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INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2130211
DOUBLE-LAYER CONDENSER WITH IRRADIATED ELECTROLYT
The name of the inventor: Popov Andrey Veniaminovich; Alexander Gitelson; Kuzmin Gennady Yakovlevich
The name of the patent holder: Popov Andrey Veniaminovich; Alexander Gitelson; Kuzmin Gennady Yakovlevich
Address for correspondence: 195112, St. Petersburg, PO Box 27 Popov A.V.
Date of commencement of the patent: 1997.08.01
The invention relates to the production of high capacity electric capacitors and can be used in the composition of high-temperature power sources for electric vehicles, for smoothing peak loads of accumulators, but also in the production of powerful impulse and standby power supplies. According to the invention, the capacitor comprises polarizable electrodes with a highly developed surface, a housing, current leads, a separator and an electrolyte. As a electrolyte, use a melt of salt or a mixture of salts. The capacitor is operable at elevated temperatures, has a high capacitance and voltage, not limited by the decomposition voltage of the solvent.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to the production of high capacitance electric capacitors.
Capacitors are known to store energy from the capacitance of a double electric layer at the electrode-electrolyte interface (VP Kuznetsov et al., "Ways and Prospects for the Development and Application of Capacitors with a Double Electrical Layer (Ionistors)" / 1 /.) The prototype of the claimed Of the invention is a dual-layer capacitor FA OH 105Z manufactured by NEC, Japan (see / 1 /.) The assembly consists of 8 series-connected capacitors, the positive and negative electrodes are made of activated carbon and separated by a separator Electrolyte: 38% sulfuric acid solution in water. The disadvantages of this capacitor are low specific energy, low operating voltage and low maximum operating temperature.These drawbacks are due to the presence of a solvent (water) having a relatively low decomposition stress and a low temperature limit of the liquid state, even in a mixture with sulfuric acid of this concentration.
The purpose of the invention is to increase the specific energy, voltage and maximum operating temperature of a double layer capacitor, and the specific power.
The capacitor consists of a housing, positive and negative electrodes, at least one of which is a polarizable electrode with a developed surface made of activated carbon material, finely divided carbon (carbon black) or an electrochemically inert highly dispersed metal; And electrolyte. The electrodes are in contact with the electrolyte and are isolated from each other by an ion-conducting gasket. A porous dielectric, wetted with an electrolyte, an ion-exchange membrane or a solid electrolyte membrane can be used as an ion-conducting gasket.
This goal is achieved by using a practically solvent-free melt as the electrolyte. The melts of many salts have a low vapor pressure at practically significant elevated temperatures (50-400 ° C), high stability of properties at the indicated temperatures, and a wide range of stresses, in which electrochemical inertness is retained, not limited by the decomposition potentials of the solvent. The capacity of the double layer of electrodes is substantially higher in melts, which is caused by the absence of solvation and a special alternating structure of the double layer (BBDamaskin, OA Petri., "Introduction to electrochemical kinetics", p.137, M., 83). The melt cation can be selected from a series corresponding in some way to the indicated conditions. These are cations of alkaline, alkaline earth metals, Zn 2+ , Al 3+ , NH 4+ , N (R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ) + , or mixtures thereof. As anions, in particular NO 3- , NO 2- , SO 43- , HCO 4- , G - , AlCl 4- , ArF 6- , ClO 4- ,
CO 32- , PF 6- , BF 4 , R-SO 3- , R-COO - , 
Or mixtures thereof (R is alkyl or aryl radical, including halogen substituents in the backbone, G is halogen).
As an insulating gasket, materials with high chemical resistance in melts at elevated temperatures and high ionic conductivity are selected. A porous separator, for example from asbestos, ceramics, glass, Teflon, etc., a solid electrolyte, for example sodium b -aluminate, an ion-exchange membrane, for example "Nafion" in a Na + -form, and anion-exchange membranes with conductivity for ions, Available in the melt.
It is advisable to use electric mixtures having a low melting point as molten electrolyte. For example, an electric mixture of AlCl 3 (0.635) - BaCl 2 - NaCl with a melting point of 50 ° C. When using a solid electrolyte or an ion exchange membrane as a separation pad, it is possible to use in the positive and negative electrode regions melts of different composition with a common ion-conductivity ion Separator, which may be useful in terms of the properties of the capacitor. If necessary, due to the high ionic conductivity of the melts, it is possible to use a capacitor design with an interelectrode gap and without a separator. The high ionic conductivity of melts, generally exceeding the electrical conductivity of the most conductive electrolytes containing a solvent (more than 100 S / m) makes it possible to increase the power of a double layer capacitor with a molten electrolyte.
The capacitor may comprise two polarizable electrodes from an electrochemically inert conductor of the 1st kind or one electrode, in the second case the second electrode of the capacitor is non-polarizable (see / 1 /). An unpolarized electrode can be, for example, a metal electrode with a high cathodic reduction potential in the melt of its ions, similar to the electrodes used in batteries with a molten electrolyte (Na + , Li + ). The capacitance of a double layer capacitor with one unpolarized electrode is 2 times higher. As a polarizable electrode (s), it is advisable to use activated carbon material in any design (fibers, powder, granules, plates, etc.) or / and dispersed carbon (carbon black), carbides, metal nitrides, inert metals with highly developed surface For example, Ni, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru), electrically conductive oxides. To confirm the possibility of realizing the invention, a double layer capacitor with electrodes made of active TCA fabric, an asbestos separator, graphite conductors and a KCl melt (0.51 mol) - ZnCl 2 as an electrolyte was produced. At 250 ° C, U max. 1.5 V, Energy 35 J / cm 3 , power 6 W / cm 3 .
CLAIM
A capacitor with a double electric layer comprising a housing, a positive and a negative electrode, an ion-conducting separator and an electrolyte, characterized in that the electrolyte is a solvent-free melt of a salt or mixture of salts.
2. The capacitor of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte is a eutectic mixture of the halide melt.
print version
Date of publication 05.04.2007gg
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