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WATER - ENERGONASITEL, the ability to replace oil
Author: Kosinov NV
A new method of obtaining energy efficiency of several tens of times greater than the possibility of controlled thermonuclear fusion. Induced proton decay - a new physical effect is a basic concept in the process. The theoretical justification for a new physical effect. Induced proton decay makes the water an inexhaustible source of energy and the most efficient and opens the way to solving the energy problem. Water is the most efficient type of fuel that can replace oil, coal, natural gas, uranium. Many substances that are not traditionally considered to be energy, the potential to become the most efficient energy sources.
introduction
Oil, coal and natural gas are the main energy sources, a substitute who has not yet been found. All of them are the products of the sun for millions of years have accumulated in the world. The burning of these energy sources for energy is a major factor of environmental pollution. The natural reserves of carbon-energy, education that took millions of years, is rapidly being depleted. In this regard, the growing energy needs of society, the problem of energy more acute. Existing methods of producing energy, such as heat and electricity based on the burning of natural energy are detrimental to the Earth's biosphere. Nuclear energy is the unresolved problem of storage and disposal of hazardous waste. Fewer hopes among scientists on the successful implementation of the program of controlled thermonuclear fusion. This problem has repeatedly postponed for a later date and is now seeing its decision not previously 2050. Technology accumulation of solar energy has not yet been widely used, so they can not act as an alternative to the burning of natural energy.
As you can see, the world has not yet found a clean energy and does not know the ways of obtaining safe for the biosphere despite the enormous costs for these purposes. The reason is that searches are conducted in traditional areas, which, in the prevailing ideas, can only lead to a small "cosmetic" refinements of existing approaches and are not able to bring to breakthrough solutions. A breakthrough can be considered a solution that will allow to find an inexhaustible source of energy that can replace oil, coal and gas, but, unlike the latter, does not pollute the environment. The rapid depletion of natural energy resources to the task of finding fundamentally new ways of getting energy to the forefront.
If we analyze the most efficient energy technologies, currently in use, you can see a definite pattern. Its essence is as follows. In the final step the whole chain of energy transformations in modern methods of energy there is a new substance. Moreover, it becomes a substance, usually more dangerous to the biosphere, the energy source than the source. It is a common feature of modern methods of producing energy. This applies to energy based on fossil fuel combustion and nuclear energy, and nuclear fusion. The world has become accustomed to the idea that you need to generate energy and affect the substance of the final stage with the energy of receiving, as a necessary evil, a new substance. Moreover, such a path is almost the only possible one. But is this true? The challenge is to find a new source of energy and completely new ways to generate energy, free from the traditional scheme: "substance in the beginning energopreobrazvany - energy and new material at the end of energopreobrazvany".
Clearly, an alternative to existing methods of obtaining energy can only be those in which the final stage energy conversions will not appear a dangerous substance, or even be completely absent substance as such. This task has already set themselves scientists. Of particular interest to the new energy problem NASA shows US space agency. NASA puts such tasks, which, at first glance, might seem fantastic. Meeting of the working group was held in 1997, which explored new approaches to achieve scientific breakthroughs in space exploration through the creation of engines that do not require stocks of fuel on board. We are considering new methods of energy production, including the energy of the physical vacuum, which could provide a breakthrough in the development of rocket engines, working on new principles [15,16].
Comparison of the effectiveness of modern methods of energy production
The main modern methods of energy production based on chemical or nuclear reactions. As table 1 shows for comparison the approximate values of the specific energy yield for different ways of obtaining energy.
The least effective methods of obtaining energy based on the combustion of fuel. Nuclear energy is several orders of magnitude better performance. The most effective is now considered controlled thermonuclear fusion. In all these ways the process of obtaining energy is accompanied by the emergence of substances, unsafe for the biosphere. The starting chemicals will not disappear, and form new chemical compounds or nuclear that remain as waste or into the atmosphere. As you can see, the most common method is based on the combustion of energy, it has a very low energy yield, and in addition is very polluting. It is not ideal, and other sources of energy.
Solution of ecological safety problems they see in the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier. Hydrogen is attractive because its combustion produces water - a completely safe substance. It is believed that hydrogen has no competitors on environmental safety. However, the implementation of this task is constrained by high energy consumption for hydrogen production from water. If the oil, gas and coal - is a ready energy, the hydrogen in its pure form on Earth is missing. To get it you need to extract hydrogen from water, which is spent on electricity previously produced by burning all the same traditional energy sources. Therefore, cleaner use of hydrogen still precedes environmentally dangerous way to generate energy for the decomposition of water. Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of energy transformations in the preparation and combustion of hydrogen.
Fig.1. The scheme of energy transformations in the preparation and combustion of hydrogen.
In order to hydrogen energy held, it is necessary that the resulting energy in the hydrogen combustion is much greater than the energy expended on its production. While this problem is not solved.
As you can see, all the traditional sources of energy fall within the above-mentioned scheme: "substance in the beginning of energy transformations - energy and new material at the end of energy transformations." The new substance creates serious problems associated with environmental pollution. It is not perfect in this regard, and hydrogen technology. Given that the specific energy yield in processes based on chemical reactions, is extremely small, it becomes clear that the solution to the energy problem must be sought in other areas. The challenge is to find new methods for producing energy nedostaka free of traditional technologies.
The internal structure of the proton
In the second half of the last century theoretical physics came to the conclusion that proton decay [2,3]. Proton decay is a very attractive event for the purpose of generating clean energy. Proton was established in the early 20-ies the last century in the experiments with the alpha particles. In experiments on the scattering of electrons on protons and gamma rays were obtained proof of the existence of the internal structure in the particle. In 1970, the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in the experiment could get direct evidence that the proton really has an internal structure [1]. However, there is still no understanding of the principles on which is constructed the mechanism of formation of structure of a proton. Because of this, the proton remains many unsolved mysteries. It is not clear its origin is unknown reason for its stability. It is not explained the nature of his weight, which is equal to 1836.1526675 (39) the electron mass. Of all the heavy particles the proton is the only stable particle. This particle is the basis of all the complex real structures of the universe. The world owes its existence to the proton. There is every reason to believe that disclosing its internal structure will provide access to new methods of producing energy. The development of proton energy can become an important factor in solving the energy problem.
Theory proton internal structure is presented in [6,8,10], which shows that the structure of the proton is a fractal structure. Fractal identified in the proton struture reflect the deterministic process of its formation. The discovery of the proton fractal pattern formation, yielded important characteristics of elementary particles by calculation. In [6,8,10,13] The fractal structure of various elementary particles and found the mathematical description of the proton fractal.
Stages and regularity of formation of the proton structure shown in Figure 2. Formation of the full structure of the proton occurs in ten steps of structure that is represented by "fractal triangle" [10].
Fig.2. Ten stages of formation of structure of a proton.
Figure 2 Pn - number of branches of a fractal, an adequate charge-conjugate real entities. proton fractal self-similar structure is overlapping of various sizes. The overall structure is a weaving pattern where the final fragment substructures lower order is at the same time the beginning of the substructure of a higher order (Figure 3). It is impossible to separate or withdraw from the general structure of repeating self-similar substructure, without destroying the entire weaving pattern (Figure 3). Proton has 10 self-similar internal substructures which repeat on a scale of primary cell fractal.
Figure 3. Fragment INTERNAL self-similar structure of the proton.
The internal structure of the proton forms a system of successive investments, based on a single algorithm. Each structural level substructure fractal fractal repeats the previous level. fractal proton Research shows that the internal structure of the proton is quantization, spatial order and hierarchy of the internal structure. For internal struture proton characterized by a hierarchy of characteristic frequencies. Thus, along with the spatial ordering, which manifests itself in the fractal structure of the proton, there is a temporary order, which is manifested in the characteristic frequencies.
Fractal proton yielded fundamental theoretical calculations of the proton constant mp / me = 1836,1526, indicating that the experimental confirmation of the theory of the internal structure of the proton [6,8,10]. Disclosure of the internal structure of the proton pattern provides a key to understanding the reasons for its exceptional stability and open access to new methods of producing energy.
The theoretical justification of induced proton decomposes
Theory proton internal structure indicates that the process can proton induced decay. The following is a theoretical justification of the possibility of induced proton decay and the substantiation of the physical phenomena occurring in the decay of particles. The conditions under which the proton loses its stability.
Energy, which determines the stability of the proton
The formula describing the proton fractal is [6,8,10]
Pp = 2 (2 (2 (2 ( 2 (2 (2 (2 (2 (2 + 1) +1) +1) +1) +1) +1) +1) +1) +1) +1 (1)
Fractal of a proton from a fractal formula that ratio, showing a discrete series of internal proton energy levels [6]:
(2)
where: me - electron mass, c - speed of light.
This energy is divided into two components. The first component is the total energy of the rest of real entities involved in the formation of a proton structure. The second component is represented by terms that specify the amount of energy that determines the stability of the proton:
(3)
Fractal law of formation of the internal structure of the proton allowed to open a new dimensionless physical constant (P), relating to the internal structure of the proton [6,11,14]. This constant fractal structure of the proton, it reflects a degree of sustainability.
The formula for calculating the fractal structure of the proton constants P, which reflects the degree of its stability is of the form [8,10,14]
(4)
where: ge - g factor of the electron, D0 - a large number of Dirac [7,9,14], α - constant Sommerfeld.
Its value is equal to: P = 210,8473325 (39).
For a proton the following relation:
where: mp - mass of the proton, me - electron mass.
Constant P fractal structure of the proton is a discrete set of Ten Point:
Ten Point discrete number of constant fractal structure of the proton Ten Point P corresponds to a discrete series of internal energy of the proton. This energy determines the degree of proton stability. Thus, the theory of the internal structure of the proton reveals the mechanism of its structure and the cause of the high stability of the proton. Disclosure of the mechanism responsible for the stability of the proton, it allows for induced decay that opens the door to entirely new ways of obtaining energy.
Proton Induced decay
Equations (1) - (3) indicate that the reverse is possible proton structure formation process. This means that it is possible destructuring of the particles when the external radiation exceeds the intrinsic energy that determines the stability of the proton. Conditions conducive to the implementation of such a process, a message to the proton energy, which must exceed a certain threshold [8].
From (2) and (3) that in the formation of structure of a proton participate charge-coupled particles. In the formation of the proton structure implemented recursive algorithm [8,10]. Proton-structuring process and is subject to a recursive algorithm [4]. From the equations it follows that for deconstruction and particles will appear charge-coupled particles as a result of the collapse of the intermediate particles.
Figure 4 shows an "inverted triangle fractal", which reflects the dynamics of the induced proton decay.
Fig. 4. Inverted Triangle fractal reflecting dynamics
induced proton decay.
Proton decay occurs in ten steps and implemented by a fractal algorithm. As the fractal structure of the proton its destructuring gives rise to a charge-coupled intermediate species. All intermediate real educational value of the mass of which is between the electron mass and the mass of the proton unstable and have a finite lifetime. Proton is in the process of deconstruction by desyatishagovoy chain reactions, causing the formation of the intermediate material, until there are charge-coupled particles minimum structural complexity, then there is a complete conversion of matter into energy [6,8,12].
In the formula (2) include the E2 term, which represents the energy that determines the stability of the proton. The formula for determining the energy E2 is [6, 10,14]
The energy value E2 is equal to 107.7427553 (65) MeV and approximately 11.5% of the rest energy of the proton [6,8,11]. Studies show that the energy E2 is a set of discrete levels and contains 10 components:
Thus, to determine the important characteristics of the proton, the knowledge of which is crucial for the implementation of a new method of producing energy. If additional energy proton report (≈108 MeV), then it becomes unstable and breaks up the light particles, having a very short lifetime, resulting in a complete conversion of its energy. Note the following important feature of the induced proton decay related to its fractal structure. Direct connection to the proton energy of 107.74 MeV, for example, by its acceleration, will not lead to its collapse, since additional energy must be structured in accordance with the domestic law of the fractal structure of the proton.
In that case, if the external energy, acting on the proton, will exceed the value of 107.74 MeV and will fractal structured particle becomes unstable. Therefore, with appropriate external action, the proton will lose stability. Thus, proton induced decay scheme can be represented in the form (Figure 5):
Figure 5. Driving induced proton decay.
Induced decay of the proton - a new physical effect, which is directly related to a physical constant of the fractal structure of the proton P. When the induced proton decay in the final stage of energy does not appear dangerous to the biosphere substance. In this scheme, no fusion energy transformations, and instead implemented the reaction of destructuring agents induced by proton decay. As a result, energy is released, contained in the proton. This energy is huge! The transformation of matter into energy produces unprecedented levels of energy and make the process of obtaining energy environmentally friendly. The new scheme of energy transformations is as follows: "substance in the beginning of energy transformations - energy at the end of energy transformations."
Chain reaction induced proton decay
As noted above, the proportion of energy that provides stability of the proton, amounts to about 11.5% of the rest energy. Calculations show that the energy of the proton is sufficient to initiate the decay decay 8 more protons. Under appropriate conditions possible chain reaction induced proton decay, which can be maintained and developed by destructuring agents. In this generation will be charge-coupled particles having a mass less than that of the proton. A necessary condition for which there is a chain reaction of proton decay, is to get them more energy not less than 107.74 MeV per proton. All intermediate charge-coupled particles are unstable. When a sufficient amount of charge-coupled pairs of total energy of the recombination may exceed the energy of 107.74 MeV, which is sufficient to initiate another proton decay. This can be a self-sustaining chain reaction induced proton decay. Figure 6 shows a diagram of a chain reaction induced proton decay.
Fig. 6. Driving chain reaction induced proton decay.
Chain reaction induced proton decay can be implemented in a hydrogen environment. The ideal environment for this purpose is water. Figure 7 shows the scheme of energy transformations in the process of energy production in induced proton decay. The oxygen is released as a residual substance.
Fig. 7. The scheme of energy transformations in the process of obtaining energy based
on the induced proton decay.
New energy concept
The fission reactions in nuclear fusion and heat radiation and becomes from 0.1 to 0.5 percent of the substance. In chemical reactions, this value is only one ten-millionth part (10-7) [5]. In the decay of each proton releases about 938 MeV of energy. Thus there is a complete conversion of it into energy without the formation of residual substances. Table 2 shows approximate values for performance of various ways of obtaining energy in relation to methods based on chemical reactions.
table 2
A method of producing energy based on the decay of the induced by specific energy protons almost 2 orders of magnitude superior to fusion and 5 orders of magnitude (!) Is superior to the traditional method based on the combustion of fuel. Since the combustion of 1 kg of oil released 39-44 MJ of energy, and 1 g of hydrogen in the decay of the proton is able to give 1027 MeV, the energy efficiency of 1 kg of water is equivalent to 105 tons of oil. As a result, water is the cheapest and most inexhaustible energy source (Figure 8):
Fig. 8. Water - the most efficient source of energy.
Such unprecedented opportunities for new energy source can determine the new energy concept in which water acts as a substitute for traditional energy sources. A new way of obtaining energy based on hydrogen-induced decay of protons contained in water. Figure 9 shows a diagram of a method of obtaining energy from water based on the induced decomposition of hydrogen protons.
Figure 9. A method of obtaining energy from water based on the induced decomposition of hydrogen protons.
In the new method of producing energy instead of substance synthesis reactions realized induced decomposition of hydrogen protons. Energy impact on the hydrogen protons carried by quanta of energy and corresponds to 10 walking grid energy levels. Since all elementary particles into which the proton, are unstable, such a scheme does not lead to the emergence of dangerous substances on the final stage of energy. Residual substance in the energy transformations is oxygen. This makes the process environmentally friendly. Another advantage of the new process is the unprecedented high energy yield. Specific energetichekoy output of more than 1000 times faster than nuclear power and ten times higher than the possibility of fusion, while remaining environmentally friendly way. The process produces heat and electricity. Water also acts as a source of energy and is a consumable substance.
creating a power generator on the concept of induced proton decay effect
The implementation scheme of energy transformations of the above is provided by the respective generator design of the reactor and the electronic effects on the electrically conductive fluid. Induced decay of protons creates conditions for energy output more than took the primary energy source for the initiation of proton decay. The additional energy is not taken out of nowhere, and released the internal energy of the hydrogen protons. As shown above, this energy is huge.
A prerequisite for the decay of the proton energy is creation of a specific local area density in the space, so that necessary for one proton 107.74 MeV. The sufficient condition is the realization of the impact, which is carried out in accordance with the desyatishagovoy energy grid. For electricity produced in the unit separation of the charge-coupled particles in energy saturated local zone of the reactor. And the necessary and sufficient Terms and Conditions A generator provides the appropriate design of the reactor and an electronic control unit.
To obtain the necessary energy density is chosen spherical shape of the reactor. High energy density required for proton decay, is achieved in the center of the sphere. The generator uses the conductive water-based liquid. Liquid has a dual function. It is both a source of energy and the environment in which the effect of the hydrogen protons to release energy stored in them. The new way to find a solution to the problem of obtaining extremely high energy levels, and the problem of ecological purity of the process of obtaining energy. Driving the generator is shown in Figure 10.
 |
 |
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Figure 10. Driving electric power generator on the basis of the induced proton decay effect. 1 - reactor 2 - accelerating cones, 3 - mixer, 4 - electronic assembly, 5 - control unit.
The generator is an electro-mechanical system in which the components of its design create conditions for the execution of the induced proton decay.
Future Energy will not focus on the energy giants, consuming natural resources and polluting the biosphere. Oil, gas, coal and uranium end. Then standalone, compact power generators that use water as a "fuel", placed directly by the consumer, allow to obtain the necessary amount of energy and provide environmental clean energy process.
conclusions
1. A new way to get energy efficiency of several tens of times greater than the possibility of controlled thermonuclear fusion.
2. The basis of the way to put a new physical effect - induced proton decay.
3. The theoretical justification for a new physical effect.
4. The induced proton decay makes the water an inexhaustible source of energy and the most efficient and opens the way to solving the energy problem.
5. Water is the most efficient type of fuel that can replace oil, coal, natural gas, uranium.
6. Many of the substances that are not traditionally considered to be energy, the potential to become the most efficient energy sources.
Information sources
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3. AD Sakharov. Violation of CP invariance. With the symmetry and the baryon asymmetry of the universe. JETP Letters, v.5, 1967, s.33-35.
4. AV Anisimov. Computer science. Creation. Recursion. K., Naukova Dumka, 1988.
5. A.Protsenko. Energy buduschego.- M .: Mol. Guard, 1985.- 222 p.
6. N.V.Kosinov Emanation substance vacuum and the laws of structure. Physical vacuum and nature, N1, 1999.
7. N.V.Kosinov. Physical vacuum and gravity. Physical vacuum and nature, N4, 2000.
8. N.V.Kosinov. The origin of the proton. Physical vacuum and nature, N3, 2000.
9. Kosinov, Five universal superconstants underlying all fundamental constants, laws and formulas of physics and cosmology. Actual problems of natural science of the century. Proceedings of the International Conference on 21 - 25 August 2000, St. Petersburg, Russia. SPb .: "Anatolia", 2001, p. 176 - 179.
10. Kosinov, How many physical constants are truly fundamental? Proceedings of the VII International Conference on 19-23 August 2002 Space, Time, Gravitation. Saint-Petersburg, Russia. SPb .: "Tess", 2003. - 522 p.
11. Kosinov, Laws unitron theory of physical vacuum and new fundamental physical constants. Physical vacuum and nature, №3, 2000, p. 72 - 97.
12. Kosinov, Fractal patterns in the microcosm physics. Physics of Consciousness and Life, Cosmology and Astrophysics, N4, 2003, p. 45-56.
13. Kosinov NV, Garbaruk VI Unusual luminous objects in the experiments with plasma.
http://filosof.net/disput/kosinov/plazma/text.shtml
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14. N.V.Kosinov. Constant bases of physical and cosmological theories. Physical vacuum and nature. №5, 2002, p.69 - 104.
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print version
Author: Kosinov NV
PS material is protected.
Publication date 23.09.2004gg
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