General information about the design and its objectives

Electrical installations, as well as any other structures are many groups of experts of various professions: construction workers, plumbers, fitters, electricians, as well as equipment manufacturers, wires, valves, cables, etc. In each community there is a narrow specialization... Among electricians, for example, perform one cable works, other set. power equipment, and some are mounted secondary chain.

The construction is not created at once. First, build a building, it .Then install the equipment. Installed equipment is mounted, and so on.. Many of the buildings are made in the industry. They come to the construction site in the form of finished products, often whole units (magnetic stations, complete switchgear, automation and remote control cabinets and so on. N.). Consequently, the activities of people, creating a structure, it takes place at different times and often in different territories; and at the same time, this activity is strictly coordinated and tse-leustremlena. For example, at the stage of construction works have left openings for cable, lay the parts for mounting electrical equipment and so on. N.

Organizing principle by which the result of the work of many people and at different times obtained slender construction, the project is. From the project operator will learn:

• one of them, when, how and in what sequence, what materials and what to do;

• what equipment you need to order and by when;

• how much money is needed for materials and equipment, transportation and storage, on wages;

• many workers, engineers and technicians of a particular specialty and qualifications necessary to bring to work, when and for how long;

• how to link the new building with the previously constructed, for example, to connect the new substation to the existing grid, to switch it on board for some consumers, and so on. etc .;

• how to check the correctness of the new plant and put it into operation;

• on which construction is designed and how to use it.

The scope and content of the project depends on the complexity and peculiarities of the planned facilities.

Large construction design specialized design organizations: State Project Institute (GPI), the state of design and development institutes (HIPRO) project office. The structure of the project organization may include a number of departments:.. Building, plumbing, electrical, etc. Departments, in turn, are usually divided into groups by function. The electrical department, for example, can be a groups: electricity, electric, secondary switching, automation, remote control, instrumentation (instrumentation), electric lighting, etc...

For the organization of coordinated activities of all participants in the design regardless of their affiliation to a particular department chief project engineer is assigned to create large projects.

Instruction on the development of projects and estimates for the construction of industrial 202-76 CH (CH - building codes, 76 - year approval 1976) design is based on the feasibility study (FS) or other documentation of pre-term, replacing the Feasibility Study confirming the economic feasibility and the economic necessity of the construction of new, expansion, renovation or modernization of existing enterprises.

The two-stage design complex industrial facilities, as well as objects, which will apply the new undeveloped production technology, a prototype model of complex technological equipment, and so on. N. When the two-stage design of the first stage of developing the technical design and carry out working drawings after its approval (second stage ). The technical project working on major issues of principle, indicate the way of constructive forms of future construction, determine its estimated cost, and so on. N. The most important documents are the custom-made specifications for the placement of orders for the equipment, the production of which requires a long time, as well as statements (lists) on the integrated standards in the rest of the equipment, devices, cables and other products of mass and serial production.

In a single stage design is technically simple objects as well as objects, whose construction is expected to perform on the model or re-used economically to individual projects. In a one-step design of the release-norabochy project, combining in it the technical design materials and drawings.

Design - a creative process. It can not be concluded in a predefined framework. At the same time the design need to be considered with a number of restrictions which can be divided into several large groups listed below.

The first group includes the limitations arising from the requirements of Electrical Installations Regulation (PUE), builds ^ enforcement regulations (SNIP), Rules of technical operation (PTE), Safety Rules (PTB), USSR State standards (GOST), industry standards ( OST) and other legislative, mandatory and guidance documents. They are determined by the voltage selection and the current type, the brand and the cross section of wires and cables, the minimum distances between live parts, the width of the aisles, the height of fences and so on. N.

The second group is caused by features and equipment features, such as dimensions (the largest external contours), location fixing, holes, cooling requirements, and so on. N.

The third group consists of building restrictions. They arise not only in the expansion of facilities that use existing buildings or extension is done to them, the location, size and. whose outlines are not arbitrary. The fact that the design of the new building must be considered normalized sizes span, openings, passages, as well as the correct mutually positioning water, heat supply and power networks, ducts and so on. N. One can not, for example, lay near power cables and hot pipes. It is impossible to equip electrical panels in such proportions that it is impossible to make the room, and so on. N. Of particular importance is the strength of slabs, which should correspond to the weight of the equipment.

Since every new (and especially reconstructed) construction must necessarily communicate with current (at least mains, water supply), there is a fourth group of constraints - backsight.

The fifth group include restrictions arising in the design process. For example, focusing on a particular electrical circuit, orders for her equipment, adopting one or another of its mutual arrangement and provided on the basis of this assignment builders and designers, electrician has connected. His further decisions as they limited themselves.

Widespread find standard designs boilers, pumping stations, power substations and similar massive constructions typical projects of individual devices, units and accessories belonging to the different structures; Typical structures for mounting and fixing the equipment and instrumentation. The use of standard solutions, performed by specialized design organizations, significantly reduces the cost and accelerates design and increases its quality. However, in typical design materials can not be resolved the issues arising in specific circumstances, such as an electrical power source. They decide if "binding". Unbound sample solution can not be applied.

The industrialization of electrical work and development of the electrical industry have led to the widespread use of standard products, such as factory-mounted electrical motor control stations. Typical products also require binding, which consists in filling plates for printing, removing (installation) some jumpers, operating current refining machines, and so on. N.

The content of the various projects. But the form of their performance must be at least such that everyone who will carry out the project, correctly understood what was required of him. It also imposes a number of restrictions. All drawings and diagrams must be drawn in accordance with GOST. If in some cases it is necessary to use non-standard notation, the designer must give their decryption.

There are currently normal, strictly establishing a list of project materials for their design requirements, the location of the sequence in the design and configuration. Unifitsikatsiya design simplifies electrical plants, electrical workshops blanks and installers who have to work on projects of different developers. Especially important to the uniformity of design specifications, as they are ultimately processed centrally in procurement organizations.

Without going into details, we formulate the basic principles of design projects. The project is provided with a table of contents. Location documents corresponds to the technological sequence of works. Initially usually placed the general drawings and documents that illustrate the content of the project as a whole, formulate conditions for the operation of devices, decode symbols and labeling system, if they have features compared to the standard. Then may follow a table on which is easy to navigate in the project, t. E. To find the necessary drawings. For example, for each motor in the table lists the concepts, elektrokonstruktsy scheme (panels, boards, assemblies), external wiring. Sometimes, instead of a common list of drawings table for each object (electric drive, startup, an offshoot of the tires and so on. P.) Was placed on one of the related drawings.

After the drawings are common concepts with brief explanations.

The drawings, which are mounted on the power plant are usually divided into several groups:

a) for the manufacture of elektrokonstruktsy - set manufacturer as, which includes the general appearance of the product, a list of elements (product specifications), the text of the inscriptions on the tablets of layout;

b) workshops for electrical work pieces;

c) for the installation of electrical equipment and elektrokonstruktsy and their compounds: plans and sections of premises with a simplified image of electrical equipment and electrical wiring, cable and tube magazines, etc...

Finally, put a summary specification, consisting of sections on types of products (electrical devices, cables, metal, etc...), As well as documents for the financing - estimates. Projects approved in the established order.