Analysis of urine. Common properties of urine.

Norms of tests for children

Kidneys play a leading role in the release from the blood of non-volatile end products of metabolism and foreign substances trapped in the internal environment of the body. In the process of metabolism, which constantly occur in the human body, various end products of metabolism, allocated by the kidneys, are formed. All these final products form the basis of human urine.
During the metabolism of proteins and nucleic acids, the final products of nitrogen metabolism are formed (urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonium ion). Under normal conditions even physiologically valuable substances with their excess in the blood begin to excrete by the kidneys in large quantities. This refers to water, inorganic ions, glucose, amino acids, etc. In small quantities, certain derivatives of rotting products in the intestine - indole, phenol, which are detoxified in the liver and excreted in the urine, enter the urine.
With urine, various biologically active substances and products of their transformation are distinguished, by which one can judge the function of some endocrine glands.
In the urine found the hormone derivatives of the adrenal cortex, estrogens, antidiuretic hormone, catecholamines, various vitamins, enzymes.
In conditions of pathology in the urine, substances, usually in it not detectable, are found - acetone, bile acids, protein, etc.

Common properties of urine. 1. Daily diuresis is the amount of urine released per day.
It depends on the amount of liquids drunk and the release of urine, as well as loss of water with the skin (sweat), lungs, intestines. To assess the daily diuresis, compare the amount of urine with the amount of incoming fluid per day. Normally, 3/4 of the volume is withdrawn from the incoming liquid.
An increase in daily diuresis (polyuria) is observed with a decrease in edema, sugar and diabetes insipidus.
A decrease in daily diuresis (oliguria) is observed with loss of fluid with sweat, with diarrhea and vomiting, swelling, fluid accumulation in the cavities, sometimes with breastfeeding, with insufficient water intake by the mother.
Discontinuation of urine in the bladder occurs with acute blood loss, severe vomiting, acute nephritis, severe kidney disease, obstruction of the ureters with stones, compression of the ureters with tumors. 2. Color of urine.
It should be straw-yellow, due to the presence of urine in the urine. 3. Transparency of urine.
Normal urine is transparent. Dregs and flakes are evidence of inflammation of the kidneys or urinary tract. And here, if the urine was transparent, but, after standing a little, became turbid, it happens.
Turbidity can be caused by the presence in it of urates, phosphates, calcium oxalate, pus. Admixtures are diagnosed in the laboratory by special methods. 4. Density of urine.
Increase in the density of urine can be with a small intake of fluid, large losses of water, diabetes, oliguria.
The decrease in density is typical for polyuria, prolonged starvation, protein-free diet, kidney failure, diabetes insipidus. 5. Urinary reaction (pH).
Normal values ​​in a healthy adult 5-7, with the use of mainly meat food - the reaction is more acidic, vegetable - alkaline.
Acidity can increase after severe physical exertion, with starvation, fever, with diabetes, tuberculosis.
Urine reaction determines the possibility of the formation of stones (uric acid stones in acidic medium, oxalate in neutral acidic, phosphate in more alkaline).
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