Transmission of electrical energy without metal wires

In the works of N. Tesla [3] and Russian scientists [4-10], a method was proposed for transferring active power by means of a reactive capacitive current using the resonant properties of a single-conductor line (OES) made of a metallic conductor. The purpose of this work is to investigate the possibility of using nonmetallic conductive media for the transmission of electrical energy.

The known methods of transferring electrical energy are based on the transfer of active power using conduction currents in a closed circuit. Electromagnetic energy propagates along transmission lines (LEP) in the form of traveling waves of an electromagnetic field or a field of charges [I]. Line wires made of aluminum or copper are conductive channels along which the flow of electromagnetic energy moves from the generator to the energy receiver and back to the generator.

The maximum transmitted power of three-phase transmission lines is limited by losses on the line resistance, the maximum voltage, which is determined by the electrical strength of the insulation and the electromagnetic stability of the line. A modern approach to ensuring electromagnetic stability is the rigid regulation of line parameters with the help of high-speed shunt reactors and sequential capacitive compensation in order to exclude overflows of reactive power and suppress resonance properties of the line [2].

Methodology. For conducting the experiments, a single-wire power system (UES) was used, the electric circuit of which is shown in Fig. A, b.

Electrical diagram of a single-wire power system with a non-metallic conductive channel

· ECO with symmetrical arrangement of Tesla transformers.

· ECO with diode-capacitor block at the end of the conducting channel.

The ECO consists of a high-frequency generator I with a regulated voltage of 28 V with a power of I kW transmitting 2 and a receiving 3 Tesla transformer with a conducting channel 4 between them, a rectifier 5, an electric load 7 in the form of incandescent lamps or an electric motor with a voltage of 220 V, I kW. The high-voltage winding of the Tesla transformer is made in the form of a cylindrical winding on a ferrite core with a diameter of 50-100 mm and contains 4000-6000 turns. The internal end of the high-voltage winding is connected to the conductive channel, and the outer end remains free. The power supply of the Tesla transformer is carried out by means of a low-voltage winding of 40-60 turns.

When electric power is supplied from the high-frequency generator to the supply winding, a zero potential is formed at the free end of the high-voltage winding, and a voltage with a frequency of 1-25 kHz, corresponding to the generator frequency, is formed on the conducting channel. In addition, the Tesla transformer, like a helical antenna, generates electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of 5-10 cm, corresponding to the length of the coil of the high-voltage winding. In the power supply circuit of the Tesla transformer, a mode of current resonance is formed, and a voltage resonance mode with a frequency equal to the frequency of the generator 1 is formed in the chain of the receiving and transmitting high-voltage windings and the conducting channel.

The following materials were used as a conductive channel: a tube of polyethylene with a diameter of 10 mm and a length of 1.5 m, filled with tap water or sea water; Plastic tray with earth the size of the earth layer 150 x 10 x 400 mm; A film of tin dioxide-indium oxide (IT0) on glass with a thickness of 0.3 μm by a resistance of 300 0 m; Graphite thread 0.1 mm in diameter, 500 mm long with a resistance of 100 Ω. For comparison, steel and copper wires with a diameter of 0.1 mm and a length of 5 m were also used.

The voltage on the conducting channel varied within 1-10 kV, the generator frequency from I to 25 kHz. Voltage, current and power were measured at the output of the UPS and on the load by standard electrical measuring instruments.

Results and discussion. The replacement of the conductive channel from the metal conductor to the channel of nonmetallic conductive materials did not cause a decrease in the transmitted power of the ECP and the heating of the material of the conducting channels, the serial connection of which also did not lead to a decrease in the transmitted power.

The breaking of the circuit in the conducting channel from the water by creating an air gap resulted in an arc discharge of the reactive capacitive current, but this discharge did not cause an increase in the water temperature at a transmitted power of 300 W at a voltage of 4.5 kV for 1 hour, which confirms the absence of energy losses in Conductive channel. The increase in water temperature did not lead to a decrease in the transmitted power. A decrease in pH of water from a neutral value to 4 was noted.

An increase in the concentration of sea salt in water to a level of 5-7 g / l did not increase the transmitted power compared to tap water. However, the replacement of tap water with de-ionized water with a resistance of 16 MΩ resulted in a 100% reduction in the transmitted power.

Thus, it has been shown experimentally that conductive channels from nonmetallic materials in ECO in resonance mode have quasi-superconducting properties. A possible explanation for this effect is the absence of an active conduction current in the channel and the dominant role in the transfer of energy to displacement currents, for which the Joule-Lenz law does not hold [11]. In the Tesla transformer supply circuit, the current is practically reactive, and under resonance conditions the effective values ​​of inductive and capacitive currents are equal, and their vectors are opposite in phase. The current of the high-frequency converter is used for losses in the wires of the power circuit and the core of the Tesla transformer, which are less than 2% and for creating a reactive current in the conducting channel.

In the voltage resonance mode, the effective values ​​of the voltages for the inductance of the high-voltage windings and the conductor channel, the interturning capacitance of the windings and the capacitance of the conducting channel are equal for opposite phases, and the losses from the passage of the capacitive charging current through the active resistance of the conducting channel are negligible. The loss to the crown and the leakage of currents can be reduced by the insulation of the conducting channel. In this case, the active current and the magnetic field of the line are zero, and the electric field of the line has a maximum value.

As in conventional power lines, the maximum transmitted power is limited by the line's charging capacity. The angle between the voltage vectors at the beginning and at the end of the line is zero. The QoS quality factor at a frequency of 5 kHz is 100 times higher than conventional transmission lines at a frequency of 50 Hz, which under resonance conditions leads to a significant increase in voltage and transmitted power along the conducting channel.

In a conventional power line, the voltage along the power line varies insignificantly, and the angle between the voltage vectors at the beginning and at the end of the power line is proportional to the wave length of the line.

On the basis of the research, methods and devices have been proposed [12] for transmitting electrical energy through electrically insulated plastic waterways, irrigation channels, insulated pipelines for transporting gas, oil, hot and cold water, fiber optic cable with a conductive film on the surface, along a carbon composite cable , Along the electrically isolated section of the terrestrial and water surface, including highway sections, for the transmission of energy to the electrified stationary and mobile units.

Requirements for electrical safety and restriction of the use of drinking and hot water from pipelines under electric voltage have been formed. These requirements and limitations are reduced to the grounding of sections of pipelines located at a distance from the generator, equal to an integer number of half-waves, where the voltage of the OES is zero. For lateral branches from the main pipeline, pipeline sections located at a distance from the pipeline equal to an odd number of quarter wavelengths are grounded. For a frequency of 5 kHz, one quarter of the wavelength is 15,000 m.

N. Tesla grounded one terminal of high voltage windings of Tesla transformers at the receiving and transmitting end of the ECO and considered it a necessary condition for energy transfer along the Earth. The results of our studies show that the presence of a metal closed conductor and current lines in the Earth from the receiver to the generator is not a prerequisite for the transmission of electrical energy at a low frequency of 1-25 kHz.

At this frequency, it can be transmitted from the generator to the receiver in the presence of a single-wire guide system through a non-metallic conductive channel, just as electromagnetic energy is transmitted through a laser beam or a microwave beam, but with a higher efficiency due to small losses in energy absorption and emission.

In this case, one of the leads of the high-voltage winding at the energy generator will have a zero potential and remain free, and the symmetrical output of the high-voltage winding at the receiving end must be connected to the natural capacitance 6 (Figure a), which can represent the balloon body or the tractor frame. In our experiments, we used a safe as a natural capacity.

In another transmission method, a diode-capacitor block 8 of the known voltage doubling circuit was used at the receiver side to the conducting channel (Fig. B). On the capacitor 8, the electrical energy through the electronic switch 9 is transferred to the load 7. In this case, the total length of the conductive channel 4 and the Tesla 2 transformer winding of the generator should be equal to an odd number of quarter wavelengths. A conductive non-metallic channel, for example, an optic-fiber or carbon-fiber cable, can be used to transmit electrical energy not only along the Earth, but also perpendicular to the Earth, for example, to an aerostat repeater or balloon.

The conductive channel of the ECO can also be obtained by ionizing air ions with a laser beam [13]. A neodymium doubling-frequency laser with a pulse energy of one joule is capable of creating a concentration of ions in air of 10 to 15 cm in a -3 step, sufficient to initiate the streamers and transmit electrical energy through a conducting channel. The ionization potential, the lifetime of ions and excited states of molecules, the multiphoton absorption coefficient determine the limiting length of the conducting channel in the atmosphere of 300 km and its wave resistance 200-400 Ohm. The required voltage of the UPS is from 0.5MB to 15MB, depending on the length of the channel.

Outside the atmosphere, as a conducting channel, we proposed to use relativistic high-energy electron beams, which, in contrast to laser beams, do not have divergence. In this case, for example, the natural capacitance 6 can be used, for example, the Moon or an artificial conductive body on which the energy receiver is mounted, and the energy generator can be on the Earth or its satellite. The transmission distance of electric energy is determined by the length of the formed conducting channel, and the total length of the conducting channel, taking into account the length of high-voltage windings of two Tesla transformers at the beginning and at the end should be equal to the whole number of half-waves.

The electrical energy transmitted through the conducting channel can be tens and hundreds of thousands of times greater than the energy of the generators of electron and laser beams, which play the role of a guiding system (wires of conventional power lines) along which electric energy is transmitted.

To transfer energy from the Cosmos to Earth and vice versa, it is proposed to use as the conducting channels counter and intersecting electron and laser beams with conducting intermediate bodies, and at altitudes up to 30 km composite carbon-containing and fiber-optic cables. To create a unified energy system of the Earth as a conducting spherical channel, it is proposed to use a single-wire power system and conductive layers in the Earth's ionosphere [14].

Thus, for transmission of electrical energy at a frequency of 1-25 kHz and higher in resonance mode, a single-wire channel can be used from the following non-metallic conducting media: water, wet earth, carbon fiber, oxide films, ionized air channels in the atmosphere created by laser beams, conductive layers In the ionosphere, as well as beams of relativistic electrons outside the atmosphere. These nonmetallic conducting channels in the resonance mode have negligible losses on the resistance in comparison with the metallic conductors used in the known non-resonant methods of energy transfer by means of active conduction currents in a closed circuit.

Electric energy in resonance mode can be transmitted with low losses from the generator to the receiver, along a single-wire channel of nonmetallic conducting materials at a frequency of 1-25 kHz and higher for any distance and in any direction relative to the Earth. The transmitted power is limited, as in conventional transmission lines, to the charging power of the line and can reach a solution of 10 W to 10 in 9 step at high voltages in the pulsed and continuous ones. Tues.

The author of the article: Strebkov DS Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for the Electrification of Agriculture, 109456, Moscow, 1st Veshnevsky Ave, 2, tel. 171-19-20, [email protected]

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