Vertebral column
Vertebrae, number 33-34, in the form of overlapping rings are added to one column - the vertebral column, columna vertebralis.
In the vertebral column, cervical vertebrae, vertebrae cervicales (7), thoracic vertebrae, vertebrae thoracicae (12), lumbar vertebrae , vertebrae lumbales (5), sacrum , os sacrum (5), and coccyx , os coccygis (4 or 5 vertebrae) .
The vertebral column of an adult forms four curvatures in the sagittal plane, curvaturae: cervical, thoracic, lumbar (abdominal) and sacral (pelvic). In this case, the cervical and lumbar flexures are convex toward the front (lordosis), and the thoracic and pelvic bends are posterior (kyphosis),
All the vertebrae are divided into two groups: the so-called true and false vertebrae. The first group includes the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, the second - the sacral vertebrae, fused into the sacrum, and the coccygeal fused to the coccyx.
The vertebra , vertebra, has a body, arch and processes, the vertebral body, corpus vertebrae (vertebralis), represents the front thickened part of the vertebra. Above and below, it is limited to surfaces facing the upper and lower vertebrae, respectively, in front and from the sides, with a somewhat concave surface, and posteriorly flattened. On the vertebral body, especially on its posterior surface, there are a number of nutrient holes, foramina nutricia, - traces of the passage of blood vessels and nerves into bone substance. Vertebral bodies are interconnected by intervertebral discs (cartilages) and form a very flexible column - vertebral column , columna vertebralis.
The arc of the vertebra, arcus vertebrae (vertebralis), bounds the vertebral foramen from behind and from the sides, foramen vertebrate; Located one above the other, the holes form a vertebral canal, canalis vertebralis, in which the spinal cord lies. From the posterolateral faces of the body of the vertebra, the arc begins with a narrowed segment - this is the leg of the vertebral arch, pediculus arcus vertebrae (vertebralis), transforming into the plate of the arch of the vertebra, lamina arcus vertebrae (vertebralis). On the upper and lower surfaces of the leg are the upper vertebral notch, incisura vertebralis superior, and the lower vertebral notch, incisura vertebralis inferior. The upper cutting of one vertebra, adjoining the lower cut of the upper vertebra, forms an intervertebral foramen, foramen intervertebrale, for the passage of the spinal nerve and vessels.
Spines of the vertebra, processus vertebrae, in the number of seven, protrude on the arc of the vertebra. One of them, unpaired, is directed from the middle of the arc to the back - this is a spinous process, processus spinosus. The remaining processes are paired. One pair - the upper articular processes, processus articulares superiores, is located on the upper surface of the arc, the other pair - the lower articular processes, processus articulares inferiores. Protrudes from the side of the lower surface of the arc and the third pair - the transverse processes, processus transversi departs from the sides of the arc.
On articular processes there are articular surfaces, facies articulares. With these surfaces, each overlying vertebra articulates with the underlying vertebra.
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