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INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2287068
METHOD OF ACTION OF AN ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
WITH SIMULTANEOUS ADDITION OF OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN FROM WATER
Name of the applicant: Smolensky Igor Nikolaevich (UA); Kozarenko Vladimir Ivanovich (UA); Smolensky Oleg Igorevich (UA)
The name of the inventor: Smolensky Igor Nikolaevich (UA); Kozarenko Vladimir Ivanovich (UA); Smolensky Oleg Igorevich (UA)
The name of the patent holder: Smolensky Igor Nikolaevich (UA); Kozarenko Vladimir Ivanovich (UA); Smolensky Oleg Igorevich (UA)
Address for correspondence: 04080, Kyiv, ul. Frunze, 24b, of.1, OP. Megas
Date of commencement of the patent: 2003.10.28
The invention relates to engine building, in particular to methods for producing hydrogen from water for engines. The invention allows without significant changes in the engine to provide an increase in its environmental and economic characteristics. In the mode of action of an environmentally safe internal combustion engine with the simultaneous extraction of hydrogen and oxygen from water as a cleavable catalytic energy carrier, chlorine is used in the composition of metal chlorides. Their valency changes with the passage of a closed thermochemical cycle with the return of reagents to their original position at the end of the cycle, except for water, the amount of which is periodically replenished. The process of thermochemical transformation of iron-3 chloride is provided by utilized thermal energy from exhaust gases. Hydrogen enters the gas reducer and further to the hydrogen pipeline and the carburetor dosing device. Oxygen is partly used to improve the performance of the engine and comes through an oxygen dispenser with an oxygen pipeline. The device of an environmentally safe internal combustion engine includes a power system that includes a superheated water supply line to the cylinders through an electromagnetic softener. The evaporator is located in the emptiness of the exhaust manifold. The power system includes a hydrogen generator, the rotor of which is made with functional chambers, an autonomous multi-speed electric drive, a hydrogen generator housing and an acid tank. The body and the acid tank are planted on a common axis, in the array of which there are channels from and to the functional chambers, with the channels from and to the acid tank. All channels have safety valves.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to the thermocatalytic production of hydrogen from water as an integral part of the fuel for internal combustion engines (hereinafter referred to as ICE), both carburetor and gas diesel cycle when performing mechanical work.
Covering theoretically the chemical ecology and energy, and in practical terms - general and chemical engineering, the invention is aimed at finding an effective way to reduce the destructive anthropogenic impact on the geo-biosphere of modern energy, using the available inexpensive mineral reserves of raw materials deposits and production capabilities of Ukraine, in particular, production Iron, hydrogen chloride and their derivatives.
It has been established that hydrogen is a promising environmentally friendly fuel for thermal engines as the most mass and mobile power plants ( according to DS Kolyusyuk, LV Avtotraktnye fuels and lubricants, Kiev, "Higher School", 1987. P.89 ).
The main source for hydrogen production is water (according to Yagodin GL, Rakov EG, Tretyakova LG Chemistry and chemical technology in solving global problems., Moscow, "Chemistry." 1988. pp.81-87 ).
An analogue of the method of action of an environmentally safe internal combustion engine, respectively, with a declarative patent for the invention of Ukraine No. 31320 A of December 15, 2000, Bul. No. 7-11, simultaneous extraction of hydrogen and oxygen from water is envisaged where as a split catalytic energy carrier chlorine is used in the composition of certain metal chlorides whose valency changes as the closed thermochemical cycle passes, with the reagents returning to their original position at the end of the cycle except water, the quantity Which is periodically updated.
An analogue of the device of an environmentally safe internal combustion engine in accordance with the British Patent No. 1395418, 1975, cl. FIB, a power system is proposed which includes a superheated water supply line to the cylinders through an electromagnetic softener, when the evaporator is positioned in the exhaust cavity of the exhaust manifold.
The technical task is to provide the process of thermochemical transformation of iron-3 chloride with the utilized thermal energy from exhaust gases, where the extracted hydrogen and oxygen are separately separated in the system. The process of thermochemical conversion of iron-3 chloride occurs in the rotor of the hydrogen generator - the component of the engine power supply system; Wherein the rotor is rotated by an autonomous multi-speed electric drive during flushing with exhaust gases in the body cavity, respectively connected to the exhaust manifold.
The technical task of the invention consists in the use of thermal energy accumulated by exhaust gases (outside the Carnot cycle), which is up to 55% of the fuel's energy potential for thermocatalytic hydrogen production from water, using the on-board device (hereinafter the hydrogen generator) as part of the internal combustion engine , simultaneously with The performance of mechanical work (according to Shifrin DM Thermal Engines, Part 1. Moscow, "Mashgiz", 1962, p.142, table Yu ). It has been proved that the addition of 5% to 10% of hydrogen from the mass of fuel provides a 50% saving in gasoline with a simultaneous 30-fold decrease in the content of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases of the ICE ( according to Chirkov K. Engine, engine, engine. 1983. No. 2. P.51 ). The possibility of using such a combination of fuel is inherent in both carburetor ICEs (according to Anokhin V.I. Device of cars, Moscow, "Mashgiz." 1953. pp.253-265 ), and for power systems of internal combustion engines with metered injection of fuel, for example, gas diesel ", When a small amount of liquid fuel is injected into the gas-air mixture after its compression with heating, the combustion of the mixture begins during the working stroke of the piston ( according to Shifrin, D.M., Thermal Engines, Part 1. Moscow," Mashgiz. "1962. P.127 ).
The used method of thermocatalytic hydrogen production is that the thermal energy accumulated by the exhaust gases (outside the Carnot cycle) is used to provide a closed cycle of thermochemical transformations in the sequence: IRON <=> CHLORIDES OF IRON <=> IRON when hydrogen is extracted from water (as a composite fuel Engine), where as a cleavable catalytic energy carrier, chlorine is used in the composition of metal chlorides whose valency changes as the closed thermochemical cycle passes, with the reagents returning to their original position at the end of the cycle, except for water, the amount of which is periodically replenished. According to the invention, the process of thermochemical transformation of iron-3 chloride is provided by the utilized thermal energy from the exhaust gases, with hydrogen entering the gas reducer and then to the hydrogen pipeline and the carburettor dosing device of the engine, and oxygen is partly used to improve the operation of the engine and flows through the oxygen dispenser with the oxygen line.
In the device of an environmentally safe internal combustion engine, the power system includes a superheated water supply line to the cylinders through an electromagnetic softener when the evaporator is positioned in the emptiness of the exhaust manifold. According to the invention, the power supply system includes a hydrogen generator whose rotor is provided with functional chambers, a self-contained multi-speed electric drive, a hydrogen generator housing and an acid tank, the housing and the acid tank are mounted on a common axis, in the array of which channels are located from and to the function chambers, From and to the tank of acid, all channels having safety valves.
To realize the thermocatalytic method of hydrogen production, the exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine (both externally and through honeycomb holes in the massif) are washed through the rotor of the hydrogen generator (in the hull hollow) with an autonomous multi-speed electric drive, functional chambers (for catalytic reagents), whose channels are sequentially As the rotor rotates) are connected to external channels for hydrogen, chlorine, hydrochloric acid; Wherein the body cavity is connected to the exhaust manifold of the engine, and the supporting plungers of the precautionary valves of the source channels of the functional chambers interact with the eccentric track on the housing.
The method of action of an environmentally safe internal combustion engine and the device for its implementation are discussed below using the carburetor engine as an example.
According to the drawing, a hydrogen generator 1 is attached to the exhaust manifold of the engine. In the hollow of the hydrogen generator body, a rotor 57 is placed which, both externally and through honeycomb holes in the array, is flushed with exhaust gases controlled by a throttle valve 56. In the four functional chambers 58 of the rotor 57 Catalytic reagents are placed. The acid tank 59 and the rotor 57 through the centers are united by an axis 53, which is fixed by the slots to the housing. In the array of axis 53 there are channels for the passage:
A) acids from the reservoir 59 to the functional chamber 58, when it enters the hydrogen production zone (Fe is shown in the diagram);
B) hydrogen from the functional chamber to the hydrogen pipeline 8;
C) chlorine from the functional chamber (with heating of FeCl 3 ) to the reservoir 59 (the scheme shows FeCl 3 ).
The acid injection plunger pump 54 is terminated by a hydraulic accumulator with a volume of one injection. The function chambers 58 have inlet and outlet ports with safety valves, wherein the outgoing channel support plunger 60 cooperates with the eccentric track on the housing (as the rotor 57 rotates). The bevel gear 61 is connected to a multi-speed self-contained electric drive 44 (controlled by the microprocessor 46 according to the signals of the oxygen sensor 45 and the temperature sensor 48). The heat exchanger 62 is connected by conduits 33 to the engine cooling system.
The gasoline delivery system for carburetor 26 and 31 of the MKZ-K80D type includes a gas tank 25, a sediment tank 27, a pump 28, a plunger switch 29 with a rod 18 and a support washer 42, gas pipelines 24 (according to: Anokhin BI Automobile equipment, Moscow, Mashgiz ", 1950, p.265 of FIG . 223 ).
The cooling system of the hydrogen produced includes a gas reducer cavity 40 that is connected by conduits 33 to the engine cooling system through an additional heat exchanger 47. Hydrogen from the gas reducer with high "A" voids including the two-arm lever 11 and low "B" Carburetor
A) at idle speed - along channel 21;
B) on the working channel - on the channel 20 ( according to Anokhin VI The device of cars, Moscow, "Mashgiz", 1950, p.260, figure 218 ).
The water supply system includes the tank 7, the valves 6, the filter 4, the pump 5, the electromagnetic softener 3, the water pipe 2, the plunger pumps 63 and 64. The pumps end with the accumulators 67 by the volume of one injection. Pressure relief valve 43 is depressurized. The plunger pumps 63 and 64 cooperate with the eccentric 55 on the shaft of the reduction gear 61.
The exhaust gas control system includes an oxygen sensor 45, a microprocessor 46, an oxygen dispenser 41 with an oxygen line 65.
Exhaust system includes main 34 and additional 37 collectors, silencer 36.
The acid cooling system includes a pump 49, a heat exchanger 50, an acid line 51, a temperature sensor 48.
The engine starts with gasoline with a heat removal factor of 0.55 (from the heat-generating ability of gasoline - 10,200 kcal / kg ). The exhaust gases heat up the catalytic reagents, the mass of the rotor of the hydrogen generator. At the start of the process, all four functional chambers 58 have a layer of iron powder. After reaching the calculated temperature parameters, the following processes take place:
The production of hydrogen, according to equation (1):
Where H 2 - hydrogen, extracted during one cycle (corresponds to the rotor turnover of 57); 111.6 g - starting mass of iron powder in four functional chambers 58; 372.89 g - mass of hydrated water for 37% solution of 219 g of hydrogen chloride (weight of the solution - 591, 89 g );
200.94 kcal - the energy of vaporization with 20,716 moles of hydrated water, based on the requirement of 9.7 kcal / mol (according to Glinka ML General Chemistry, Kiev, "Soviet School." 1955. P.198 ).
One cycle of thermochemical interaction (1) corresponds to one complete revolution of the rotor 57. The extracted hydrogen, simultaneously with the cooling of the liquid that circulates in the cavity 40 and the heat exchanger 47, enters the "A" cavity of the gas reducer under pressure maintained by the pneumatic accumulator 66 through the open valve 12. After reaching a pressure of 2 + 3 kgf / cm, the membrane 9 compresses the spring 10 and the angle lever closes the valve 12. The vacuum in the inlet manifold 32 is transferred to the membrane chamber 30, which compresses the spring 15. The deflection to the bottom of the membrane 13 causes the valve 17 to open by the lever 16 With simultaneous displacement of the plunger 29 downwards, which opens the channel of reduced gasoline supply to the float chamber of the carburettor 26. Hydrogen enters the vacuum "B" of the gas reducer. After the pressure in the vacuum of 4 to 5 mm of the water column is established in the void, a shutter 19 opens, passing hydrogen to the hydrogen pipeline 22 and the motor carburettor doser 23. The work of the engine on the gasoline-hydrogen mixture begins. In the event that an emergency transfer of the engine to gasoline is necessary, the tap 35 is connected to the atmosphere, this results in atmospheric pressure in the membrane chamber 30 by the expansion of the spring 15, displacement of the membrane 13 to the top and closing of the valve 17 by the lever 16. At the same time, the plunger 29 is shifted to the top, Supply of gasoline to the float chamber of the carburetor 26. When the pressure in the vacuum "A" of the gas reducer exceeds the excess pressure is discharged through the valve 39 into the atmosphere.
The production of chlorine upon heating (in an anhydrous medium) of iron-3 chloride (the position is indicated on the diagram as the opposite in the production of hydrogen) leads to complete iron reduction according to equation (2):
Where 324.6 g is the mass of iron-3 chloride obtained in the reaction (1);
96 kcal is the thermal energy required for the reduction of three chlorine molecules with a mass of 213 g (according to Nekrasov, BV, Fundamentals of General Chemistry, Vol.3, Moscow, "Chemistry . " 1970, p.163 ).
Dehydration of the volume of the functional chamber is achieved by evacuation of the hydrate water vapor in accordance with equation (1) with a sharp decrease in the pressure in the chamber from 60 kgf / cm to 1.2 kgf / cm , which is automatically provided by mixing the support plug of the safety valve of the source duct of the functional chamber 58, Which interacts with the eccentric track of the plunger 60 on the body. The appearance of anhydrous medium promotes a local increase in temperature (there is a decrease in the heat capacity in the functional chamber), which facilitates the intensive course of the process according to reaction (2). Steam of hydrated water weighing 372.89 g in accordance with (1) enters the channel in the array of axis 53 to the reservoir 59, where it condenses.
According to (1), the recovery of the used acid mass solution takes place during the hydrolysis of the produced chlorine after the reaction (2) in the tank 59, where additional reagent water is supplied. The hydrolysis of chlorine occurs according to equation (3):
Where 54 g is the mass of reagent water; 213 g is the mass of hydrogen chloride obtained for the reduction of 591.89 g of a 37% acid solution in accordance with reaction (1), after reaction with condensed 20,716 moles of hydrated water; 48 g is the mass of oxygen produced.
The oxygen produced (in 8 times the amount of hydrogen obtained) is only partially used to improve the operation of the engine through the oxygen dispenser 41 with oxygen line 65 that is connected to the receiver 52 and the peracidic void of the reservoir 59. The feeding of the working mixture is necessary, for example, in case of excessive temperature rise Environment, when there is a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the air mixture. In this case, the engine runs on a richer working mixture, increasing carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions that are not burned in the cylinder. When there is an excessive temperature drop, the engine starts to run on a depleted working mixture, increasing the content of mono- and nitrogen dioxide in the exhaust (according to the review "Improving the economy of a gas engine", Journal of Automotive Industry, 1985, No. 6, p. 29 ) .
For the course of one cycle, the energy costs according to equations (1) and (2) total (4):
We will point out that the necessary (18) for the water splitting of 18 kcal with a large surplus is compensated during the condensation of the hydrate water vapor in the reservoir; Then according to (1) and (3), respectively, are (5):
Than it is necessary to cool the acid solution in the tank 59 which is pumped through the heat exchanger 50 by the pump 49.
To obtain 296.94 kcal of heat from the exhaust gases according to (4), it is necessary to use gasoline in the amount of (6):
Where 10,200 is the heat - forming ability of gasoline, kcal / kg;
0,55 - the coefficient of heat energy removal of gasoline with exhaust gases;
0,9 - coefficient of heat transfer in the generator.
The hydrogen values obtained in the cycle of 6 g according to (1) are from 58.8 g of used gasoline (7):
Which corresponds to the maximum demand stipulated in 2.3, that is, 50% savings in gasoline are achieved, while simultaneously reducing the emission of carbon monoxide with the exhaust gases into the atmosphere 30 times.
The considered method of action of environmentally safe ICE certifies the fact of the withdrawal of the process of hydrogen production from water beyond the Carnot cycle, using thermal energy and splitting catalytic energy carriers through closed thermochemical cycles. This direction of solving the problem of searching for alternative fuels is recognized as a promising industrial method for abiotic hydrogen synthesis (according to VA Legasov, "Problems in the Development of Chemistry: A Breakthrough in the Future." - Moscow, Nauka, 1987, p. 31 ).
The invention does not require:
1. Significant changes in the design of the heat engine, which takes place in the case of well-known developments of electric vehicles, where the electric energy produced by the combustion of hydrogen feeds the traction motors (according to the review of "Electric Vehicles." Journal of Automotive Industry of the USA., 1977, March p.16 ).
2. Retooling the grid of gas stations with hydrogen, for example, re-equipping only 30% of such stations in the states of California, New York, Massachusetts will cost the state approximately $ 1.4 billion (according to the survey, Daimler Chrysler will be released in the 21st century on hydrogen fuel "The newspaper" Express "1999. № 11 (97) ).
3. Systematic replacement or refueling with catalytic reagents (except refueling with water) for prolonged use, which is mandatory when using known metal hydrate accumulators for hydrogen production.
4. Strengthening of protective ecological measures with long-term practical use of ICE . For the first time, the power plant of the vehicle, when operating, discharges excess oxygen into the atmosphere, while providing 50% savings in gasoline while simultaneously reducing by 30 times the emission of environmentally harmful carbon monoxide with engine exhaust fumes. The use of the invention in stationary conditions (boiler-house of a CHP plant ) is an opportunity to realize in the future emission category - a substance - a commodity where excess oxygen and water from the chemical water purification become economically beneficial and useful for the environment, in particular for refueling hydrogen engines (according to Kolotilo D. M. Ecology and Economics, Kyiv, KENU, 1999. p.248-255 ).
The lack of cylinders with compressed hydrogen in the car from the point of view of technogenic and ecological safety raises the level of the existing safe operation of the proposed device in the engine .
The direction of the development of chemical energy, which effectively reduces the destructive anthropogenic impact on the geobiosphere, is based on available inexpensive mineral resources, in particular: iron salts, alkali and alkaline earth metal chlorides. The resulting iron, hydrogen chloride and their derivatives can be effectively used. For example, only 190 tons of hydrogen chloride emissions in the amount of 190 tons by the Kaluga concern "Oriana", when used, is a large amount of recycled reagent and hydrogen generators built on cars, because only one generator, according to equation (1), uses only 219 g of hydrogen chloride.
CLAIM
The method of action of an environmentally safe internal combustion engine with the simultaneous extraction of hydrogen and oxygen from water, where as a cleavable catalytic energy carrier, chlorine is used in the composition of metal chlorides whose valency changes as the closed thermochemical cycle passes and returns the reagents to their original position at the end of the cycle, The amount of which is periodically replenished, characterized in that the process of thermochemical transformation of iron-3 chloride is ensured by the utilized thermal energy from the exhaust gases, with hydrogen entering the gas reducer and then to the hydrogen pipeline and the carburettor of the engine, and oxygen is partly used to improve the engine performance and comes through Oxygen doser with oxygen line.
Arrangement of an environmentally safe internal combustion engine whose power system includes a superheated water supply line to the cylinders via an electromagnetic softener when the evaporator is positioned in the exhaust manifold cavity, characterized in that the power system includes a hydrogen generator whose rotor is provided with functional chambers, a self-contained multi-speed electric drive, A hydrogen generator and an acid tank, the housing and the acid tank are mounted on a common axis, in the array of which there are channels from and to the functional chambers, with channels from and to the acid tank, all channels having safety valves.
print version
Date of publication 22.11.2006гг
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