|
Start of section
Production, amateur Radio amateurs Aircraft model, rocket-model Useful, entertaining |
Stealth Master
Electronics Physics Technologies Inventions |
Secrets of the cosmos
Secrets of the Earth Secrets of the Ocean Tricks Map of section |
  |
| Use of the site materials is allowed subject to the link (for websites - hyperlinks) | |||
Navigation: => |
Home / Patent catalog / Catalog section / Back / |
|
INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2291546
MAGNETOVIC PENDULUM
The name of the inventor: Menshih Oleg Fedorovich (RU)
The name of the patent holder: Menshih Oleg Fedorovich (RU)
Address for correspondence: 182545, Pskov region, Nevelsky district, st. Izocha, Red Settlement, 17, OF. Lesser
Date of commencement of the patent: 2005.04.20
The invention relates to the physics of magnetism and can be used as a device for converting the energy of a magnetic field into mechanical oscillatory motion. The magneto-viscous pendulum contains a permanent magnet and a ferromagnetic body fixed with respect to a permanent magnet, for example on a sliding axis for movement with one degree of freedom in a magnetic field with variable magnetic induction along said axis and resiliently mechanically coupled to a permanent magnet, for example, by means of a spring fixed Its ends, respectively, with a permanent magnet and a ferromagnetic body, the material of the ferromagnetic body being chosen with a relaxation time constant of the magnetic viscosity commensurate with, for example, one-tenth of the period of free oscillations of the ferromagnetic body, and the field strength in the permanent magnet gap is chosen to be saturating for the ferromagnetic body. The technical result: obtaining a mechanical vibrational motion of a ferromagnet possessing the necessary magnetic viscosity and its decreasing relative magnetic permeability with increasing magnetic field strength above a certain critical level.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to the physics of magnetism and can be used as a device for converting the energy of a magnetic field into mechanical oscillatory motion.
Magnetism is a special form of interaction between electric currents and magnets (bodies with a magnetic moment) between themselves and some magnets with other magnetic materials. The magnetic interaction of spatially separated bodies is realized through a magnetic field H, which, like the electric field E, is a manifestation of the electromagnetic form of the motion of matter. There is no complete symmetry between the magnetic and electric fields, since electric charges are the sources of electric fields, while magnetic charges-monopoles have not yet been detected, although the theory predicts their existence. The source of the magnetic field is a moving electric charge, that is, an electric current. At the atomic scale, the motion of electrons and protons creates orbital microcurrents associated with the transport motion of these particles in atoms or atomic nuclei, in addition, the presence of spin in the microparticles determines the existence of a spin magnetic moment. Since electrons, protons and neutrons, which form atomic nuclei, atoms, molecules and all macro-bodies (gases, liquids, crystalline and amorphous solids), have their own magnetic moment, then, in principle, all substances are affected by the magnetic field - they have magnetic properties, That is, they are magnets. The magnetics are subdivided into diamagnetics, paramagnets, and ferromagnets. The latter have the greatest magnetic susceptibility and are used in engineering as effective magnets. In them, atomic magnetic moments spontaneously colinearly self-orient, forming anomalously large magnetic moments. In the best modern magnetic materials, the energy product (BH) max reaches 320 Tl · kA / m (40 million Gs), for example, in a material with high coercive force SmCo 3 (see, for example, Preobrazhensky AA, Bishard EG Magnetic Materials and Elements, 3rd ed., Moscow, 1986; Fevraleva IE Magnetite-hard materials and permanent magnets, K., 1969, Permanent Magnets, Handbook, Moscow, 1971).
The complexity of the atomic structure of substances constructed from a huge number of microparticles gives an almost inexhaustible variety of their magnetic properties, the connection of which with nonmagnetic properties (electrical, mechanical, optical, etc.) makes it possible to use magnetic properties to obtain information on the internal structure and other properties of microparticles and Macrobodies. Note that the magnets have internal energy. In the case of a homogeneous magnetic field in the volume of the magnet V, the energy of the stored magnetic field W~ 
0 H 2 V / 2, where 0 = 1,256 · 10 -6 g / m is the absolute magnetic permeability. Moreover, this energy value is practically not consumed by force interactions with other magnets and is maintained due to the constant motion of charged microparticles of matter.
The apparent contradiction with the energy conservation law raises the question of the source of the energy of the magnetic field. Such a source is the substance itself of magnets, which has a reserve of magnetic energy, which, due to processes occurring at the micro level (atoms and molecules of matter), is continuously replenished, or rather maintained at an unchanged level, except for the factors that lead to the so-called aging of magnets.
The known principle of increasing entropy, and the first and second principles of thermodynamics operate with heat-energy transformations, which always (with the exception of the equilibrium state) go with the expenditure of energy in the performance of a job larger than the work itself, and part of the spent energy irretrievably turns into a thermal . Therefore, efficiency All known energy converters are always less than one. However, in the microcosm there is another process: the motion of the microparticles is due to thermal energy-the momentum p of the movement of microparticles of mass m 1 is defined as p 2 / 2m 1 = (3/2) kT, where k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the Kelvin temperature, and collisions Microparticles between themselves cause thermal processes - the medium heats up, that is, a self-reproducing energy exchange takes place, in which it is pointless to talk about heat losses, since thermal energy is the source of the movement of microparticles, and this motion generates the thermal energy itself. To maintain the chaotic motion of microparticles and, consequently, the chaotic distribution of magnetic moments (spins) in a substance in which it does not exhibit appreciable magnetic properties, there appears to be more energy than for those microparticles that have an ordered arrangement of their magnetic moments. Therefore, part of the energy released as a result of the ordering of the microparticles (domains) is precisely the energy of the magnetic field. This energy is self-replenishing, determined by the nature of the processes of energy conversion at the micro level.
However, it remains unclear how the mechanical work performed by the action of a static magnetic field on magnetic bodies or other magnets is carried out without loss of energy of the magnetic field? Indeed, the fact that the work of magnetic forces does not lead to the disappearance of the magnetization of permanent magnets. Work is accomplished by the action of forces, in particular magnetic forces.
For ferromagnets obeying the Curie law, there exists a so-called critical temperature 
(The Curie-Weiss law), ie the magnetic susceptibility depends on the effect of various factors-temperature, magnitude of the magnetic field strength, mechanical stress, and some other .
One of the interesting properties of ferromagnetic materials is their so-called magnetic viscosity magnetic aftereffect - the time lag of the magnetization of a ferromagnet due to a change in the strength of the magnetic field. In the simplest cases, the change in the magnetization 
J as a function of time t is described by formula
Where J 0 and J 
- respectively, the magnetization values immediately after the change in the magnetic field strength H at the time t = 0 and after the establishment of a new equilibrium state, 
Is a constant that characterizes the speed of the process and is called the relaxation time constant. Value Depends on the nature of the magnetic viscosity and in different materials can vary from 10 -9 s to several tens of hours. In the general case, to describe the after-effect process of a single value Not enough.
There are two types of magnetic viscosity: diffusion (Richter) and thermo-fluctuation (Jordanian). In the first of these, the magnetic viscosity is determined by the diffusion of impurity atoms or defects in the crystal structure. Explanation of the role of impurities was given by J. Snock, and a more rigorous theory is constructed by L. Neel and is based on the assumption of preferential diffusion of impurity atoms in those interatomic spaces of the crystal that are oriented in a certain way with respect to the direction of spontaneous magnetization. This creates a local induced anisotropy, leading to the stabilization of the domain structure. Therefore, after changing the magnetic field, the new domain structure is not established immediately, but after a diffuse redistribution of the impurity, which is the cause of the magnetic viscosity. Thermal fluctuations contribute to the overcoming of domain walls by energy barriers in magnetic fields less than the critical field. In high-coercivity alloys consisting of single-domain regions, an especially high magnetic viscosity is observed, since in this case thermal fluctuations impart additional energy for the irreversible rotation of the spontaneous magnetization of those particles whose potential energy in an external magnetic field is insufficient for their magnetization reversal. In addition to these basic mechanisms of magnetic viscosity, there are others. For example, in some ferrites, the contribution of magnetic viscosity gives a redistribution of the electron density (diffusion of electrons between ions of different valences). Magnetic viscosity is closely related to such phenomena in ferromagnets as the loss of magnetization reversal, the time decrease in the relative magnetic permeability (and its frequency dependence (see, for example, Kronmuller H., Nachwirkung in Ferromsgnetika, 1068; S.V. Vonsovskii, Magnetism, M ., 1971; DD Mishin, Magnetic Materials, Moscow, 1981).
The known properties of the magnetic viscosity of ferromagnets form the basis of the claimed technical solution. In addition to these known properties, there are currently no analogues (prototypes) to the claimed proposal, therefore, the claims are not intended to contain a limiting part.
The object of the invention is to obtain a mechanical oscillatory motion of a ferromagnet having the necessary magnetic viscosity and its decreasing relative magnetic permeability with increasing magnetic field strength above a certain critical level.
This object is achieved in a magnetically pendulum pendulum device comprising a permanent magnet and a ferromagnetic body fixed to a permanent magnet, for example on a sliding axis for movement with one degree of freedom in a magnetic field with variable magnetic induction along said axis and resiliently mechanically coupled to a permanent magnet, For example, by means of a spring fixed at its ends with a permanent magnet and a ferromagnetic body, respectively, the material of the ferromagnetic body being chosen with a magnetic viscosity relaxation time constant commensurate with, for example, one-tenth of the period of free oscillations of the ferromagnetic body, and the field strength in the permanent magnet gap is chosen Preferably saturating for a ferromagnetic body.
The attainment of the goal in the claimed technical solution is explained by the continuous energy pumping of elastic, in principle damped, oscillations from the magnetic field of a permanent magnet with variable magnetic induction along the axis of the vibrational motion of the ferromagnetic body, which has the property of magnetic viscosity and a decrease in its relative magnetic permeability with increasing magnetic Field exceeding a certain threshold level, and the resonance phenomenon of the vibrations of the ferromagnetic body occurs when the relaxation constant is chosen The material of a ferromagnetic body commensurate with the period of the natural oscillations of a spring pendulum with a given mass of the ferromagnetic body and the rigidity of the spring. When a ferromagnetic body passes through a magnetic field whose intensity in this region corresponds to the magnetic saturation threshold for the selected ferromagnetic material, the magnetization of the ferromagnetic body decreases exponentially, which weakens the force braking by the magnetic field of the ferromagnetic body and increases its oscillation amplitude, and when the ferromagnetic body is in (Near the amplitude values of the current coordinate of the center of inertia of the ferromagnetic body), on the contrary, its relative magnetic permeability increases exponentially, which leads to an additional increase in the force applied to the ferromagnetic body with the reverse stroke of the motion of the ferromagnetic body in the direction of the magnetic field gradient Side of the magnetic field. At the same time, an important condition for ensuring the resonant vibrations of a ferromagnetic body (i.e., conditions for reaching the maximum of the amplitude of oscillations) is the choice of the relaxation constant Material of a ferromagnetic body, the value of which must be commensurable with the period T of natural oscillations of a spring pendulum ~ T = (1/2 
) (M / k) 1/2 , where m is the mass of the ferromagnetic body (taking into account other attached masses), k is the spring stiffness. Compliance with this condition creates the possibility of in-phase power "pumping" of vibrations of a ferromagnetic body in the spring pendulum.
The claimed technical solution is clear from the schematic and graphical material presented in the drawings.
 |
 |
 |
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a structural embodiment of a magnetically viscous pendulum comprising a permanent magnet with a north 1 and a south 2 pole, a ferromagnetic body 3 fixed to a sliding axis 4 and connected to a spring 5, the other end of which is fixed relative to a permanent magnet, Along one direction, the axis 4 is freely connected to the guide bushings 6 and 7 fixed in a permanent magnet, which is the body of the device.
FIGS. 2 and 3 show different states of the vibrational motion of a ferromagnetic body at different instants of time-in different phases of its oscillations.
 |
4a and 4b are respectively graphs of the dependence of the magnetic induction B on the intensity H of the magnetic field acting on the ferromagnetic body and the dependence of its relative permeability |
 |
|
 |
5 shows the diagrams of the mechanical oscillation of a ferromagnetic body (its center of inertia as a material point) along the chosen direction of oscillation, designated as the x-axis (ordinate axis), as a function of time t (the abscissa axis), and the actions of in-phase power "swapping" Motion from the magnetic field of a permanent magnet to a ferromagnetic body with its relative permeability in time (with frequency of oscillations) |
= PRINCIPLE OF ACTION OF THE APPLICANT
We assume that the ferromagnetic body 3 with a sliding axis 4 (FIG. 1) having a mass m with a center of gravity having a coordinate x 0 = 0 in the equilibrium unperturbed state, as shown in FIG. 1, where the coordinate axis x coincides with the device's sliding axis 4 , And along this coordinate the motion of a material point (the center of gravity of the ferromagnetic body 3 along with the sliding axis 4) is carried out with one degree of freedom, oscillates with the active forces on the side of the spring 5 and the magnetic field of the permanent magnet formed between its poles 1 and 2 , The field between which has a strength H max sufficient for magnetic saturation of the ferromagnetic substance used in the device. In this field, in the steady state (that is, for a time interval of the order of 2.2 From the moment the magnetic field is turned on), the relative magnetic permeability of the ferromagnetic substance drops to Min , as indicated in Fig. 4b. In a magnetic field of intensity H min this ferromagnetic substance has = Max , as follows from the graphs of FIG.
As is known, if a central force proportional to the deflection of the point (linear force) F = - kx for k = const acts on the material point of the mass m, which is the case for a spring pendulum, the frequency of oscillations with one degree of freedom (along the x axis) is equal to 
0 = (k / m) 1/2 . Assuming a friction force proportional to the velocity of motion of a material point dx / dt, the equation of motion is written as:
Where F (x, t) is the force acting on the ferromagnetic body in question as a material point from the side of the magnetic field, which is a function of the coordinate of the point with respect to its stable equilibrium position at the center between the poles 1 and 2 of the permanent magnet and considered for the oscillatory process in a spring pendulum in As an external force.
When F (x, t) = 0, it follows from (2) that the oscillations in the spring pendulum are free and damped. In one of the particular solutions of the differential equation for free damped oscillations (and not aperiodic process), integration gives for a 2 <4km the following expressions for the motion:
Where 2m / a is the time constant of a damped oscillation in the system, and the oscillations in it occur with frequency F , equal to
With decrement of attenuation
Where T is the period of oscillation.
For forced oscillations with an external force F (x, t) 
0, if the driving force is assumed to vary according to the harmonic law, equation (2) has the form:
With a private solution
X (t) = X 0 cos ( T- 
), Where
Where 0 = (k / m) 1/2 is the eigenfrequency of free undamped oscillations of the point.
Moreover, x 0 ( ) Represents the (amplitude) resonance curve of an oscillating point with a maximum at
For the oscillations that have arisen, for example, with the help of a certain impact (push) on the spring pendulum, are continuously maintained at a constant level of amplitude, it is necessary to act on such a mechanical system with an external periodic force compensating for the loss, so that the damping decrement in the oscillating system is zero, that is 
= A · / F m = 0. We note at once that if these external forces exceed the necessary value, this will only lead to an increase in the amplitude of the oscillations, which in this case will also be undamped. And we note that the consideration of a purely harmonic external force in Eq. (6) is accepted only to simplify the consideration of the principle of operation of the claimed technical solution, but it is also possible the action of periodically repeating force effects, which is a complex external oscillation that can be expanded in a Fourier series, And in this case it is possible to solve the problem by comparing the particular solutions with the individual spectral components of such an external oscillation.
Without the expansion of F (x, t) into a Fourier series, we obtain a solution in the form
In particular, the external forcing periodic force F (x, t) can be of an impulse nature. It is only important that these effects, first, compensate for energy losses during oscillation ( = 0); secondly, they carried a periodic (with frequency of oscillations of the spring pendulum) character and, thirdly, were respectively phased with the positions of the moving ferromagnetic body, which is explained in Fig.
Let's analyze how these requirements are fulfilled in this device.
Since the force F (x, t) arises precisely as a result of the interaction of the ferromagnetic body 3 with the magnetic field of the permanent magnet and this body oscillates in the field of the magnetic poles 1 and 2 and outside them (that is, in a greatly weakened magnetic field), then the forces themselves , Arising in this movement, are strictly periodic in nature. So this requirement (periodicity) is observed automatically, as in a generator with an oscillatory circuit in the self-excitation regime.
The second term of the differential equation (6) is in the physical sense the frictional force, i.e., it determines the energy loss during oscillatory motion (in this case, the friction losses of the sliding axis 4 in the guide sleeves 6 and 7, allowance for the possible connected load, etc.) , Therefore the requirement = 0 means that the energy loss for each oscillation period, determined by the damping rate, must be compensated by the energy P 2 / 2m with a difference pulse P of the external force in each of the half-cycles of the oscillation, equal to
The difference mean momentum of the external magnetic field strength in half the oscillation period, since such impulsive actions occur twice during the period T when the ferromagnetic body leaves the magnetic gap upward and then returns to it, moving downward, as is evident from FIG. 2, after which it moves Down and again returns, as seen in FIG. The corresponding time phases of the oscillation are indicated in these figures (FIGS. 1-3). In other words, the "balance of amplitudes" condition must be observed, which is implicitly expressed by the simple transformation taking into account the averaging of the velocity of the oscillating point for a period with a given vibration amplitude X 0 :
The damping decrement of the mechanical system is determined experimentally in each specific device design in the absence of a magnetic field, the mass of the ferromagnetic body with other masses attached to it, and the oscillation frequency of the pendulum and are easily identifiable. Therefore, the second of the conditions for implementing the device (on the balance of amplitudes) is performed according to (10) by setting the corresponding requirements for the properties of the ferromagnetic substance and the magnetic field of the permanent magnet.
From consideration (10) it is clear that the integrals determine the difference average momentum of the force. Consequently, these integrals determine the average strength of the action of the magnetic field on the ferromagnetic body in a time T / 2, during which the ferromagnetic body moves upward from its stable equilibrium position up to the amplitude value x = x0 and then returns to its original position at the center of the magnetic gap of the permanent magnet. This force is:
In the event that the ferromagnetic substance does not change its magnetic properties, that is, without taking into account the properties of the magnetic viscosity and the decrease of the relative magnetic permeability with increasing magnetic field strength, of course, there would not be any maintenance of the oscillatory process in the device, since the force vectors from the action of the magnetic system , Applied to the ferromagnetic substance, are always directed toward the center of gravity of the magnetic system, that is, to the coordinate x = 0, and in the first quarter of the period the ferromagnetic body, moving from the equilibrium position to its amplitude value, overcomes this gravitational force, losing additionally Of the spring itself!) Its kinetic energy, and in the second quarter of the period gets back the same portion of energy, therefore F cp = 0, since the instantaneous forces for any of the coordinates in the interval 0 
X X 0 as when moving a ferromagnetic body from the center, and to the center, are equal to each other.
Otherwise, this is the case with a special material choice for a ferromagnetic body in this device. Referring to FIG. 4b, it can be noted that the change in the relative magnetic permeability of the ferromagnetic substance on the descending curve (H), taking into account the effect of magnetic viscosity, leads to the dynamics of the interaction of the ferromagnetic body with the magnetic field localized between the poles 1 and 2 of the permanent magnet, to the difference in the gravitational forces of the ferromagnetic body to the center of attraction of the magnetic system at the same coordinate points of the interval 0 X X 0 . Indeed, when a ferromagnetic body under the action of a spring moves past the poles of a magnet, it reduces its magnetic susceptibility due to the saturation of the ferromagnetic substance in a strong magnetic field, and it is easier for him to leave the magnetic system than if such a decrease in magnetic susceptibility would not occur. On the other hand, when the body returns from its amplitude position to the center of magnetic attraction, it has time to restore its magnetic permeability, that is, it increases its magnetic susceptibility, and therefore has a greater magnetic moment than in the first case and is more attracted to those The same coordinate points to the magnetic system, which causes additional acceleration of this motion. It follows that F cp > 0. Exactly the same picture will be observed in the second half of the oscillation period, when the ferromagnetic body rushes downward from inertia, compressing the spring by transforming its kinetic energy into the internal energy of the compressible spring. This is the physical mechanism of energy pumping of the oscillating system due to the property of the ferromagnet used, which changes its magnetic susceptibility in an inhomogeneous magnetic field. It is important to have such a value of the magnetic viscosity of the ferromagnet, which would be consistent with the dynamics of the vibrational motion of the ferromagnetic body. This leads to the formulation of the last necessary and sufficient condition for maintaining undamped oscillations in the system-the "phase balance" condition, which consists in the phase-out of force pulses from the action of the magnetic system on the ferromagnetic body during its motion. This means that these force "additives" from the side of the magnetic field should appear at the stage of approaching the ferromagnetic body to the gravitational center of the magnetic system and, conversely, the magnetic system must weaken its force influence on the ferromagnetic body moving from the center of gravity. These processes, as well as the periodicity of the action of the forces of the magnetic field on the ferromagnetic body, are carried out automatically, and the question is only their effectiveness. To analyze this question, it is necessary to consider the dynamics of the manifestation of magnetic viscosity, characterized by a single parameter - the constant Relaxation time, as follows from expression (1). The qualitative solution of the problem consists in considering various variants of the behavior of the magnetic viscosity in the device under consideration. Thus, if the time constant is substantially shorter than the period of mechanical oscillations of the spring pendulum / T <1, the ferromagnetic substance will very quickly recover the value of its magnetic permeability when the magnetic field associated with the motion of the ferromagnetic body changes in it, and the difference in forces at the same coordinate points of the trajectory of the body's motion from the center of attraction and to it will be insignificant Or it will not be at all at all, and therefore there will be no necessary swapping of the oscillating system, and the oscillations in it will be damped. On the other hand, if the relaxation constant is many times greater than the period of oscillation / T> 1, this will mean the practical inability of the ferromagnet to somehow noticeably change its magnetic susceptibility in a varying magnetic field at a given oscillation frequency, and therefore the oscillations in the system will become damped. So, to ensure the required energy swap, it is necessary that the value of the constant relaxation be rigidly coordinated with the period of the oscillating mechanical system, that is, there are requirements to the minimum and maximum boundaries of the values of the constant relaxation within which it is possible to provide undamped mechanical oscillations in the system under consideration, that is Min < < Max .
Thus, the system exhibits threshold properties with respect to the choice of ferromagnets in the required range of constant relaxation. Qualitatively considering the boundaries of the range by , You can specify that the minimum border Min is determined by the effective interaction time of the ferromagnetic body with the magnetic system, i.e., the traveling time of the length of the poles 1 and 2 of the permanent magnet, as shown in Fig. Let the length (along the x axis) 
X 0 (part of the amplitude of the oscillations). Then at the oscillation frequency F (see expression (4)), taking into account the variable velocity of the oscillating material point-the center of gravity of the ferromagnetic body-along the x axis, according to the harmonic law, we get the time of flight of this point inside the magnetic system T 1 = g 1 ( , X 0 , ). In an explicit form this interval of time is found by integration and amounts to T 1 = (T / 2 ) Arcsin . Considering the time of establishment in the exponential process as t = 2.2 , We arrive at the establishment of the boundary Min = T 1 / 2.2 = (0.45 / F ) arcsin .
Obviously, for the same reasons, the maximum Is determined by the residence time of the ferromagnetic body in the interval 2 (1- ) X 0 , and this time T 2 = g 2 ( , X 0 , ) And is equal to T 2 = 2 [(T / 4) - T 1 ] = ( -2 arcsin ) / F and then we obtain for Max = ( -2 arcsin ) / 2.2 F. As a result of this analysis, we obtain important information from the analysis of the ratio of the boundary values of the relaxation constants found above
Since it is necessary to fulfill the requirement Max / Min 
1, this implies a restriction on the relative length of the magnetic poles of the system (in comparison with the amplitude of the oscillations), so that arcsin ( / 2) and, consequently, the quantity must be = L / X 0 1, where L is the length of poles 1 and 2 along the x axis. It can be concluded from the obtained condition that the amplitude of the oscillations and the length of the poles of the magnet in the limiting case can be the same, and the center of gravity of the ferromagnetic body in its extreme positions (Figs. 2 and 3) extends beyond the edges of the magnetic poles by half their length . At lower values - much further.
It should be noted that the selection of a ferromagnet with the desired value Can be difficult, since the assortment of such substances with the required parameters of the magnetic viscosity and the slope of the falling part of the characteristic 
/ H is not so rich. Therefore, it is necessary to choose a ferromagnet with parameters close to the required parameters, and then it is easy to adjust the parameters of the mechanical system that are varied in the experiment-the mass of the ferromagnetic body, the spring stiffness, the magnetic field, the length of the magnetic poles, and even the spatial position of the device (in the latter case the component of the gravitational force Mass of a ferromagnetic body in a gravitational field, projected onto the x-axis) in order to change the oscillation period T
Above we considered the dynamics of the system under the assumption of the linearity of the central force acting on the material point (the center of inertia of the moving object-the ferromagnetic body and the sliding axis) and the magnitude of the displacement x, and it was conventionally assumed that the action of the magnetic field as an elastic medium is related to the properties Springs with some other of its stiffness, greater than the inherent rigidity of the spring. However, strictly speaking, this is not the case, since the force of interaction of a magnetic field with a ferromagnetic body having a magnetic moment M (x, t) as a function of coordinates and time, taking into account the dynamics of its motion along the coordinate x, is not a linear function of the displacement of the ferromagnetic body along the given Direction, and is a function of time, taking into account the temporal nature of the change in relative permeability due to the magnetic viscosity property, that is, = F (x, t) at a given frequency F oscillations. Consequently, the third term of the left-hand side of equation (6), instead of the term kx, must contain a different, more complex expression, which in turn will affect the result of solving this equation, in particular the value of the oscillation period of the magneto-viscous pendulum. Calculations of this kind are complex and require an appropriate mathematical analysis, but it does not change qualitatively those provisions that underlie the explanation of the possibility of maintaining the oscillatory motion of a ferromagnetic body continuously in time.
It is interesting to note that from condition (10) it is seen that the amplitude of oscillations X 0 is related to the average value of the difference pulse of the pumping force and the amount of mechanical friction introduced into the system. It is clear that to increase the amplitude of the oscillations, that is, to increase the mechanical energy of the vibrational motion W = m F2 X 0 2/4 it is necessary to reduce friction in an oscillating mechanical system, that is, to decrease the coefficient a. In the scheme in question (FIG. 1), this mainly applies to reducing the friction coefficient of the sliding axis 4 in the guide sleeves 6 and 7. In addition, friction (loss) also occurs in the spring itself.
Therefore, to reduce these losses, the sliding axis can be "fixed" to the magnetic cushions along its ends and completely eliminated from the circuit by the spring, since the magnetic system itself possesses the necessary elastic properties (although nonlinearly dependent on the magnitude of the displacement along the coordinate x, which only affects the compilation and Solution of the corresponding differential equation of motion). In the absence of a spring 5, the axis 4 can be made fixedly fixed in the body of a permanent magnet, and the ferromagnetic body 3 will slide along this axis during its oscillating motion, and in this case it is necessary, if possible, to reduce the slip coefficient of this body relative to the axis. Other modifications of the design of the claimed technical solution are also permissible, based on the properties of the magnetic viscosity and the magnetic susceptibility of the ferromagnet with increasing magnetic field strength.
The general formulation of the problem of finding the instantaneous forces F (x, t) during the motion of a ferromagnetic body of mass m with amplitude and frequency of oscillations, respectively, X 0 and F , taking into account the given homogeneous magnetic field H max between the magnetic poles with their relative length Reduces to integrating the differentials of forces applied to the differential volumes of a ferromagnetic body (divided by sections S orthogonal to the x axis into differential volumes dv = S dx), along the direction from x = 0 to x = X 0 , and then to a similar integration, but already On the reverse path - from x = x 0 to x = 0. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the dynamics of the establishment in the differential volumes of the ferromagnetic body of the magnetic susceptibility as a function of the current value of the field strength H (x), the time-dependent process of establishing (T) and the instantaneous velocity of a given differential volume, which, in connection with the nonlinear effect of the elasticity of the magnetic field, will change the harmonic character of the motion in the whole of the ferromagnetic body.
In this case, the center of gravity of the magnetic system in the case of a uniform field between poles 1 and 2 (Fig. 1) of a permanent magnet should be taken as the cross section at x = 0, that is, in the middle between the poles. For each of the differential volumes under consideration, it is necessary to calculate the differential magnetic moment dM (x, t) = J (x, t) dv = SJ (x, t) dx that changes with time in the x-coordinate, taking into account the expression ( 1), after which the corresponding differential gravitational force of a given differential volume of a ferromagnetic body located at a coordinate x in a magnetic field with a gradient is determined N / X at a given coordinate point from the expression:
Where J (x, t) is the instantaneous (depending on the coordinate) value of the magnetization of a given differential volume of a ferromagnetic body, taking into account expression (1).
After calculating the above two integrals, it turns out that the first of them is larger than the second by the amount TF cp / 2> 0, as can be seen from formula (11), expressing the average pumping power of an oscillating system, which should be greater than the average frictional force in the mechanical system, Taking into account all possible energy losses in it.
The presence of F cp > 0 means that a "negative resistance" is introduced into the system with losses, the action of which maintains the vibrational state in the system at a certain amplitude of oscillations, taking into account the nonlinear properties of the elasticity of the magnetic field with respect to the ferromagnetic body and the fact that friction losses are considered linear Connected with this amplitude, that is, they decrease with decreasing amplitude. In the general case, undamped oscillations in the system will occur when the condition analogous to condition (10) is satisfied.
Finally, it should be noted that the mechanical energy of the oscillatory motion of the spring (or other) pendulum W = m F2 X 0 2/4 is not the energy that is "extracted" from the interaction of a ferromagnetic body with a magnetic field. The useful energy received from this interaction is equal to the fraction of the total kinetic energy W, which only makes up for the losses in the mechanical system, determined by its decay of damping, that is, it makes up only a small part W~ W. However, in spite of the relative smallness of this energy, it is of fundamental importance that it is drawn from the energy of the magnetic field of a permanent magnet and the work of microparticles determining the properties of a ferromagnet.
From the data obtained it follows that for practical implementation of the proposed magnetically-viscous pendulum, it is necessary to deal with ferromagnets with a sufficiently high inertia of establishing relative magnetic permeability with a change in the magnetic field strength. Thus, for a pendulum with an oscillation frequency of 5 Hz, it is necessary to select a ferromagnet with About 17 ms, if you choose = 0.707. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that ( (H) / H) (dH / dx) <0.
However, despite these difficulties in choosing a suitable ferromagnet, it is extremely interesting from both a practical and scientific point of view to construct such a device in which the microparticles of the substance of a ferromagnet that determine its magnetic viscosity work together with the time-varying magnetic field of a permanent magnet for Moving back and forth a ferromagnet. This oscillatory motion is given by a spring mechanical pendulum, it is maintained in the form of undamped oscillations due to the work of the microparticles of matter, and the magnetic field of the permanent magnet acts as the energy source of such power pumping, that is, without the use of any external sources of energy. It is quite clear that to ensure the balance of the amplitudes is sufficient, if all the necessary phase-matching conditions are satisfied and a suitable material of the ferromagnet is chosen, simply select the desired magnetic field induction.
The claimed technical solution is fundamentally new, having no analogues in the world of instrument making. It is especially interesting in that it allows us to hope that energy hidden in permanent magnets and ferromagnetic substance can be extracted for solving various energy problems.
Demonstration of the claimed technical solution without external sources of energy connected to it will force physicists to rethink some ideas about the physics of magnetism and other laws that must be discovered to realize the eternal dream of man - energy abundance.
The claimed technical solution can be practically implemented already at present in organizations that are engaged in the study of ferromagnetic substances and their physics, for example, at the Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow).
SUPPLEMENT TO THE APPLICATION OF "MAGNETOVIC PENDULUM"
Analysis of the value of the magnetic viscosity relaxation constant Based on the averaging of the boundary values of this quantity as a function of the relative length Poles of a permanent magnet along the x axis of the vibrational motion of the ferromagnetic body (Fig. 1) by calculating the arithmetic mean of the boundary values (light curve) and the geometric mean of these quantities Min and Max (the dark curve on the graph) showed that the preferred values of In the field of practical values Are in the range of 0.05 < 
<0.11. Therefore, the author in the claims has indicated that the value of the relaxation time constant of the magnetic viscosity of the selected ferromagnetic substance is "commensurable, for example, with one-tenth of the period of free oscillations of the ferromagnetic body," although the specific value of this quantity has this spread and is refined experimentally, for example, by changing the period of oscillations of the ferromagnetic body For the selected ferromagnetic material by selecting the spring stiffness parameter k or by adjusting the value of the attached mass of the ferromagnetic body. The example given in the application for = 0.707 corresponds to the extreme mean-arithmetic value = 0,08518 T (that is, it corresponds to ~ T / 12).
The corresponding calculation data for the arithmetic mean and geometric mean ( ) Are shown in the table and on the graph (see Fig. 6). The dotted rectangle in the graph shows the preferred range of selectable values.
CLAIM
A magnetically pendulum pendulum comprising a permanent magnet and a ferromagnetic body fixed with respect to a permanent magnet, for example on a sliding axis for movement with one degree of freedom in a magnetic field with variable magnetic induction along said axis and elastically mechanically coupled to a permanent magnet, for example, by means of a spring Fixed with its ends, respectively, with a permanent magnet and a ferromagnetic body, the material of the ferromagnetic body being chosen with a relaxation time constant of the magnetic viscosity commensurate with, for example, one-tenth of the period of free oscillations of the ferromagnetic body, and the field strength in the permanent magnet gap is preferably saturating for the ferromagnetic body .
print version
Publication date 16.02.2007gg
Comments
When commenting on, remember that the content and tone of your message can hurt the feelings of real people, show respect and tolerance to your interlocutors even if you do not share their opinion, your behavior in the conditions of freedom of expression and anonymity provided by the Internet, changes Not only virtual, but also the real world. All comments are hidden from the index, spam is controlled.