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INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2066516
METHOD OF DISPLACEMENT OF GAS-PLASMA MIXTURES
The name of the inventor: Irdyncheev LA; Astakhov VI; V.V. Kirpichenko; Kolomeitsev LF
The name of the patent holder: Joint Stock Company Research Institute of Steel
Address for correspondence:
Date of commencement of the patent: 1994.01.05
Use: movement of the gas-plasma mixture in straight and curved channels, in centrifuges, etc. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION: Only a thin layer of a gas mixture is contacted with a plasma and then moved, contacting a surface which, by friction, entrains the gas mixture. The plasma state of the moving layer is supported by Foucault currents, which arise when the plasma layer is repelled from the contacting surface by a magnetic "cushion". The difference in the speed of motion between the plasma layer and the gas mixture does not exceed the critical velocity for the gas used.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the field of plasma technology and is intended for forming and moving a gas-plasma mixture in straight and curved channels, in centrifuges, and also moving an object in a continuous stationary gas environment.
The formation of plasma and the movement of the gas-plasma mixture are usually carried out in three stages:
- Obtaining plasma in plasmatrons.
- Acceleration of plasma in accelerators.
- Transport (transport) of plasma in special straight- or curvilinear plasma-optical systems.
A method of forming and moving a gas-plasma mixture is known where the gas mixture is converted to a plasma, placed in a magnetic field and then moved by passing an electric current therethrough.
In this case, the force acting on the plasma (conductor) in a magnetic field is equal to:
FB · l · I [H] (1)
Where: F is the force acting on the conductor with current, H;
B magnetic induction, T;
I length of the conductor, m;
L current in the conductor, A.
The formation, acceleration, and movement of a completely and partially ionized plasma in crossed electric and magnetic fields are described in [J. Abramov, "Plasma Accelerators and Electro-Reactive Engines," (Abstract of lectures), Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute, Leningrad, 1978] prototype.
Disadvantages of this method of displacement are: when the fully and ionized plasma is moved, its nuclei have a great difference in velocities; When a partially ionized plasma moves, there is a critical velocity between its individual layers and the surface in contact with it, for example, with the walls of the chamber in which it is located, which prevents the high velocities of the gas-plasma mixture moving (this is due to the fact that when approaching the critical velocity The entire energy input is spent on ionizing neutral atoms (Alfven H. Rev. Modern Phys., 1960, Vol. 32, p. 710)]
The object of the present invention is to overcome the critical speed limits between the gas-plasma mixture and the surface contacted with it, while ensuring a strictly fixed, predetermined speed of its movement.
The goal is achieved because the gas mixture is converted into an ionized plasma, placed in a magnetic field and moved relative to the surface to be contacted by passing an electric current therethrough, and only a thin peripheral layer of the gas mixture contacting the surface is transformed into the plasma and then moved, Which, due to friction, entrains the gas mixture, the difference in the speed of movement between the plasma layer and the gas mixture does not exceed the critical velocity for a given gas. The plasma state of the moving peripheral layer is maintained by Foucault currents, which arise when the magnetic "cushion" of the plasma layer is repelled by the magnetic field from the surface being contacted.
In this case, the contribution of the Foucault currents to the temperature of the moving plasma layer is determined by the formula:
T f 2.5 · 10 29 · E t / N poison (2)
Where T f is the contribution to the temperature of the plasma layer due to the Foucault, K;
E m energy spent for magnetic braking, W;
N is the number of nuclei in the plasma layer.
Thus, a fully ionized plasma layer separates the contacting surface from a non-ionized gas and removes the Alfvén limitation of the critical velocity for a partially ionized gas relative to the surface contacted with it. At the same time, this limitation remains for the interface between the plasma and the non-ionized gas, so when the plasma is given a velocity exceeding the critical velocity, the entire volume of the partially ionized and neutral gas contacted with it will move as a solid [Korobtsev Ts.V. Rusanov V.D. "Plasma centrifuge plasma-chemical reactor of a new type". State Committee for the Use of Atomic Energy of the USSR, Moscow, 1988 p. 29]
Let us consider the operation of this method of moving a gas-plasma mixture by the example of rotation of a gas-plasma mixture in a centrifuge.
The density of the centrifugal force per unit of the lateral surface of the cylinder is:
F m m · V 2 / (R · S b [n / m 2 ] (3)
Where: F centrifugal force per unit surface, N / m 2 ;
M mass of hydrogen per unit of cylinder length, kg / m;
S 6 = 2 · 
· R · l is the area of the lateral surface of a cylinder length unit, m 2 ;
R is the radius of the cylinder, m;
L height of the cylinder, m;
V linear speed of rotation, m / s.
The magnetic field that must be created to compensate for the centrifugal force of the rotating mixture can be determined by the formula:
F n = B 2 / 
0 = F ц , (4)
Whence 
(5)
Where: F n density (per unit area) of the levitation force, n / m 2 ;
F centrifugal force, N / m 2 ; 0 magnetic constant, V · c / A · m.
The magnetic field can compensate for the centrifugal force of only the wall layer of the gas converted into plasma.
One of the important characteristics of a plasma in its interaction with a magnetic field is its electrical conductivity, which is determined by the formula: 
(6)
Where: G is the electrical conductivity of the plasma, 1 / Ohm · m;
To the Boltzmann constant, J / K;
T is the plasma temperature, K; 
0 electrical constant, F / m;
Z is the charge of the plasma ion;
E is an elementary electric charge, o K;
L Coulomb logarithm (L ~ 15);
M e is the electron mass, kg.
When the plasma moves above the magnetic field, braking forces occur, which must be compensated by the traction force of the plasma electric motor. The resulting braking forces can be determined by the formula:
F m = F l / (0.5 · 0 · v · G · h) (7)
Where: F m is the density of the electromagnetic braking force, n / m 2 ;
F L density of levitation force, N / m 2 ; 0 magnetic constant, V · c / A · m;
V velocity of plasma motion, m / s;
G is the electrical conductivity of the plasma, 1 / Ohm · m;
H thickness of the plasma layer, m.
As can be seen from the formula (7), the braking force is affected by four parameters: the density of the levitation force, the velocity of the plasma, the electrical conductivity of the plasma, and the thickness of the plasma layer.
The density of the levitation force and the speed of motion of the plasma are interrelated for each specific case and have clearly defined values, which depend on the tasks of the experiment. The thickness of the plasma layer, due to large centrifugal forces, can not be significantly increased (more than 10 times), especially since its size is set automatically, depending on the energy expended in overcoming electromagnetic braking, therefore, to reduce the braking power can only be reduced by increasing Electrical conductivity of plasma.
Let us consider the operation of the proposed method for rotating a gas-plasma mixture by the example of hydrogen rotation.
The results of calculations of the electrical conductivity and electromagnetic damping of the plasma from hydrogen moving at a speed of 1.5 × 10 5 m / s, carried out according to formulas (6) and (7) for different temperatures, are presented in Table. 1.
Data on the temperature of the plasma layer from hydrogen plasma, obtained from formula (2), provided that all the energy expended in overcoming the braking force, is expended on heating the plasma, are given in the last column of the table (formula 2 was obtained from formulas 3.7).
When carrying out the calculations, it is assumed that the chamber is made in the form of a cylinder of radius R 2 m of infinite length, inside which hydrogen rotates with a density of 5 × 10 20 poison / m 3 , i.e., 1 g of the chamber length is 0.01 grams of hydrogen, While the near-wall layer of hydrogen with a thickness d 0.02 m is in the plasma state.
From the presented in Table. 1 data, the following conclusions can be drawn:
- The braking force decreases with increasing temperature of the plasma;
- With a stable process of rotation of the gas-plasma mixture, the temperature of the plasma layer due to heating by Foucault currents will not exceed 10 8 degrees Kelvin, since at a lower temperature the plasma conductivity decreases, the Foucault currents increase and the temperature of the plasma layer increases, and when the plasma is heated by Foucault currents more than 10 8 degrees Kelvin Its conductivity increases to such an extent that the energy of the Foucault current supplied to the plasma will not be sufficient and its temperature will decrease. As a result, a self-consistent stationary state of the plasma layer with temperature T ~ 10 6 -10 8 K is established, and maintained only by heating the plasma with Foucault currents.
Presented in Table. 1 data allow us to estimate the energy costs for rotation of the gas-plasma mixture by the formula: 
P t = F t · S 6 · V · t (8)
Where: P т the energy spent for electromagnetic braking, MW · h;
F m> density of electromagnetic damping force, N / m 2 ;
S b is the lateral surface of the cylinder, m 2 ;
V is the rotational speed of the plasma, sec.
Calculations were carried out for hydrogen during its rotation in a cylindrical chamber of radius 2 with a linear velocity of 1.5 × 10 5 m / s at temperatures of the wall layer of the plasma equal to 10 5 , 10 6, and 10 7 K. The volume of the cylinder section in question is 12.6 m 3 , The lateral surface is 12.6 m 2 , the hydrogen content is 0.01 g per 1 linear meter of the cylinder.
For these conditions, an energy of 5400 MW is consumed for 1 hour at a plasma temperature of 10 5 K and a braking force of 2870 N / m 2 , an energy of 170 MW at a plasma temperature of 10 6 K and a braking force of 91 N / m 2 and 5.4 MW at a temperature of 10 7 K and a braking force of 2.9 n / m 2 .
The given data allow to draw a conclusion that the received power inputs can not be an obstacle for realization of the offered way of rotation of a gas-plasma mixture since, in the latter case, for example, one 1000 MW NPP unit can provide operation of almost 200 such units.
If a wall layer of plasma is created, and the electromagnetic traction and the magnetic "cushion" are located along the longitudinal axis of the channel, the gas-plasma mixture will move along the longitudinal axis of the channel and can exceed the critical velocity, while the magnetic field creating the levitation of the plasma will be much weaker than for Rotation of the plasma, since in this case there are no centrifugal forces that press the plasma against the walls of the chamber.
If on the outer surface, for example the airship's gondola, create a plasma, electromagnetic traction and a magnetic "pillow" along its longitudinal axis, the gas-plasma mixture will move along its longitudinal axis and create a reactive thrust.
The method can be used to create gas-plasma centrifuges and other devices where high speeds and the absence of friction between the gas and the surface contacted with it are required.
CLAIM
A method for moving a gas-plasma mixture comprising: converting the gaseous mixture into an ionized plasma, placing it in a magnetic field and moving relative to the contacted surface by passing an electric current therethrough, characterized in that only a thin peripheral layer of the gas mixture Contacting with the surface that entrains the gas mixture, the difference in the speed of movement between the plasma layer and the gas mixture does not exceed the critical velocity for a given gas, while the plasma state of the moving peripheral layer is maintained by Foucault currents that arise when repelled by a magnetic "cushion" Of the plasma layer from the contacting surface.
print version
Published on February 15, 2007
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