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INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2111422
SOLAR COMBINED POWER STATION
The name of the inventor: Volkov EP ; Polivoda AI; Polivoda F.A.
The name of the patent holder: the Energy Research Institute named after GK Krzhizhanovsky
Address for correspondence:
The effective date of the patent: 1995.03.06
Use: in heat power engineering. The essence: the solar combined power plant includes circulating heat transfer loops from high-temperature photothermal and photoelectric heat generators equipped with mirror parabolic-cylindrical concentrator modules and high-temperature, preferably arsenide-gallium, photocells with high-precision optical correction of energy losses. The power plant includes a low-temperature loop with solar collectors, a second steam-power circuit with a working body having thermodynamic properties that are more advantageous in comparison with water. The power plant is equipped with a motor in the form of a volumetric rotary steam engine, which has advantages over the turbine for reliability and metal consumption, with the total photothermodynamic coefficient exceeding the known analogs and prototype.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to solar installations and can be used for power generation and consumer heat supply.
As an analogue of the proposal, a known thermodynamic solar power station is adopted, comprising a heat transfer loop comprising a heat transfer loop of sequentially located receivers of a modular mirror-like parabolic-cylindrical solar concentrator with a solar tracking system, a steam generator, a superheater, a circulating pump connected by its own output to the input of a heat transfer loop Receivers of the modular solar concentrator, and a second output through a duplicate heat source connected to the input of said superheater, comprising a second steam-power circuit with a steam-water working body consisting of successively placed economizer, steam-powered parts of a steam generator and superheater, a turbine with an electric power generator, a condenser with cooling and Condensing pump.
The disadvantage of the analogue is the low efficiency of the purely thermodynamic steam-cycle of Rankin's conversion of solar energy into electricity, which is not more than 14%, which is associated with a large area of energy receivers and, accordingly, the high cost of equipment, long payback periods for a solar power plant, a large building area with a decrease in land use efficiency.
As a prototype, a known photothermodynamic solar combined electric station containing circulating heat transfer circuits is adopted, the first of which includes a heat transfer loop from the sequential receivers of a modular mirror-like parabolic-cylindrical solar concentrator with a solar tracking system, a steam generator, a superheater, a circulation pump connected in one outlet with The input of the heat transfer loop of the receivers of the modular solar concentrator, and the second output via a duplicate heat source connected to the input of said superheater, comprising a second steam-powered circuit with a steam-water working medium, consisting of successively placed economizer, steam-generator parts of the steam generator and superheater, a heat engine with an electric power generator, A condenser with cooling and a condensate pump containing an electrolysis cell for decomposing water into hydrogen and oxygen, an inverter with a battery, a low-potential heat supply system with a circulation pump.
With the help of a well-known photothermodynamic power plant, it is not possible to achieve above 20% the total photothermodynamic coefficient of solar energy conversion when receiving electricity.
This disadvantage, first of all, is due to the fact that the prototype provides for the use of low temperature, including silicon photoelectric semiconductor converters, capable of operating with an efficiency of 10% only at a temperature of no higher than 55 ° C. Therefore, they are located on economizers, which are mainly used, For low-temperature heating with the help of receivers of the modular mirror parabolic cylindrical concentrator of solar energy with a concentration coefficient of less than 20, water circulating in the heat supply network and only to a small extent for heating the condensate formed in the steam power cycle.
In connection with this factor, the contribution (less than 5%) of the waste heat obtained by cooling low-temperature photocells, to the generation of electricity by a turbogenerator, is negligible.
Another factor contributing to the low thermodynamic efficiency of the prototype is the disadvantageous thermodynamic properties of the working fluid used - water in a combined photothermodynamic steam power cycle of a solar power plant. This, above all, high critical parameters of water vapor: pressure 21.8 MPa, temperature 374 o C with a high evaporation heat of 539 kcal / kg.
For these principal reasons, the total photothermodynamic conversion coefficient of solar energy into electrical energy in the prototype can be even lower than 20%.
In addition to low efficiency, the use of water as a working fluid in the steam power cycle, which causes the use of high temperatures and pressures, entails the requirement of high strength and, correspondingly, metal capacity of equipment at high cost, low operational reliability and danger in the operation of the prototype.
In the prototype, it is irrational to use a low-temperature economizer equipped with receivers of a modular mirror-like parabolic-cylindrical concentrator with a tracking system.
Low-temperature heating of condensate and heating water can be made much simpler, more reliable and cheaper with the help of fixed solar collectors that do not require concentration and systems for tracking the sun.
The ecological drawback of the prototype is the release of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere with combustion products, a duplicate heat source, made in the form of a traditional boiler plant with burners on gaseous fuels burned during periods of absence of the sun. When burning gaseous fuel in a burner at a flame temperature of 2000 ° C, an intensive synthesis of nitrogen oxides takes place and up to 1400 cm 3 of the named oxides is emitted into the atmosphere per 1 m3 of flue gas (in terms of NO 2 ), which are extremely toxic to humans and animals.
According to the prototype, it is impossible to perform photothermodynamic power plants of low power, including mobile options, in connection with the peculiarities of the turbine as an engine. Instead of a complicated, bulky, metal-intensive, heavy and correspondingly expensive turbine, it is advisable to use lighter, simple and reliable units with a high (up to 82%) thermomechanical efficiency, low cost and metal consumption.
In known proposals, there are no optical correcting elements necessary for uniform distribution of the high-intensity (with a factor of more than 100) concentration of solar radiation over the surface of the pn junction of high-temperature, especially arsenide-gallium, photoelectric converters with the removal of the heat that is utilized during cooling. For high-temperature photocells, the elimination of optical and energy losses associated with the specificity of the sun as an energy source and with the optical errors of the mirror parabolic cylinders at high (more than 100) concentration coefficients is required.
The energy, ecological and technical results of the proposed technical solution are to increase the efficiency of the use of solar energy and environmental cleanliness of the environment during operation of a duplicate heat source.
This technical result is achieved by the fact that the solar combined electric station containing the heat transfer circulation circuits, the first of which includes the heat transfer loop from the sequential receivers of the modular mirror parabolic cylindrical solar concentrator with the solar tracking system, the steam generator, the superheater, the circulation pump connected by its own output With the input of the heat transfer loop of the receivers of the modular solar concentrator, and the second output via a redundant heat source connected to the input of said superheater, comprising a second steam-powered circuit with a vapor-liquid working medium, consisting of successively located economizer, steam generator parts of a steam generator and superheater, a heat engine with an electric power generator , A condenser with cooling and a condensate pump containing an electrolysis cell for decomposing water into hydrogen and oxygen, an inverter with a battery, a low-potential heat supply system with a circulation pump, according to the invention, is provided with a second heat transfer loop
The first circuit comprising a high-temperature photoelectric heat generator made in the form of receivers of a modular parabolic-cylindrical solar concentrator with a heat-receiving tube with a circulating coolant located in the focus of a parabolic cylinder, on which high-temperature photoelectric converters, a heat exchanger and a circulation pump are placed, and high-temperature photoelectric converters are connected to an electrolyzer, Inverter with a battery, the output of the heat transfer medium from the photoelectric heat generator is connected by a heat conductor of the second heat transfer loop to the input of the hot part of the heat exchanger connected to the output of the duplicating heat source, the heat exchanger output is connected through a circulating pump with the input of the photoelectric heat generator and the input to the backup heat source, the output of the steam-powered part of the heat exchanger is connected With the input of the steam generator.
High-temperature photoelectric converters are made in the form of wide-gap, preferably arsenide-gallium, semiconductor photocells single-or multistage in a pair with silicon or germanium.
The duplicating heat source for power generation in the steam power cycle is made in the form of a catalytic reactor equipped with a sectional heat exchanger with absorption heat pipes filled mainly with a liquid coolant onto which a selectively absorbing IR radiation coating is applied and heat conducting surfaces disposed in rows alternating with the layers of the sponge catalyst and Rows of tubular perforated hydrogen distributors or other gaseous fuels and rows of tubular air or oxygen distributors introduced into the reactor forcibly or by convection, and the heat conductors of the sections are connected to the switched gates of the heat transfer circuits from the solar energy receivers that can be connected separately as the level of solar radiation rises .
The solar power plant is equipped with a low-temperature photothermal heat generator made in the form of stationary passive receivers of solar energy without concentration, with heat-receiving selective panels having channels with a circulating coolant, the outlet of the coolant from the channel channels through the heat pipe is connected to the input of the third separate heat transfer loop of the primary circuit connected by a heat pipe With the input of the hot part of the heat exchanger whose output is connected to the circulation pump connected to the channel entrance of the passive photothermal transducer panels and the output of the steam-powered part of the heat exchanger is connected to the input of the steam-power part of the heat exchanger of the second loop of the photoelectric heat generator, the input of this heat exchanger being connected to the outlet of the condensate pump .
The photoelectric heat generator with a thickness of plates of high-temperature photoelectric semiconductor converters of less than 50 microns is made in the form of a linear solar battery mounted on the surface located at the focus of a mirror parabolic cylinder, a metal tube having along the axis a flat pad equipped with an adhesive-bonded current-insulating film of not more than 1/4 thickness A plate of the converter and an adhesive bonded to an insulating film and a pipe in which the cooling heat transfer medium of the second heat transfer circuit circulates in the steam cycle, the photoelectric heat generator being provided with an outer transparent tube sealed to an inner metal pipe whose diameter is 1/5 less than the outer one, and The annular space is evacuated, and a part of the optically transparent wall of the outer tube is provided with a pseudocylindrical, optically refractive surface that uniformly distributes in the plane of the pn junction of photoelectric converters a beam of concentrated solar radiation reflected by mirror parabolic cylinders, and the back side of the outer tube is provided with terminal leads from the electrodes to the inverter for connection To the consumer's electricity network or the switching circuit.
High-temperature photoelectric converters with a thickness of more than 50 μm are mounted inside a transparent tube that is filled with a circulating optically transparent, chemically neutral, liquid heat carrier, the pn junction plane located in the immersion focus formed by concentrated light radiation and a refractive element formed by the surface of a transparent tube filled with Optically transparent coolant of the heat transfer circuit to the steam cycle, the photoelectric heat generator being provided with an external evacuated transparent pipe according to claim 5, through which conductors from the electrodes of the converters are likewise drawn.
Optically transparent coolant is provided with optically transparent or reflecting plates that create turbulence of the coolant flow, and optical media with an index of refraction differing from that for the coolant are located.
As the working fluid, an organic or inorganic substance is used in the steam power cycle with a lower critical pressure, temperature and heat of vaporization than water.
The thermal engine is made in the form of a volumetric steam engine, in particular a rotary single-stage or multi-stage, power-driven power generator with a selection of steam between the stages for regenerative heat exchange or heating, the volumetric steam engine can be made in the form of a twin-shaft or three-shaft screw, single- or multi-stage Turboexpander with rotor profiles, preferably of the Lisolm type, with the input of the machine connected to the steam generator and the output to the condenser.
In Fig. 1 shows the scheme of the proposed combined solar power plant.
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In Fig. 3 shows the energy diagram of a combined solar power plant with arsenide-gallium photoelectric converters. | |
In Fig. 2-heat-photoelectric generator in two versions of its nodes: |
The solar combined power plant and, like the prototype, contain liquid circulation circuits, the first of which is equipped with the first heat transfer loop 1 of the sequential receivers of the 2 modular reflecting parabolic cylindrical solar concentrator with the solar tracking system, the superheater 3, the steam generator 4, the circulation pump 5 with the second Input through a backup heat source 6, hydrogen and gas inlets 7 and 8.
The proposed combined solar power plant is equipped with a second loop 9 of the first circuit with a high-temperature photoelectric heat generator made in the form of receivers of a 2 modular parabolic-cylindrical solar concentrator comprising a heat-receiving tube 10 with a circulating coolant located in the focus F of the parabolic cylinder, on which high-temperature photoelectric converters 11 are located, including Gallium arsenide that are connected to the electrolytic cell 13 with a gas holder, an output inverter 14 with a battery, the output of the heat transfer medium from the photoelectric heat generator is connected to the input of a second heat transfer loop 9 of the primary circuit connected by a heat pipe to the inlet of the hot part of the heat exchanger 15 whose output is connected to A circulation pump 16 connected by a heat conductor to the input of the photoelectric heat generator, and the output of the steam-power part of the heat exchanger 15 is connected to the input of the steam generator 4.
The low-temperature photothermal heat generator 17 is made in the form of stationary passive receivers of solar energy without concentration with heat-receiving selective panels having channels with a circulating heat carrier, the outlet of the coolant from the channel channels through the heat pipe is connected to the input of the third separate convective circulation heat transfer loop 18 of the first circuit connected by a heat pipe with The input of the hot part of the heat exchanger 19 whose output is connected by a heat pipe to the channel entrance of the panels of the passive photothermal transducers 17 and the output of the steam-power part of the heat exchanger 19 is connected to the input of the steam-power part of the heat exchanger 15 of the second loop of the photoelectric heat generator, the input of this heat exchanger 19 being connected to the output of the condensate pump 20 If convective circulation is impossible, an independent circulating pump is installed similarly to the second loop.
The duplicating heat source 6 for power generation in the steam power cycle is made in the form of a catalytic reactor equipped with a sectional heat exchanger 21 with absorption heat pipes 22 filled predominantly with a liquid coolant onto which a selectively absorbing IR radiation coating is applied and heat conducting surfaces disposed in rows alternating with the layers Sponge catalyst and rows of tubular perforated hydrogen distributors 23 or other gaseous fuels with air or oxygen distributors introduced into the reactor forcibly or by convection, the heat conductors of the sections being connected to the switching gates 24 of the heat transfer loops 1, 9 and 18 from the solar energy receivers 1, 2 , 10, 11 and 17, which can be connected separately as the level of solar radiation changes.
The second steam-power circuit 25 as a working fluid in the steam power cycle contains an organic or inorganic substance with a lower critical pressure than water, temperature and heat of vaporization.
Electric power generation in the steam power cycle is carried out by means of a volumetric steam engine 26, in particular a rotary single- or multi-stage power generating generator 28 with the selection of steam 27 between the stages for regenerative heat exchange or heating, the volumetric steam engine can be made in the form of a screw-type two-shaft or three-shaft One or multi-stage turboexpander with rotor profiles of the Lisolm type, with the input of the machine 26 connected to the steam generator 3 and the output to the condenser 29 having the cooling system 30. The electric generator 28 is connected to the input of the inverter 14, from whose output the electric power is supplied in the network The consumer.
In the first embodiment, the photoelectric heat generators 2, 10, 11 with the thickness of the plates of the high-temperature photoelectric semiconductor converters 11 of less than 50 μm are made as a linear solar battery mounted on the surface located at the focus of the mirror parabolic cylinder 2 of the metal tube 10 (nodes I, II, III, IV ) Having a flat area along the axis provided with an adhesive-bonded current-insulating film 32 (unit IV) with a thickness of not more than 1/4 of the thickness of the converter plate and adhered to the insulating film 32 and a pipe 10 in which the cooling heat transfer medium 2 of the heat transfer circuit circulates in the steam cycle , Wherein the photoelectric heat generator is provided with an outer transparent pipe 33 hermetically connected to an inner metal pipe 10 whose diameter is 1/5 smaller than the outer one and the annular space is evacuated, some of the optically transparent wall of the outer tube 38 being provided with an aspherical or pseudocylindrical 34 or Fresnel 35 Node V) by an optically refractive surface that uniformly distributes 36 photoelectric converters 11 along the plane of the pn junction 11 a bundle of concentrated solar radiation reflected by the mirror parabolic cylinders 2 and the back side of the outer tube is provided with terminal terminals from the electrodes 37 to the converters 14 for connection to the consumer's electrical network or switching Converter scheme.
In the second variant of the photoelectric heat generator, high-temperature photoelectric converters 11 with a thickness of more than 50 μm are mounted inside a transparent pipe 38 (node VI), which is filled with a circulating, optically transparent chemically neutral, liquid coolant, the pn junction plane 36 located in the immersion focus 39 formed by concentrated Light radiation and a refractive element 34 or 35 formed by the surface of a transparent pipe 38 filled with an optically transparent coolant of the second loop 9 of the heat transfer circuit to the second steam power circuit 25, the photoelectric heat generator being provided with an external vacuum evacuated tube 33 according to claim 5, through which wires Electrodes 37 to the converter 13.
Optically transparent coolant is provided with optically transparent or opaque or reflective plates 40 creating turbulence of the coolant flow, and optical media 41 with an index of refraction differing from that for the heat carrier are disposed.
The solar combined power plant works as follows.
In the heat receiving tube of successively located receivers 2, the first heat transfer loop 1 of the parabolic cylindrical modules, the heat transfer liquid undergoes heating under the action of concentrated solar radiation E S. The heat transfer liquid (oil or polymethylsiloneone liquid of the PMS-10 type) has the same properties that it does not boil at the temperatures to which it is heated (i.e., 400-500 ° C) and does not solidify at ambient temperature, Ie, in periods when the station does not work. The heated heat transfer medium is directed to the superheater 3 (heat exchanger) transmitting the heat of this liquid formed in the steam generator 4 to the steam in the second steam-power circuit 25, adjusting the initial steam parameters with respect to pressure and temperature in the steam-powered parts of the said heat exchangers 3 and 4 required for operation of the volumetric rotary Steam engine 26. As the working fluid, an organic or inorganic material is used with a lower critical pressure, temperature and heat of vaporization than water, for example: normal butane C 4 H 10 or preferably pentafluorotrichloropropane (C 3 Cl 3 F 5 ) With temperatures: melting - 80 ° C, boiling +74 ° C and critical 232 ° C, at a critical pressure of 30.4 kg / cm 2 and a heat of vaporization of 60 - 30 kcal / kg (depending on the pressure). To maintain the parameters of superheated steam at the same level with a variable amount of energy coming from the sun during the day or in general in the absence of it, additional heating of the heat transfer liquid in the duplicating heat source 6 operating on electrolytic hydrogen (input 7) or gaseous fuel (input 8) is carried out. The liquid after the duplicating heat source 6 and, like the systems of the receivers 1 of the modular concentrator 2, is supplied to the superheater 3 and the steam generator 4 and then the pump 5 is directed to the receiver system 2 and / or to the duplicating heat source 6. In the second steam-powered circuit 25, The steam steam engine 26 is supplied to the condenser 29.
The generator 28 mounted on the shaft of the machine 26 generates electrical energy and the condenser 29 has a cooling system 30. In the condenser 29, the vapor condenses and the liquid is directed to the input of the steam-powered part of the heat exchanger 19 of the 3-loop 18 of the low-temperature photothermal heat source 17, Heat exchanger 19 to the input of the heat exchanger 15 of the second loop of the photoelectric heat generator 2, 11, 10 and further to the input of the steam generator 4.
In the low-temperature photothermal heat source 17 of the third circulating heat transfer loop 18 of the first circuit, the heat transfer liquid is heated, which by convection of the circulation pump is supplied to the heat exchanger 19 and performs the first heating stage of the condensate pumped by the condensate pump 20, which is then fed to the heat exchanger 15 from the outlet of the heat exchanger 19. From Circulation loop 18, the heat carrier can be taken to the heat supply system. In the high-temperature photoelectric heat generator 2, 10, 11 of the second circulating loop 9 of the first circuit, the heat transfer liquid is heated, which by means of a circulating pump 16 is supplied to the heat exchanger 15, and through the utilization of the waste heat of the photoelectric converters 11, a second stage of heating the condensate pumped by the condensate pump 20 Further from the outlet of the heat exchanger 15 enters the input of the steam generator 4. The liquid heated in the high-temperature photoelectric heat generator 2, 10, 11 acts as a cooler for high-temperature photoelectric converters 11, including gallium arsenide mounted in the form of a linear solar cell 31 on the metal surface 10 or inside Transparent tube 38. The high-temperature photoelectric converters connected with each other 12 with high excess solar energy during the midday feed electrolyzer 13, which pumps hydrogen into the gas generator, inverter 14 with electric accumulators, which during this period are charged. The inverter 14 is connected to the circulation pumps of all three of the first loop circulating loops 1, 9, 18, to the condensate pump 20 and the pump of the cooling system 30. In the inverter 14, the electric power generated by the electric generator 28 and the photoelectric heat generator 2, 10, 11 is summed and supplied to the consumer networks .
In the first variant of the photoelectric heat generator 2, 10, 11, the waste heat energy accompanying the photoelectric process occurring at the pn junction 36 of the photoelectric transducer 11 with a thickness of less than 50 μm, through the plate thickness, including crystalline gallium arsenide, the back electrode, the current-insulating film 32 And the wall of the metal pipe 10 flows to the circulating heat transfer liquid and then is recycled through the heat exchanger in the second steam power circuit 24 through the heat exchanger 15. As heat passes through these elements, there is a slight decrease in the initial temperature at the pn junction, for example, from 110 to 105 ° C in the circulating Liquid.
The vacuated annular space between the metal pipe 10 with the linear solar cell 31 and the external transparent pipe 37, minimizes the molecular-kinetic heat transfer to the surrounding atmosphere. An aspherical or pseudocylindrical refractive surface 34 made, for example, in the form of a negative cylindrical lens of a part of the optically exposed transparent pipe 33, distributes concentrated solar rays uniformly and eliminates the maximum radiation at the center of the linear pn junction area associated with the sun's singularity as a radiation source Disk), but also with cylindrical astigmatisms of mirrors.
This optical surface 34 can be removed and remote from the tube 10. The optically refractive surface can be made in the form of a negative or positive cylindrical Fresnel lens 35 that has a profile of prismatic grooves along the axis of the tube that ensures uniform distribution of concentrated radiation on the surface of the pn junction .
In the second variant, when the plate thickness of high-temperature photoelectric semiconductor converters 1 is more than 50 μm, the waste thermal energy accompanying the photoelectric process occurring at the pn junction 36, including the arsenide-gallium photoelectric converter, directly from its surface goes to the circulating optically transparent electrically neutral Heat transfer liquid and then similarly to the first variant. Optically transparent or opaque or reflective plates 40 are positioned such that turbulence of the coolant flow is created at the surface of the pn junction for a minimum temperature difference, for example, not more than 1.5 ° C. with a radiation density of 10 W / cm 2 .
If additional optical correction is necessary inside the transparent pipe 38, optical media 41, for example a glass rod, are arranged before the pn junction, with a refractive index higher than that of the optically transparent coolant. Depending on the electrical power of the combined solar power plant, the linear solar panels 31 of the photovoltaic heat generators can be connected in parallel or in series to connect to the electrolyzer 13 with the gas holder and the inverter 14. During periods of lack of sun, the stored electrolytic hydrogen fuel from the cell 13 is supplied to the inlet 7 and burned in a duplicate source Heat 6 at a temperature of no higher than 520 o C with the full ecological purity of the process of obtaining electricity in the absence of the sun. In the duplicating heat source 6, the low-temperature section of the heat exchanger 21 located at its outlet and utilizing the heat of the exhaust gases. The combination of the thermodynamic process, including the electric power production cycle, with the photoelectric process of direct conversion and the generation of electricity by utilizing the high-temperature waste thermal energy extracted from the photoelectric high-temperature, especially arsenide-gallium, semiconductor converters 11 upon their cooling, through a second separate mid-temperature circulation circuit with The heat transfer loop 9 for the second stage of liquid heating and the production of steam as the working heat in the Rankine steam power cycle or others in the generation of electric power by means of a volumetric rotary steam engine 26 with an electric generator 28 allows to significantly increase (up to 40%) the efficiency of the solar energy converter in electric power in comparison with Prototype and, accordingly, to reduce the area of receivers 2 and 17, to reduce thermal pollution of the environment from the cooling system 30.
Additional introduction of low-potential thermal thermal energy from passive photothermal converters-heat generators 17 without the concentration of solar radiation and without the use of mirror parabolic cylinders for heating the condensate formed during the steam condensation in the steam cycle, as the first stage of increasing the heat content of the evaporated liquid prior to its heating and evaporation by waste heat Photoelectric converters allows to sharply reduce material consumption and cost of construction of the combined solar power station. The use of catalytic combustion of fuel in a duplicate heat source 6 allows 100 and more times to reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides NO 2 into the atmosphere, with a corresponding increase in environmental purity in comparison with the prototype.
The use of three independent circulation heat transfer loops 1, 9, 18 allows to dramatically improve the reliability of the combined solar power plant in case of failure of elements in one or two of them.
An example of a combined solar power plant.
The Arsenide-gallium solar photothermodynamic power plant (SFSTE) with a capacity of 1 MW includes 20 mirror modules of parabolic cylindrical receivers equipped with uniaxial orientation systems with an area of 150 m 2 with concentration coefficients 100, reflections 0.9, and absorption 0.9. The first loop of high-temperature photothermal heat generators (VTG) includes 4 modules with a total area of 600 m 2 , the second mid-temperature loop includes 16 photo-electric heat generators (FETG) with a total area of 2400 m 2 and a third low temperature loop of 320 pcs. Fixed solar collectors (SC) with a total area of 510 m 2 . The total area of reception of solar energy is 3510 m 2 . The total area of high-temperature gallium arsenide photoelectric converters is 26.2 m 2 . The working body in the steam power cycle is normal butane C 4 H 10 (see table 1).
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Efficiency of a volumetric two-stage machine 
M = 0,82%, the generator is 87%. For an ideal thermodynamic Carnot cycle, the conversion coefficient of thermal energy into mechanical (without taking into account losses in the generator) at the initial vapor temperature of n. Butane 250 ° C (T 1 = 523 K) and a final temperature of 25 ° C (T 2 = 298 K) is: 
Thus, the total photothermodynamic efficiency of the proposed combined solar power plant is close to the limiting one and is Ft / To = 40.3 / 42.5 = 0.94, which is completely unattainable for the prototype.
At the supercritical operating temperature of the steam-power cycle, increased, for example, from t cr = 232 ° C to 350 ° C for C 3 Cl 3 F 5 , a two-phase fog-like vapor-liquid medium with different liquid concentrations enters the volumetric steam engine, which contributes to an increase in the thermomechanical efficiency due to Liquid sealing of the structural clearances of screw rotors rotating at relatively low speeds in high and low pressure cylinders. Therefore, the use of a very simple and reliable volumetric rotary steam engine as an engine in a combined solar power plant is preferable to a high-speed turbine, since the latter, due to the erosion of the blades with their subsequent detachment under the action of the kinetic energy of the high-speed particles of the foggy working medium, can quickly (with possible explosion ) To collapse.
Application as a working fluid instead of n. Butane (C 4 H 10 ) of environmentally friendly, fireproof pentafluorotrichloropropane (C 3 Cl 3 F 5 ) and an increase in the initial temperature to 350 o C will allow to increase the total photothermodynamic efficiency of the combined solar power station to 48%. This significantly exceeds the efficiency of the newest thermal power plants and is more than twice as high as solar power plants with a steam-water power cycle. Thus, the metal consumption of equipment will decrease accordingly, and the payback period for investments in the construction of a combined solar power plant will be reduced several times, taking into account a decrease in the solar energy receivers more than twice the area.
CLAIM
1. A solar combined electric power plant comprising a heat transfer loop, the first of which includes a heat transfer loop of successive receivers of a modular, mirror-like parabolic-cylindrical solar concentrator with a solar tracking system, a steam generator, a superheater, a circulating pump connected by its own output to the input of the heat transfer loop of the receivers Modular solar concentrator, and a second output via a duplicate heat source connected to the inlet of said superheater, comprising a second steam-powered circuit with a vapor-liquid working medium consisting of a successively placed economizer, steam-powered parts of a steam generator and superheater, a heat engine with an electric power generator, a condenser with cooling and a condensate A pump comprising an electrolysis cell for decomposing water into hydrogen and oxygen, an inverter with a battery, a low-potential heat supply system with a circulation pump, characterized in that it is further provided with a second heat transfer loop of the first circuit including a high-temperature photoelectric heat generator made in the form of receivers of a modular parabolic cylindrical solar concentrator расположенной в фокусе параболоцилиндра теплоприемной трубой с циркулирующим теплоносителем, на которой размещены высокотемпературные фотоэлектрические преобразователи, теплообменники и циркуляционный насос, при этом высокотемпературные фотоэлектрические преобразователи подключены к электролизеру, выходному инвертору с аккумулятором, причем выход теплоносителя из фотоэлектрического теплогенератора соединен теплопроводом второй петли теплопередачи с входом горячей части теплообменника, соединенной с выходом дублирующего источника тепла, выход теплообменника подключен через циркуляционный насос с входом фотоэлектрического теплогенератора и входом в дублирующий источник тепла, выход паросиловой части теплообменника соединен с входом парогенератора.
2. Электростанция по п.1, отличающаяся тем, что высокотемпературные фотоэлектрические преобразователи выполнены в виде широкозонных, предпочтительно арсенид-галлиевых полупроводниковых фотоэлементов одно- или многокаскадных в паре с кремнием или германием.
3. Электростанция по п. 1, отличающаяся тем, что дублирующий источник тепла для выработки электроэнергии в паросиловом цикле выполнен в виде каталитического реактора, снабженного секционным теплообменником с абсорбционными теплопроводами, заполненными преимущественно жидким теплоносителем, на которые нанесено селективно-поглощающее инфракрасное излучение покрытие и теплопроводящие поверхности, располагаемые рядами, чередующимися со слоями губчатого катализатора и рядами трубчатых перфорированных распределителей водорода или другого газообразного топлива и рядами трубчатых распределителей воздуха или кислорода, вводимых в реактор принудительно или за счет конвекции, а теплопроводы секций соединены с переключаемыми вентилями контуров теплопередачи от приемников солнечной энергии, которые могут подключаться раздельно по мере повышения уровня солнечной радиации.
4. Электростанция по п.1, отличающаяся тем, что она снабжена низкотемпературным фототермическим теплогенератором, выполненным в виде неподвижных пассивных приемников солнечной энергии без концентрации, с теплоприемными селективными панелями, имеющими каналы с циркулирующим теплоносителем, причем выход теплоносителя из каналов панелей через теплопровод подсоединен к входу третьей отдельной циркуляционной теплопередающей петли первого контура, соединенной теплопроводом с входом горячей части теплообменника, выход которого подсоединен к циркуляционному насосу, соединенному теплопроводом с входом в канал панелей пассивных фототермических преобразователей, а выход паросиловой части теплообменника соединен с входом паросиловой части теплообменника второй петли фотоэлектрического теплогенератора, при этом вход указанного теплообменника подсоединен к выходу конденсатного насоса.
5. Электростанция по п.1, отличающаяся тем, что фотоэлектрический теплогенератор при толщине пластин высокотемпературных фотоэлектрических полупроводниковых преобразователей менее 50 мкм выполняют в виде линейной солнечной батареи, монтируемой на поверхности, расположенной в фокусе зеркального параболоцилиндра, металлической трубы, имеющей вдоль оси плоскую площадку, снабженную адгезивно связанной токоизолирующей пленкой, толщиной не более 1/4 толщины пластинки преобразователя, и адгезионно соединенного с изолирующей пленкой и трубой, в которой циркулирует охлаждающий теплоноситель второго контура теплопередачи в паросиловой цикл, при этом фотоэлектрический теплогенератор снабжен наружной прозрачной трубой, герметично соединенной с внутренней металлической трубой, диаметр которой на 1/5 меньше наружной, а кольцевое пространство вакуумировано, причем часть оптически прозрачной стенки наружной трубы снабжена псевдоцилиндрической оптически преломляющей поверхностью, равномерно распределяющей по плоскости pn-перехода фотоэлектрических преобразователей пучок концентрированного солнечного излучения, отраженного зеркальными параболоцилиндрами, а обратная сторона наружной трубы снабжена выводимыми клеммами от электродов к инвертору для подсоединения к сети электроэнергии потребителя или коммутационно преобразовательной схеме.
6. Электростанция по п.1, отличающаяся тем, что высокотемпературные фотоэлектрические преобразователи с толщиной более 50 мкм монтируются внутри прозрачной трубы, которая заполнена циркулирующим оптически прозрачным, химически нейтральным, жидким теплоносителем, при этом плоскость pn-перехода располагается в иммерсионном фокусе, образованном концентрированным световым излучением и преломляющим элементом, образованным поверхностью прозрачной трубы, заполненной оптически прозрачным теплоносителем контура теплопередачи в паросиловой цикл, причем фотоэлектрический теплогенератор снабжен наружной вакуумированной прозрачной трубой, через которую аналогично выведены проводники от электродов преобразователей.
7. Электростанция по п.6, отличающаяся тем, что в оптически прозрачном теплоносителе располагают оптически прозрачные, или непрозрачные, или отражающие пластины, создающие турбулентность потока теплоносителя, а и располагают оптические среды с коэффициентом преломления, отличающимся от такового для теплоносителя.
8. Электростанция по п.1, отличающаяся тем, что в качестве рабочего тела в паросиловом цикле применяется органическое или неорганическое вещество с более низким, чем у воды, критическим давлением, температурой и теплотой парообразования.
9. Электростанция по п.1, отличающаяся тем, что тепловой двигатель выполнен в виде объемной паровой машины, в особенности роторной одно- или многоступенчатой, приводящей в действие электрогенератор с отбором пара между ступенями для регенеративного теплообмена или теплофикации, причем объемная паровая машина может быть выполнена в виде винтового двухвального или трехвального, одно- или многоступенчатого турбодетандера с профилями роторов предпочтительно типа "Лисхольм", при этом вход машины соединен с парогенератором, а выход с конденсатором.
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Date of publication 18.03.2007гг
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