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INVENTION
Russian Federation Patent RU2239754
METHOD FOR CONVERTING SOLAR ENERGY ACCUMULATED THROUGH photosynthesis into electrical energy
Name of the inventor: Eugene Yantovsky (DE)
The name of the patentee: SOLMEKS (ISRAEL) LTD. (IL)
Patent Attorney: Hunters Sergey Viktorovich
Address for correspondence: 103009, Moscow, p / 184, PPF "JUS" pat.pov. S.V.Lovtsovu
Starting date of the patent: 2000.03.14
The invention relates to a process for the conversion of solar energy stored by photosynthesis to electrical energy. The method is performed by using a closed cycle power plant comprising an array of water for growing macroalgae placed therein, and a combustion chamber with a fluidized bed for burning at least a portion of partially dried macroalgae containing up to 60% w / water.; combustion is carried out in an artificial atmosphere of oxygen and carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide). The invention improves the efficiency of energy conversion.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to processes for the conversion of solar energy stored by photosynthesis to electrical energy. More specifically, the present invention relates to a process for the conversion of solar energy stored by photosynthesis to electrical energy using a closed cycle power plant. This method is based on the combustion of macroalgae with zero emissions of CO 2.
It is now known and used many ways to extract solar energy to produce electricity. The most widespread use of photovoltaic and solar thermal energy with optical concentration of sunlight via parabolic dishes.
The above method is used in power plants, is ineffective because the average level of concentration of energy (solar radiation) is relatively low, in Central Europe, about 125 W / m 2, in Israel, 250 W / m 2, in the Sahara Desert 290 W / m 2 . For example, the energy in the case of photovoltaic energy required for the structure having a large surface covered with pure silicon, big plates and heliostats as solar energy extraction means, is very high in relation to the amount of fuel required in the manufacturing process. Such energy costs can be filled in the system in just a few years of use.
In the book "The energy and exergetic flows", whose author is the inventor E.Sh. Yantovsky and published by Nova Science Publishers (1994), described the burning of marine microalgae. However, the use of algae is considered a failure, as it leads to failure of the turbines used in such plants.
In opposition to the arguments set out in the above-mentioned book, the inventor has found a way to convert solar energy into electrical energy efficient way with high energy output by use of the process, including the burning of macroalgae.
It should be noted that marine macroalgae used in the present invention significantly exceed the size of microalgae and their use in power plants using microalgae as defined above, is not possible. Thus, the present invention aims at, and a new method different from the system described in said book, not only using microalgae macroalgae in contrast, as described and suggested above, but using a different combustion system.
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention provides a method of conversion of solar energy stored by photosynthesis to electrical energy by using a closed cycle power plant comprising: a) an array of water placed growing macroalgae therein; and
b) a combustion chamber of a fluidized bed for burning at least a portion of partially dried macroalgae containing up to 60% wt. / water, combustion is carried out in an artificial atmosphere of oxygen and carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide).
The preferred average size of macroalgae in implementing the present invention is not less than 5 microns; said atmosphere is substantially devoid of nitrogen; said combustion is performed at a temperature of at least 800 ° C; said combustion is carried out at a pressure at least equal to atmospheric pressure, wherein ash from said combustion is discharged into the body of water and serves as a nutrient for the growth of macroalgae.
Said artificially created atmosphere is substantially devoid of nitrogen and created with the help of an air separation unit which separates and removes nitrogen from the atmosphere.
The present invention provides a method in which the combustion process resulting in carbon dioxide is supplied into said body of water to facilitate the process of photosynthesis. Wherein said body of water in the pool may contain salt.
Furthermore, water is a wastewater or contaminated water.
In carrying out this method, water is extracted from the algae before their burning, is used to absorb carbon dioxide, then is sent to said body of water used for cooling and condensing steam.
In addition, seaweeds are selected from the group consisting of Gracillaria and Ulva.
In addition, gases produced from said combustion are used for heating steam in a Rankine steam power plant. Additionally, gases produced from said combustion are used to evaporate the water in said fluidized bed.
The abstract of Japanese patent 015 №385 (P-0871) discloses a closed cycle power plant for conversion of solar energy stored by photosynthesis to electrical energy, comprising a body of water for growing algae therein and a combustion chamber for burning at least a portion of the dried seaweed. However, this publication does not contain any guidance or proposals for the use of macroalgae as opposed to microalgae, does not indicate or suggest to use a combustion chamber of a fluidized bed does not indicate or suggest burning dried macroalgae containing up to 60% wt. / Water and indicate or suggest to produce combustion in an artificial atmosphere of oxygen and carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide).
As can be seen from the following description, easily growing macroalgae and combustion in the combustion chamber of a fluidized bed unlike microalgae that can not be burned in the fluidized bed due to the small particle size and low speed liquefied gas. Furthermore, this method allows a relatively high content of water -up to 60% when using an artificial atmosphere of oxygen and carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide), because the system has no ballast in the form of nitrogen, whose presence would lead to consume too much energy in the process of drying algae that have significantly reduced the effectiveness. Moreover, the lack of nitrogen in the exhaust gases provides complete carbon dioxide flow absorption, resulting in emission of gas in the process is zero and there is no need for suction or outlet tubes, since all of the oxygen is used to evaporate the water in said fluidized bed and all the carbon dioxide absorbed during photosynthesis.
Another feature of the present invention is that the combustion chamber relates to a fluidized bed gasifier and said macroalgae are partial combustion in said fluidized bed gasifier and gasification products from said gasifier are used as an energy source for the engine with gas distribution or gas turbine.
The main object of the present invention to provide a power plant with a unique solar energy receiver. This receiver will have a basin shape for growing algae.
Conversion of solar radiation by means of the photosynthesis reaction. This reaction uses solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic matter and oxygen:
CO 2 + H 2 O + hv -> CH 2 O + O 2
Carbon dioxide produced by the combustion reaction is first diluted in water, and then sent to the pool, where it is used as an algae nutrition. The lower heat of combustion of the organic matter, primarily represented by formaldehyde, - about 19 MJ / kg. This heat is large enough for combustion. The main problem is that the organic matter for growth must be strongly diluted in water, having, for example, the ratio of the substance to water in proportions of 1: 1000. This means that the combustible organic matter must be allocated from the pool and at least partially separated from the liquid. For this purpose, the installation can be used to separate liquids.
As stated above, for the present study preferably use Gracillaria seaweed. This algae, which is grown in northern Israel can reach an average level of growth to 8 kg / m 2 / year.
Seaweed Ulva and is the preferred option, and it can achieve even higher growth rates than Gracillaria.
It is understood that the greatest advantage of power provided by the invention is that it produces energy without pollution, since no emission of CO 2, which would exacerbate the greenhouse effect.
The intensity of energy flow in the conducting channel leading from the basin to the seaweed plant, which is about 100 times greater than that obtained by optical concentration is calculated according to the equation
Convection = (a) (s) ( V) (LHV) = 19 000 kW / m 2,
where a - concentration factor equal to 10 -3 Kg fuel / kg of water;
s - specific mass of water, equal to 10 -3 kg / m 3;
V - velocity of a mass in the pipe is 1 m / s;
LHV - the lower calorific value of the fuel, is 19 MJ / kg.
Next will be described how the invention may be applied in certain preferred structural embodiments with reference to the illustrations shown below, the description to be more fully understood.
Particularly it should be noted that the parts shown in the above illustrations are merely exemplary and for purposes of illustrative description of the preferred design of the present invention and are presented to provide the most useful and understandable description of the principles and conceptual aspects of the invention. In this regard, no attempt is made to show structural details in more detail than appears necessary for a basic understanding of the invention, the description and the drawings illustrate how the claims may be implemented in practice.
1 is a schematic view of plant according to the invention
Figure 2 is a graphical representation of the effect of the proportion of the fuel mass
on combustion efficiency
3 is a schematic view of the power plant, wherein the macroalgae undergo partial combustion and gasification in a fluidized bed gasifier,
The cycle is controlled by a computer using a commercial code ASPen +. When received photosynthesis efficiency of 6% (Watanable, de la Noue and Hall, 1995; Watanable and Hall, 1995) and a cycle efficiency of 25-45%, the overall efficiency is equal to 1,5 -2,7%. For power plants of 100 kW with an average for Central Europe, solar radiation of 125 V / m 2, the pool area will be equal to 3-5 hectares. In the south of the United States, Australia and Israel, where the radiation is equal to 250%, the size will be less than half.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
1 shows two closed cycle power plant for conversion of solar energy stored by photosynthesis to electrical energy. The station consists primarily of water from the basin 4 for growing macroalgae therein 6 and 8 of the combustion chamber for combustion of partially dried algae in the water content to 60%, the combustion occurs in an artificial atmosphere of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
The process is based on a classical Rankine cycle where the biomass fuel is burned in a low pressure fluidized bed boiler. In the process of combustion air is used instead of a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Pure oxygen is produced by setting air separation UVS 10, based on the liquefaction process. SHI produces oxygen with a purity of more than 98%, consuming 0.22 kWh per kg of O 2. Artificial atmosphere used in the process in order to avoid the appearance of a nitrogen cycle which prevents the dissolution of carbon dioxide in water.
The mixture of water and seaweed is pumped out of the basin 4 at a pressure of 2 bar and directed to the fuel separation unit (URT) 12. Up to 99.9% of water is diverted to the condenser 14, then to CO 2 absorber 16 is sent to the remaining slurry fluidized boiler layer 8 through the regenerator 18. the fuel heater 19, hot water has the same function as that of the water heater is used to compensate for cooling losses, which heats the water that enters the boiler, and utilizing the heat of flue gases increases the efficiency and accordingly increases temperature of heat absorption in the boiler, which is similar to an ordinary Rankine cycle.
Ashes separated in the cyclone 20. Part of the exhaust gases recirculated to the boiler 8 CH 2 O control combustion temperature in pure O 2. The working gases used in fluidized bed 8 for the evaporation of water vapor and of overheating to 540 ° C. In the Rankine cycle the superheated steam is sent to steam turbine 22 where it expands to the pressure of the condenser 14, namely 15 mbar. A feed pump (not shown) pumps the water up to 130 bar.
To improve the profitability of power plants, algae can be highly organized to carry out the separation of substance for the production of chemical products (pharmaceutical, food, fodder) with the separation unit of fuel.
2 graphically shows the relationship between the amount of fuel mass fraction and the efficiency of combustion. As can be seen, when macroalgae containing ~ 20% wt. / Water as compared to liquid combustion efficiency of ~ 12%. However, if the number of macroalgae is at least 50% wt. / Water, the combustion efficiency stabilized at around 25%. In view of this fact eliminates the need to significantly drain the organic material before burning.
3, 6 macroalgae passed through fuel separation unit (URT) and fed to the gasifier 24 for the production of the partial combustion of combustible gases CO + H2, together with a small amount of CO 2 gas ballast. Gasification products are the source of power for the motor 26. As with the gas distribution plant and illustrated in Figure 1, air separation installation 10 provides the combustion reaction with pure oxygen. Cyclone 20 separates the ash produced in the combustion reaction and directs the ash into pool 4 for its enrichment nutrients. Carbon dioxide produced within the power plant is recycled into the combustion reaction. Excess carbon dioxide are directed to absorber 16 where CO2 is absorbed by the water, which is returned to the pool 4 for the photosynthesis process with carbon dioxide.
One skilled in the art to which the invention relates will appreciate that the invention is not limited to the above-described structural embodiments and that the present invention retaining its spirit and essence, and may be embodied in other technical forms. Thus, these designs are given by way of illustration and not prescriptions entire scope of the invention is disclosed not in the description above and in the appended claims, which covers all the changes that may occur in the value and the degree of equivalence of the claims.
CLAIM
1. A method for the conversion of solar energy stored by photosynthesis to electrical energy using a closed cycle power plant comprising: a) introducing a water basin and placing it for growing macroalgae in the basin, and b) administering to the combustion chamber of a fluidized bed for at least partial combustion of partially dried macroalgae containing up to 60 wt.% water, wherein said combustion process takes place in an artificial atmosphere of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the average size of the macroalgae is not less than 5 microns.
3. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that said atmosphere is substantially devoid of nitrogen.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said combustion process takes place at a temperature of at least 800 ° C.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein said combustion process takes place at a pressure not less than atmospheric pressure.
6. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the ash from said combustion is supplied to said pool of water where serves as a nutrient medium for the growth of said macroalgae.
7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the water in the pool contains a salt.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbon dioxide produced by the combustion process is fed to said pool of water to promote the process of photosynthesis.
9. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the combustion process before the water is separated from said macroalgae and used as a carbon dioxide absorber, and is then directed to said water pool.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein said water is used for cooling steam condenser.
11. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said artificial atmosphere by setting the air separation unit which removes nitrogen from the atmosphere.
12. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said macroalgae selected from the group Gracillaria and Ulva algal.
13. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the gases resulting from said combustion reaction gases are used as fuel in a power plant steam Rankine.
14. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the gases resulting from said combustion reaction is used to evaporate water from said fluidized bed.
15. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said combustion chamber is designed as a fluidized bed gasifier, wherein the macroalgae subjected to partial combustion and gasification.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein gasification products from said gasifier are used as energy source for steam engine or steam turbine.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein the water is waste water or waste water.
print version
Publication date 12.01.2007gg
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