To this reactor, 20 '' the water is supplied substitution, addition, from a source 19 '' hot vapor steam in a sufficient amount and at the desired temperature. Formed working gas with hydrogen and carbon dioxide as main components, which is released in the water absorber 21 '' of excessive water vapor and / or water from the water shift reaction. The thus treated and freed of water working gas is first sent through a conventional adsorber 23 'carbon dioxide and then through the reforming furnace 24' 'containing a catalyst 25' 'of nickel. Since reforming furnace 24 'structurally integrated with the fuel cell 10', the temperature of the catalyst 25 'is practically equal to the temperature of the fuel cell 10' 'and is about 1000 o C.

Then, the working gas coming from the furnace 24 '' and freed from hydrocarbon residues flowing through the anode 11 '' of the fuel cell 10 ''. From the system 22 '' ensure that the air is removed and fed as a combustion agent to the cathode 12 'of the fuel cell 10' '. Anode 11 'may, for example, from a ceramic metal oxide of zirconium and cobalt. The recommended LaNiO 3 as the cathode material. Electrolyte 14 '' in the execution example has a zirconium oxide and yttrium oxide. Anode 11 'and cathode 12' have holes 13 'in the form of pores that allow to realize contact of the electrolyte 14' 'with the fuel gas or combustion means. At the anode 11 '' of the working gas takes place the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen ions from the electrolyte 14 '' to form water. The oxygen ions produced at the cathode 12 'of the combustion means and transmitted through the electrolyte 14' 'to the anode. The DC voltage applied between the negative anode 11 '' and positive cathode 12 '' is supplied to the inverter and the inverter 18 '' and the voltage is converted into a normal mains voltage. The effluents from the anode waste gas containing combustible matter practically only water and waste gases exiting from the cathode side contain mainly nitrogen. Both substances can be immediately withdrawn through an exhaust pipe 16 ''.

CLAIM

  1. A method of generating electrical energy from perennial reed plants with low sulfur content, comprising the oxidation of plant biomass by treatment with an oxygen-containing gas to produce working gas poachu working gas to the fuel cell for generating electrical energy, characterized in that initially in the oxidation reactor the action of the gas mixture based on steam allothermic generate a working gas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen, produced gas purified in the adsorption of suspended particles in the water loop reactor to water vapor and heat oxidize carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, the modified combustion gas containing carbon dioxide and hydrogen, is fed into the a fuel cell containing a porous anode, a porous cathode and an electrolyte based on phosphoric acid, the oxidation reactor is heated by means of gas-coolant passed through the heat exchanger, and the ratio of oxygen and biomass, but also the temperature in the oxidation reactor is adjusted so that the working gas is almost nitric oxide is not contained.
  2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the working gas flow into the fuel cell has a temperature above 130 o C, and a fuel cell using platinum-rhodium catalyst.
  3. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the working gas flow into the fuel cell has a temperature above 130 o C, and a fuel cell using the platinum catalyst with molybdenum oxide or tungsten.
  4. A method of generating electrical energy from perennial reed plants with low sulfur content, comprising the oxidation of plant biomass by treatment with an oxygen-containing gas to produce working gas supply working gas to the fuel cell that generates electrical energy, characterized in that initially in the oxidation reactor the action of the gas mixture based on steam allothermic generate a working gas comprising an oxide of carbon and hydrogen, the product gas is purified in an adsorber to remove suspended particles in the water loop reactor to water vapor and heat oxidized oxide of carbon in the carbon dioxide modified with a working gas comprising carbon dioxide and hydrogen, is fed into the a fuel cell containing a porous anode, a porous cathode and an electrolyte of the molten carbonate.
  5. A method according to claim 4, characterized in that a melt of alkali metal carbonates in a pasty fluid state.

  6. A method of generating electrical energy from perennial reed plants with low sulfur content, comprising the oxidation of plant biomass by treatment with an oxygen-containing gas to produce working gas supply working gas to the fuel cell that generates electrical energy, characterized in that initially in the oxidation reactor the action of the gas mixture based on steam allothermic generate a working gas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen, produced gas purified in the adsorption of suspended particles in the water loop reactor to water vapor and heat oxidize carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, the modified combustion gas containing carbon dioxide and hydrogen, is fed into the heated to at least 800 o C fuel cell comprising porous anode, a porous cathode and a solid electrolyte on the basis of metal oxides.

  7. A method according to claim 6, characterized in that the fuel cell temperature is maintained above 1000 o C.

  8. A method according to claim 7, characterized in that the fuel cell temperature is maintained above 1200 o C.

  9. A method according to any one of claims 6 - 8, characterized in that as a solid electrolyte, a mixture of zirconium and calcium, or oxides of zirconium and yttrium.

  10. A method according to any one of claims 6 - 9, characterized in that the anode is made from a mixture of zirconium oxide and nickel or cobalt and zirconium oxides.

  11. A method according to any one of claims 6 - 10, characterized in that the cathode is made of a nitrate or a lanthanum-doped indium oxide.

print version
Publication date 29.11.2006gg