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PLASMA ENGINE "TORNADO"

The motion of ions in the hot state is plasma.

Chapter 1

The idea of ​​creating an engine capable of developing a propulsion force without throwing away reactive masses. Has arisen for a long time. At the moment, a huge number of devices designed to bring this idea to life. Unfortunately, the forces, and hence the speeds generated by them are scanty small.

An analysis of the successes and failures of inventors and experimenters allows us to eliminate dead-end ways of developing these motor systems and to find the single most promising one. Analysis of all designs and proposals shows the most promising remains the same path that has become classic, the principle underlying all thermal engines. Not depending on their design - "Heat in motion." Or the thermal chaotic movement of microparticles (molecules) into the rectilinear motion of larger objects, aircraft machines, etc.

The physics course tells us that: "The movement of each molecule is a mechanical movement." [1] It is possible to determine the path traversed by the molecule and the average velocity of the individual molecule. And one can imagine how it collides with other molecules. Billions of small particles move at high speeds in different directions, collide with each other, which changes their speed and direction of movement, and again move to the next collision. And the school textbook of Physics contains information that "the more the speed of movement of body molecules, the higher its temperature." [1] That is, heat is nothing more than a mechanical movement of molecules. And for clarity, instead of such a value as temperature, one can use this concept, the value of the average speed of the mechanical motion of body molecules.

In very hot bodies, the molecules move very fast, in the colder ones, more slowly. From the second law of thermodynamics. (The law of conservation of energy) implies that energy, not being quantitatively destroyed, is destroyed qualitatively, that is, there is some preferred form of energy into which all other forms (forms) tend to go, and, moreover, can not be transformed irreversibly. This most irreversible preferred form of energy is the mechanical or thermal motion of molecules. This mechanical chaotic motion of molecules can be completely transformed again into a mechanical, but already rectilinear motion of some relatively large object, for example, a piston. But for this it is necessary that all molecules simultaneously move at a certain moment in a strictly defined direction, and in this direction, push this piston, the object. Then the internal energy of the gas, the liquid, completely goes into mechanical work.

  Under normal conditions, such a distribution of the molecular velocities along the directions (although any of them can move at a certain instant in a given direction) is completely impossible. [2] But only in normal . To create a system in which the thermal motion of molecules becomes ordered, it is possible and such attempts have already been made. In particular, a very famous Russian experimenter

A.V.Frolov.The heat pipe (heatpipe). [3]

A more successful approach is the use of electrical potential. And that's why. Thermal motion is motion by inertia. That is, each particle of fluid moves by inertia in space. And it is in space, since if there is no vessel, the particles spread out in a given volume of space. That is, they fly apart by inertia. Any inertial motion is linear in nature. And this is the inertia of every single particle of gas or liquid and you need to transfer the vessel.

And you can do it using the electric potential or the Lawrence force. Let's consider an example.

Example: bullet and electromagnet. Starting the bullet flies by inertia past the ELECTROMAGNE. But under the action of el. Field, Lawrence force. It deviates from the course and, when it hits the electromagnet, moves it from its place.

And now imagine that there are many such bullets, but they will collide, but some of them will still fall into the electromagnet and move it from its place. All depends only on the strength of Lawrence.

Of course a mutual attraction arises between the bullet and the electromagnet. As a result, the speed of the bullet increases somewhat. But this kinetic acceleration Vk arising as a result of the action of the Lawrence force can not move the vessel. As it disappears when colliding with an electromagnet. It is necessary to consider only the preliminary velocity of the bullet Vt. It is this speed that generates inertia. Acceleration Vk should be simply ignored in the calculations.

Now, again, refer to the textbook of Physics section "Electric current in electrolyte solutions." [1] Ions in solution, like molecules, move by inertia but chaotically, but if the vessel with a solution is placed in an electric field, then the ions will also move in the direction of the action of electromagnetic forces. That is, the trajectory of their inertial motion will change. Positive ions will move to the electrode connected to the negative pole of the current source (cathode). And negative ions move to the electrode connected to the positive pole of the current source (anode). (Aqueous solution of copper sulfate) Fig. 1

Fig. 1.

Next, take the vessel shown in Fig. 1 and place it between the anode and the cathode, and then apply a constant voltage (E) to them. Fig. 2

Fig. 2

After some time, all the positive ions will rush to the walls of the vessel close to the cathode, and positive to the wall approximate to the anode. At the same time, their thermal mechanical motion will become more or less ordered, unidirectional. And in the collision with the walls of the vessel, the internal energy of the ions according to the second law of thermodynamics, and the second law of Newton will go into mechanical work. As a result, in the zone A there will be an insignificant thermal force F1, and in zone B there will be an F2 force. The forces are of course insignificant and difficult to detect. Fig.2. In addition, the forces are directed in different directions, and therefore the vessel will remain in place. Although due to the difference in the weight of ions, the forces will be different and we can fix a small driving force. (Alexander V. Soroka). But if you make a vessel in the form of a horseshoe. And replace the plates with Thompson's coils.

The heat forces will become unidirectional, they will be inflated, and the vessel will move in space without any mass dropping out. At the same time the speed of the vessel will depend directly on the temperature of the electrolyte in the vessel, at the moment of the appearance of electromagnetic fields around the coils.

Fig. 3

But for what would happen ... It is necessary to fulfill several conditions ...

The first condition.

This engine has the disadvantage of the fact that the pushing moment that generates the force of inertia exists only at the moment of the collision of ions with the wall of the vessel. After the impact, ions like bullets that hit a bulletproof vest are stuck in an electromagnetic field, and in a place with a vessel move in space by inertia, and not under the influence of thermal forces. In order that this thermal engine would work successfully. We need to make it two clock cycles.

The first measure. Or the phase of destabilization ...

We as much as possible heat ions (electrolyte) in an alternating electromagnetic field (microwave field). For this purpose, we feed a high frequency current to the windings of the coils. Then turn off the microwave field. In the vessel there will be a chaotic kinetic (thermal) motion. Conditionally assume that the average thermal velocity of the ions is 2 m / s. (It may be higher, it may be lower all depends on the temperature of the electrolyte)

The second tact. Or the stabilization phase

We supply a constant current to the coils, as a result of which a constant electromagnetic field is generated around them. Chaotically moving ions simultaneously under the influence of a strong electromagnetic field are turned towards the coils. As a result, the thermal chaotic motion of all ions without exception becomes unidirectional and ions under the action of the electromagnetic field rush to the positive and negative poles. And they strike against the walls of the vessel. There is the effect of the collision of two bodies in space. Part of the thermal energy of the kinetic energy of ions is transferred to the vessel. There is a force of inertia, due to which the vessel begins to move in space (by inertia). The first bar starts, and so on.

The second condition.

Speaking of the motion of ions in a horseshoe vessel "Tornado" Two speeds must be distinguished: The first is the average thermal velocity of the ions. (First measure). Dependent only on the temperature: (In the article, it is conventionally taken 2m.s, It is clear that it can be more and less): And the second speed is the result of applying to the ions a peak electromagnetic field. Peak: In the sense of big, strong. In the future, I think you should try to create it for this effect such as resonance e. Fields. This speed occurs during the second bar.

So, it's possible to speak about a slight heat conversion in the rectilinear motion of a vessel only if the average ELECTROMAGNETIC SPEED is equal to the average thermal velocity: With this difference, the conversion efficiency will increase and an EFFECTIVE transition is possible in my opinion only when the electromagnetic velocity exceeds The thermal velocity is 1.5-2 times: (V electromagnetic> V thermal.)

This can clearly be explained as follows. For example, let the hot ions be a cloud of midges. Flying in space: A Thompson's coil a vacuum cleaner pulling them: The average velocity of the chaotic movement of the midges is 2 m \ u1089?: If the vacuum cleaner will pull them with a small force, then the midge will ignore it: Only those who will move into the most retracting tube : And then only out of interest. With increasing retractive force (Forces of the electromagnetic field): Moss are doomed to move to the vacuum cleaner: and occurs with ions: The electromagnetic speed must be greater than the thermal speed. Only in this case V thermal is summed with V electromagnetic, and since thermal energy does not have a binding to an external source, then at the moment of collision with the walls of the Tornado vessel, the ion's heat is transformed into the advancing movement of the vessel in accordance with the laws of mechanics.

Fig. 4

As can be seen from the figure, some of the thermal energy is lost, especially if the ion moved to the opposite electromagnetic (F. el) side before applying the peak electromagnetic field. That's why 100% conversion of heat into motion will not be See drawing. But I think even if it will be possible to convert 15-20% of heat into traffic, then this is already a breakthrough. Clearly, the lower the density of the heated gas or liquid, the more particles without mutual collisions will reach the walls of the vessel and give up part of their inertial motion.

Third condition.

It is necessary to find the optimal density of the solution or gas. DC is not necessary in my opinion. This could be finished.

But there is one but. To obtain a linear motion in space, the difference in the weight of the ions must be compensated for by using several horseshoe-shaped vessels. Located crosswise or in a circle. And on the outer radius of the circle are the positive sides of the dishes and closer to the center are negative or vice versa. The number of them can be different.

Fig.3.1.

Of course, an idle reader might object that ions are quantum objects and they can not spread the laws of classical mechanics to them. But this is not so. Quantum objects obey and the laws of classical mechanics. There are also no objections that closed systems can not generate traffic. Nor can this be true. But the vessel does not generate movement, but only is the carrier of kinetic energy. Closed systems can simply be carriers of inertia. Which is observed in practice. Also a bullet, the same ion in solution. These are all energy carriers and not its generators. Simply one inertia carrier (ion) transfers a part of its inertia to another carrier of the "Tornado".

Chapter 2

The thermoelectric engine discussed in the previous chapter is interesting enough. But this is not the only way to convert heat into motion. So some researchers, for example, Vadim Oshirov believe that "the thermal motion, ie the motion of atoms or molecules can be used (my opinion) is not in the form of rectilinear (it is almost impossible, although there is one case and quite interesting, but he is an exception ), But in the form of a vortex motion, since in this case there is no constant collision of molecules, but on the contrary they are involved in the general movement .This is a Tornado .There are other cases, but they concern obtaining energy. Is being investigated.

I agree with Vadim Oshirov, there are centrifugal forces in the vortex that can stabilize the chaotic thermal motion. But again, if several conditions are met.

The first condition.

The average kinetic velocity of the vortex particles V (k) under the action of centrifugal forces should exceed the average thermal velocity V (t) of all particles of the vortex. V (k)> V (t) Only when this condition is fulfilled can one speak of the transformation of the thermal energy of the vortex particles into the kinetic energy of the vortex system as a whole ...

The second condition.

The point is that the centrifugal forces in the vortex are directed strictly perpendicular to the proposed direction of motion. And for the fact that the whirlwind starts to move in the space of their (power), it must be redirected not to the sides, but forward. Only in this case, the hot stabilized particles of the vortex will begin to move in space more or less rectilinearly and perform useful work, push before them a body. To make it difficult, if at all possible. But to change the trajectory of motion of hot vortex particles the motion of which in space is stabilized by centrifugal forces is quite realistic.

For the practical implementation of this idea of ​​the conversion of heat into motion, a modified vortex system called "Victor Shubergear's Drum" is most appropriate. Fig. 4.

Fig. 4 The drum of Victor Schauberger.

Rotation leads to the appearance of radial centrifugal force. This same force draws the liquid into the inner drum. The fulfillment of the first condition (V k> V t) depends on the speed of rotation of the drum, and hence on the radial force.

The refinement is that the inner surface of the drum is made threaded, with a screw surface - an internal worm. In this case, the change in the trajectory of motion of the hot stabilized particles, whose motion under the action of the centrifugal forces is unidirectional, will occur both due to interaction with the worm, and by drawing the liquid into the drum. The second condition is satisfied. When the hot particles strike the drum, a thermal force F (thermal) occurs. Fig. 5

Fig. 5
1. Zone of destabilization 2. Stabilization zone 3. Transformation zone.

In the zone of destabilization (1), liquid is heated. After that, it enters the stabilization zone (2) where, under the action of centrifugal forces, the chaotic thermal motion of the vortex particles takes place, this movement becomes unidirectional. Further, the particles fall into the transformation zone (3). Where colliding with the drum wall generate a pushing heat force. The drum according to the second law of thermodynamics and Newton's second law must begin to move in space without any mass dropping out.

List of used literature

1. A.V. Peryshkin, N.A. Motherland Physics. Textbook for 6-7 grades of high school. Moscow, "Education", 1985;
2. "The Beginning"? 2, 2000 p.20 the publisher of KP-Dnepr;
3. A. Belyaev "Ariel"

print version
Date of publication 01.26.2004

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