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INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2145124

METHOD OF PRODUCING ENERGY AND INSTALLATION FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION

The name of the inventor: Kashuk Anatoly Sidorovich
The name of the patent holder: Anatoly Sidorovich Kashuk
Address for correspondence: 394000 Voronezh, Ordzhonikidze st., 14/16, apt. 70, Kashuku A.S.
Date of commencement of the patent: 1997.04.16

The invention can be used to create highly efficient power plants in which the process of synthesis of helium-4 nuclei from deuterons is realized. In the method for obtaining energy due to the synthesis of light atomic nuclei, deuterium tablets are cooled to a temperature close to absolute zero. Periodically fed into the active zone of the reaction chamber, previously evacuated and shielded from external electromagnetic fields. They are fired at them with weakly focused and having the smallest possible dimensions in the direction of motion by beams of deuterons. In this case, the deuterons in the beams are polarized in the same way as the deuterons in the tablets are polarized, oriented in such a way that the rotation axes of their nucleons are parallel to the axes of rotation of the nucleons in the tablets. Accelerate to speeds sufficient to penetrate deuterons deep into deuterium tablets. The energy production unit comprises a liquid deuterium tank, a dispenser for pouring liquid deuterium into the molding sleeves, a deuterium-helium heat exchanger surrounded by an electromagnet, a helium pre-cooling unit, a deuterium table feeding device to the core, a reaction chamber with a cooling path, a coolant circulation pump, A vacuum pump, a coolant tank in which a steam-water system heat exchanger is mounted, a water pump, a working turbine, coupled to an electric generator. It is equipped with a polarization accelerator deuteron block connected by an outlet with the reactor zone active zone and a connected highway with one of the three outputs from the deuterium liquefaction and helium separation unit, the other two outlets of which are connected by mains to the liquid deuterium tank and the helium pre-cooling unit. The entrance to the device through a vacuum pump, a vacuum chamber and a valve is connected to the reaction chamber, from which unreacted deuterium and synthesized helium enters. It is possible to create a highly efficient environmentally friendly power plant.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of energy and can be used in the creation of highly efficient power plants.

It is known that the total mass of two nuclei of light chemical elements is greater than the mass of the resultant atomic nucleus, i.e. A nucleus containing the same number of nucleons as two light nuclei. In accordance with the notions of the equivalence of mass and energy, it follows that if two light atomic nuclei come into contact and provide the conditions necessary for their fusion, then energy will be released proportional to the difference in the masses of the initial light atomic nuclei and the newly formed nucleus. For example, if we connect two deuterons (two nuclei of a heavy hydrogen isotope - deuterium) and get a helium nucleus, then we can release the synthesis energy equal to 24 MeV.

So far, it has been possible to realize the release of energy through the fusion of atomic nuclei of light chemical elements only in instant explosive processes, i.e. In hydrogen bombs.

Nevertheless, numerous and varied attempts to organize a controlled process of synthesis of heavier atomic nuclei from relatively light ones and to use the released energy for peaceful purposes during the last decades have proved unsuccessful.

There are a lot of proposals for the development of reactors for the organization of nuclear fusion (claimed as controlled), as well as systems and components of such reactors. These proposals are based on the following widely accepted ideas about the parameters and properties of nucleons and electrons:

1. The rest mass of protons and electrons remains unchanged under any conditions. Confirmation of this can be attributed the mass of the proton (m _p = 1.672614 · 10 ^-27 kg) and the mass of the electron (m _e ~ 9.11 * 10 ^-31 kg) to the number of fundamental constants. Neutrons are stable only in the composition of stable atomic nuclei. A free neutron is an unstable particle that decays into a proton, an electron, and is now considered to be an electron antineutrino. The average lifetime of a free neutron is about 16 minutes. As for the mass of the neutron, the most accurately determined value is the difference between the masses of the neutron and the proton: m _n - m _p = (1.29344 ± 0.00007) MeV, measured from the energy balance of various nuclear reactions. This corresponds to a mass of about 1840 electrons (the proton mass in these units is approximately equal to the mass of 1836 electrons).

2. The proton possesses invariable under any conditions a positive electric charge e ~ + 4.803 · 10 ^-10 units. CGSE ~ + 1.602 · 10 ^-10 K, and an electron of the same magnitude, but opposite in sign by electric charge. The neutron is electrically neutral, i.e. Does not have an electric charge.

3. Both the proton and the neutron have dipole magnetic moments. The proton has this moment _P = +2.792763 _I , and for a neutron _N = -1.91315 _I , where N = 5.05 · 10 ^-24 erg / gs-nuclear magneton. It should be noted that elementary particles with spin 1/2, including nucleons described by the Dirac equation, must have a dipole magnetic moment equal to one nuclear magneton, if they are charged, and zero if they are not charged. The presence of a dipole magnetic moment in a neutron, as well as the anomalous magnitude of this moment in a proton, indicates that these particles have a complex structure, i.e. There are electrical currents inside them that create an additional anomalous dipole magnetic moment of the proton 1.79 _I and approximately the dipole magnetic moment of the neutron, which is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.

4. Electroneutrality of the complete atoms of chemical elements, including deuterium, is explained by the fact that the total positive charge of protons entering into the composition of atomic nuclei is compensated by the total negative charge of the surrounding electrons nucleus. The attraction of electrons to the nuclei is due to electromagnetic interaction and is described by the Coulomb law.

5. The connection between nucleons in atomic nuclei is conditioned by special forces called nuclear. The following basic properties of these forces are experimentally established.

Unlike the forces of electromagnetic interaction of two charged particles under ordinary conditions, but also from the forces of gravitational interaction, the nuclear forces change their direction depending on the distance separating the microobjects. When the nucleons approach each other, they first appear as repulsive forces, after a certain limit they pass into the forces of intense attraction that hold the nucleons in the nucleus, and with further approach the particles change their direction for the second time, i.e. Again act as repulsive forces.

Nuclear forces act not only between electrically charged protons, but also between neutrons that are considered to be electrically neutral.

The scope of nuclear forces is negligible. The radius of their action is in the range (1-2) · 10 ^-13 cm. At large distances between particles, the nuclear interaction is not manifested. Thus, for example, when two protons approach a distance of about 10 ^-12 cm, only electromagnetic forces act and only at a distance of the order of 10 ^-13 cm above the Coulomb repulsion of microobjects their nuclear attraction begins to predominate.

Nuclear forces (in that small area where they operate) are very intense, as evidenced by the retention at their expense inside the atomic nuclei of the same-charged protons. Estimates show that nuclear forces are 100-1000 times stronger than electromagnetic forces.

A study of the degree of nucleon binding in different nuclei shows that nuclear forces have a saturation property similar to the valence of chemical forces. In accordance with this property of nuclear forces, the same nucleon interacts not with all other nucleons, but only with several neighboring nucleons.

The nuclear forces depend on the orientation of the spins of the interacting particles. It turns out that only with parallel spins the neutron and proton can form a nucleus-deuteron. If their spins are antiparallel, the intensity of the nuclear interaction is insufficient for the formation of the nucleus.

Although the role of neutrons in the formation of composite atomic nuclei has not been fully revealed, it is known that there are no atomic nuclei consisting only of protons alone, just as there are no microsystems that would only include neutrons.

Proceeding from the above concepts, it is believed that in order to obtain energy through controlled nuclear fusion, in particular due to the fusion of two deuterium nuclei into helium nuclei, it is necessary to carry out the following:

1. Ionize deuterium, i.e. To separate electrons from deuterons.

2. The electrostatic repulsion of two deuterons at ordinary temperature does not allow them to approach closer to the distances affected by short-range nuclear attraction forces. In this connection, it is necessary in some way to increase the deuteron velocity to such an extent that the energy of motion is sufficient to overcome the forces of mutual repulsion of microobjects. After that part of the deuterons come into direct contact and their merging takes place, i.e. Formation of helium nuclei.

3. To increase the probability of meeting deuterons, it is necessary to provide a relatively high density of microobjects for a sufficiently long time. Otherwise, the energy received may be less than that which is spent on the organization of the process.

4. Deuterons moving at high speed must be kept in some way in the reaction zone, preventing their direct contact with the walls of the reactor.

A proposal is known to organize a synthesis reaction using directed ion beams consisting of microobjects with the same spin orientation. Bunches of low-velocity gas ions produced in two sources pass through magnetic fields in which the spins of the micro-objects that form them are oriented. The ions of the polarized beams accelerate to the velocities necessary to overcome their Coulomb repulsion, and let the beams enter the active zone, directing towards each other. In the annular active zone, bounded by two coaxial electrodes, the trajectories of oppositely moving ions have a common radius. Between the ring electrodes a radially directed electrostatic field is formed, compressing the ion beams and causing them to move along spiral trajectories. This field also performs the limiting function, i.e. Does not allow the direct contact of ions with the walls of the annular chamber. In the active zone, there is a collision of two periodically injected polarized ion beams and some of them come into reaction, i.e. Merges into the atomic nuclei of heavier chemical elements, releasing energy (EPO, applications N 0116656, publications 29.08.84, MKI G 21 B 1/02).

The disadvantage of the proposed method is that the energy expenditure during its implementation will substantially exceed the energy that can be obtained as a result of the synthesis of helium nuclei from deuterons. This is due to the relatively small density of deuterons in polarized beams and the short penetration time of ions moving at high speed through a colliding beam and, consequently, the extremely low probability of mutual collision of microobjects. In this case, the energy expended for acceleration and the formation of the trajectory of motion of unreacted deuterons will be completely lost. In order to achieve the required number of deuteron collisions at the required micro-object velocities, it is necessary to focus the beams to densities close to the "packing" density of atoms in solids. This is thousands of times larger than the density of focused beams on one of the most advanced particle accelerators-the Stanford linear collider operating on colliding beams of electrons and positrons (see, for example, P. Valoshek, Journey Into the Matter, with the HERA accelerator to the boundaries M. "The World", 1995, pp. 237-238).

Proposals on the organization of the synthesis reaction are known, partially excluding this deficiency. It is suggested, in particular, to use small tablets with thermonuclear fuel. Such a tablet can be subjected to rapid compression and thus heated to a high temperature, sending pulses from a group of powerful lasers from different sides. Beams of electrons, protons or ions can be used instead of laser beams. (See, for example, G. Orer, Physics, Vol. 2, M., Mir, 1981, pp. 544-545).

As mentioned above in describing the properties of nuclear forces, the latter depends on the orientation of the spins of the interacting particles. The new nuclei, as is now believed, can be formed only when the spins of protons and neutrons are parallel, i.e. Figuratively speaking, when parallel to the axis of rotation of the nucleons.

The most promising at present is the method of obtaining energy due to the synthesis of helium-4 nuclei from deuterons.

At an ordinary room temperature, the deuterium in the equilibrium composition contains 66.67% of the molecules in the para- cone, in which the spins of the two atoms are antiparallel, and 33.33% of the molecules in the orthoform at which the spins of the atoms are parallel.

As the temperature decreases, the concentration of orthomodification in the deuterium in the equilibrium state increases, reaching about 98% at 20K and 99.98% at 10K.

In order to ensure favorable conditions for the synthesis of helium nuclei from the deuterons included in the tablets, a larger number of deuterium molecules must be converted to orthoform.

A method and device for obtaining spin-polarized deuterons, i.e. tablets with the maximum possible deuterium content in them in orthomodification, are known.

This method is characterized in that a deuterium sample containing paradeuterium in a concentration of 10 ^-4 to 10 ^{-5 is} prepared in advance. The sample is simultaneously exposed to a strong magnetic field and a low temperature. In this case, polarization of 20-90% of deuterons occurs. The relaxation time of polarized deuterons at a temperature of liquid helium and weak magnetic fields is relatively large, which allows preparing and storing tablets in advance. (Germany, application No. OS 3422990, publication dated 17.01.85, MKI G 21 B 1/00).

The closest analogue (prototype) of the claimed method of generating energy and an installation for its implementation is the device for igniting hydrogen tablets to initiate a thermonuclear reaction with a circulating ion current (FRG, application No. DE 3742327 A1, publication 22.06.89, MCP-4 G 21 B 1 / 02).

In it, the initiation of a thermonuclear reaction is proposed to be done by igniting pellets of a spherical or other form from liquid or frozen hydrogen, or heavy water, or other material suitable for a thermonuclear reaction. A distinctive feature of this application is that the ignition is performed by reagent ions, which under the action of a predominantly magnetic field circulate along a closed curve, penetrating into the tablet.

In the opinion of the applicant, the above device does not allow to obtain the required technical result, i.e. Will not provide an ignition of tablets containing a material suitable for a thermonuclear reaction.

The author of this application mistakenly believes that in order to create the conditions necessary for a thermonuclear reaction in a tablet as a whole it is sufficient to collide a relatively small number of high-speed ions from their beam circulating under the influence of a predominantly magnetic field with deuterons that make up molecules, for example, Frozen heavy water.

As mentioned earlier with reference to J. Orir, for the organization of effective, i.e. Energetically and economically advantageous reaction of helium synthesis in tablets with thermonuclear fuels, it is necessary to provide a high temperature not in local zones, but in the entire volume.

To do this, it is necessary to direct on the tablet from different directions highly focused beams of high energy microobjects, which naturally penetrate into the structure of the tablet. The required sufficiently dense focusing of equally electrically charged electrons or ions is, as was said earlier, if not impossible in principle, then at least difficult to achieve, including because of the mutual Coulomb repulsion of uniform microobjects in the beam.

In addition, one of the fundamental difficulties in organizing a controlled thermonuclear reaction is that the energy losses in the course of the thermonuclear process increase sharply with even small concentrations of impurities of atoms with medium and large atomic numbers, including oxygen atoms present in the heavy Water.

The reasons for the fact that none of the numerous and varied proposals for creating reactors for the organization of controlled nuclear fusion, including those listed above as analogs, have not been implemented to date, are not only technical difficulties, but also insufficient significance of the fundamental properties of matter , The structure and nature of the parameters of microworld objects.

Natural science has not yet been able to fully understand what constitutes mass and energy, what is the nature of electromagnetic fields, what determines the forces of the four fundamental interactions that are considered, why everything in the universe is moving in general.

While he does not know the structure of the so-called elementary particles and those deep processes that determine the parameters of microobjects: their electrical charges, magnetic moments and spins.

The presence of a large number of models of atomic nuclei, the involvement of several of these models to describe the different properties of the same core indicate a lack of understanding of the structure and properties and this layer of objects in the material world. Without a sufficient understanding of all of the above, it is hardly possible to find ways to efficiently extract energy from matter, including through controlled nuclear fusion.

- DRAWINGS -

Before proceeding to the description of the essence of the present invention, it is necessary to state those ideas about the microworld on which it is based. The presentation of these representations is accompanied by a number of figures. In Fig. Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 show schematically the changes in the volumes (a) and apparent total magnetism (h) of those uncreated and indestructible particles of matter, hereinafter referred to as gravitons, which underlie the universe, and Fig. 5 and 6 - changes in apparent total magnetism and its excess component ( H) for gravitons with their one-sided deformation. In Fig. 7 shows a microclot of gravitons when viewed from the side, Fig. 8 is a cross-section of the core of a bunch of gravitons and a change in the apparent total magnetism (h) and its excess component ( H) for that group of gravitons, which is numbered with Arabic numerals, and in Fig. 9 is a view of one of the hemispheres of the core of a bunch of gravitons and a change in the apparent total magnetism (h) and its excess component ( H) for gravitons in the course of their movement from the pole of the core to its "equator". In Fig. 10 shows the variation of the latitudinal component (H ) Of the magnetic field generated by the core of the bunch of gravitons when viewed from the side, and the dipole component of this field (H _c ), and in Fig. 11 - change in the strength of the latitudinal component (h) and polarity ( H) of the indicated field when you see a bunch of gravitons on top of the core. In Fig. 12 shows the areas of the surrounding proton of the ether, "carrying" different in sign electric charges, and in FIG. 13 - charged zones at the neutron. In Fig. 14 shows the change in the pressure of the graviton "gas" (P) in the ether surrounding the neutron and the pressure drop of this "gas" ( P ₁ ) on opposite sides of a proton interacting with a neutron, which causes mutual attraction of microclusters of gravitons, when the distance between them is many times larger than the intrinsic dimensions of subatomic particles. In Fig. 15 is the same for the case when the distance between a proton and a neutron is commensurate with their dimensions. In Fig. 16 shows the change in the parameters of gravitons as they move toward graviton clusters. In Fig. 17 shows the electromagnetic interaction of a proton and an electron in the case when the distance between them is many times larger than the intrinsic size of microobjects, and in Fig. 18 - the same in the case when the distance between subatomic particles is commensurate with their size. In Fig. 19 graphically shows the change in the parameters of the microclusters of gravitons as a function of external conditions and the speed of movement of microobjects. In Fig. 20 shows the interaction of a proton and a neutron at different distances between microobjects, and Fig. 21 - potential "pit", illustrating this interaction. In Fig. 22 shows the model of the helium atom-4. Fig. 23 depicts the nature of the change in the total electric charges of protons and neutrons responsible for the interconnection of nucleons in atomic nuclei, depending on the pressure of the graviton "gas" (P) in the ether surrounding them, and the development of nuclear "ribbons" of a number of characteristic chemical elements. In Fig. 24 is a top view of a nuclear spiral of a radon "ribbon," and FIG. 25 - the nature of the change in the pressure of the graviton "gas" in this spiral. In Fig. 26 shows the process of formation of a nucleon chain consisting of two protons and three neutrons, and Fig. 27 - possible variants of its decay. In Fig. 28 shows those reactions that, according to modern concepts, occur in the explosion of hydrogen bombs, and in FIG. 29 - those reactions involving lithium-6, which take place in reality.

The entire material world consists of extremely small (by mass as the matter contained in them) structureless particles-gravitons. According to estimates, the mass of the graviton, which does not change under any conditions, is in the range of 10 ^-42 -10 ^-45 g. These uncreformable and indestructible particles are elements of all clusters of gravitons, including subatomic particles, and form the omnipresent ether (" Physical vacuum "), i.e. Fill the entire space of the universe, without the slightest gaps. In other words, gravitons are represented in the form of elements of a continuous substance, which is the cause and the basis of an immense variety of systems existing in nature and their properties and providing the interconnection of everything in the infinite universe.

Purely, gravitons can be represented in the form of peculiar magnetic dipoles, one half of which is filled with "northern" monopoles, and the other - "southern", as schematically shown in Fig. 1.

The peculiarity of gravitons is that depending on external conditions, more precisely, on the density of their "packing" in this or that volume of space or on the speed of gravitons movement relative to the "pierced" ether, they change in their significant, The volume (a), and consequently its apparent total magnetism - h (Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4). "Apparent" because, conditionally speaking, the number of magnetic monopoles in a graviton remains constant, but only the distance between them changes. Gravitons are the material basis of electromagnetic fields.

It follows from the foregoing that in graviton clusters, for example in an electron or a proton, the packing density of gravitons is relatively high and their own magnetic fields created by them have a relatively high intensity, while in the ether the volume of gravitons is many orders of magnitude larger, and their apparent total Magnetism and the intensity of the created or magnetic fields are many times smaller.

With an uneven deformation of a graviton, it more or less exhibits an uncompensated "part" of its apparent magnetism ( H), as shown in Fig. 5 and 6. If, for example, in gravitons the volume of the "northern" part is half that of the "southern" part, then the apparent "northern" magnetism will be as large as it is.

The interaction of gravitons, which is truly fundamental, lies in their attraction and repulsion. To it, in the final analysis, all those interactions that are considered fundamental at the present time can be reduced. Strong, electromagnetic, weak and gravitational. The main form of the relative motion of gravitons is the approximation and removal of their "centers of mass", and its own - compression and expansion.

The main form of existence of matter in the real state is the graviton bunches, which form the widest range of objects of the material world that are multi-scale in size and mass (as measured by the gravitons contained in them), starting with photons, gamma quanta and so-called elementary particles and ending with the nuclei of planets, stars And the nuclei of galaxies.

All these clots of gravitons, in particular microclusters, have a core that can be represented as a drop of an extremely dense graviton "liquid" for clarity, and surrounding the core of the "fur coat", which in turn consists of both tiny graviton droplets and individual gravitons, Having intermediate dimensions between the core elements and the layers of ether adjacent to the "coat" (Figure 7). This "coat" can be likened to a dense steam jacket core.

Any clot of gravitons, which is a magnetic dipole, i.e. Having as shown in Fig. 7, northern (N) and southern (S) poles, constantly interacts with the surrounding ether and exchanges gravitons with it. Absorption of gravitons from the ether, and microdroplets from the "fur coat" occurs through the polar core zones, and their ejection through its "equatorial" regions (see Figure 7). It is this process that determines the relentless rotation of the microclusters of gravitons, which was called the spin.

The cores of different-scale clusters of gravitons are formed by four closely related, peculiar vortices-solitons of the graviton "liquid," two of which form the "northern" hemispheres of the core, and the other two are "southern".

One of the distinguishing features of these solitons is that they represent, as it were, a mirror image of ordinary vortices; Have the appearance of not "funnels", but "bells". Another feature is that, in contrast to conventional vortices having a generally circular cross-sectional view, the core solitons are deformed to a semi-circular shape in a similar section, as shown in FIG. 8, which schematically depicts one of the latitudinal sections of the core.

The graviton groups included in these soliton vortices constantly perform within their limits a complex trajectory (spiral) movement: in vertical planes they move from the poles to the "equator", and in the semicircles of the horizontal planes - from the center of the core to the periphery, along half of its perimeter and back To the center (see Figure 8).

The volume of gravitons, and consequently, their apparent total magnetism and its excess component, are constantly changing during the motion in the solitons of the core. In the meridian planes, as the gravitons move from the poles to the "equator" of the core, their volume increases, and the apparent total magnetism, including its excess component, decreases, as shown schematically in Fig. 9, which depicts one of the cores of the core, while in the latitudinal planes this change is, as can be seen from Fig. 8, more complex character. In particular, those gravitons that form the surface layers of the core, twice change the magnitude of their total magnetism, and its excess component changes its polarity four times.

As follows from Fig. 8, 9, the maximum magnetism of cores of graviton clots takes place in their polar regions, and in each hemisphere of this kind of material objects there are two closely spaced poles of the same name, while the opposite pair of poles has opposite polarity.

The dipolarity of graviton clusters causes the magnetic moments inherent in each of them and makes it possible, if necessary, to orient microobjects in the desired direction by imposing corresponding external electromagnetic fields on their place of residence.

Next to the core, the ethereal gravitons attracted to it and into the rotational motion, constantly decreases in volume, increasingly manifest this or that component of their excess magnetism and, as a result, form in the surrounding ether an electromagnetic field that can be conditionally divided into two components: the dipole H _c and latitudinal H (Figure 10). Since the structure of the latitudinal component of this field is due to the interaction of the etheric gravitons with those of their counterparts that form the surface layers of the core, the character of the change in the strength and polarity of the latitudinal component of this field in its cross section is as shown in Fig. 11. The combination of the peculiar orientation of gravitons in the ether surrounding one or another of their bunches, the degree of their deformation, including one-sided, are currently perceived as an electric charge of microobjects.

The orientation of gravitons in each of the four solitons of the core can change as they move from the poles to the "equator." For example, if in the solitons of the core of an electron the polarity of gravitons remains unchanged throughout their motion, then in solitons of the proton core, it changes to the opposite one in the areas adjacent to the "equator". In solitons of the neutron core, the change in the polarity of gravitons occurs twice, so that the polar and "equatorial" regions of this microobject are separated by intermediate regions with the opposite orientation of its dipole elements. It follows that, using current terminology, an electron has only a negative electric charge, and the proton has zones with both a positive (predominant peripheral) electric charge and a negative internal charge (Figure 12). The neutron is surrounded by three such zones, the peripheral and the inner carrying a positive electric charge, and the intermediate one - negative (Figure 13).

The seeming electroneutrality of neutrons (at the sight of it "from afar") indicates that positively and negatively "charged" its zones are mutually compensated. The elements of the omnipresent substance are gravitons, which in the modern Universe are in constant motion. Those of them that are moving to different-scale clusters of gravitons, while changing their size and shape, create the material basis of space. Thus, these or other areas of space are all the more compacted and curved, the closer they are to the cores of different-scale clusters of gravitons and the more massive the clusters themselves are. From this it follows that when creating models of objects of the microworld (the so-called elementary particles, atomic nuclei, atoms, molecules), and when describing the processes occurring in the microworld and having phenomena in it, it is necessary to take into account the pronounced anisotropy of space.

Those strongly deformed gravitons and microdroplets consisting of them, which are constantly thrown out in all directions from the "fur coats" of the multi-scraped clusters of gravitons, cause the motion of all objects existing in nature, from a tiny photon to an incomparably larger star. The gravitons that flow in the direction of motion of this kind of objects and the microdroplets consisting of them meet on their way the "front" resistance of the ether to the moving object, that is, they have a lower speed in comparison with those that are ejected from the object in the opposite direction. The total reactive force of "thrust" created in this way moves all the clusters of gravitons existing in the material world and the bodies consisting of them. It is also the basis of gravitational interaction: any material object under the action of this force makes its way to that region of space where the "density" of the ether is higher. This "pull" force (with other equal conditions) is the larger in magnitude, the greater the "compacting" gradient of the space near one or another bunch of gravitons (or consisting of such clusters of the object) to which the particle or any other material body self-propels.

This can be illustrated by the example of the gravitational interaction of a proton (P) and a neutron (n). For clarity, gravitons can be likened to molecules of a gas, and their density in this or that region of space can be represented as the magnitude of the pressure of the graviton "gas" (P) in this ether region. In Fig. 14 schematically shows the position of subatomic particles in the case when the distance between them is many times larger than their own sizes. In this situation, the pressure drop of the graviton "gas" ( P ₁ ) on the different sides of the proton is small, calculated by fractions of a percent of the average pressure of this "gas" at a given location. In order to describe the force of the gravitational interaction of two macro-objects in such conditions, the well-known dependence describing the law of universal gravitation was proposed by Newton at the time. Another matter is the interaction of graviton clusters close to each other, for example, two nucleons in an atomic nucleus, where the pressure of a graviton "gas" between microobjects is several times greater than from the opposite side (see Figure 15). In connection with this, the pressure difference indicated above will be several times greater P ₂ ), and hence the force F ₂ .

From the foregoing it follows that to determine the forces of gravitational interaction relatively close to each other located graviton clots, i.e., when the distance between them is comparable with the size of microobjects, as is the case, for example, in atomic nuclei, the usual Newton's law does not follow, so As it is possible many times to underestimate the magnitude of the forces of gravitational interaction. In this case, it is necessary to use a different dependence, taking into account the "condensation" of space (increasing the pressure of the graviton "gas") as the microobjects approach, including due to the interfacing of those layers of strongly "deformed" ether that are adjacent to the cores of graviton clots.

Similarly, the forces caused by the electromagnetic interaction of microobjects carrying an electric charge behave. In the process of motion to clots gravitons constantly reduce their volume (a) and shape, and consequently increase both apparent total magnetism (h) and its excess component ( H). Particularly expressed are these relative changes near graviton clusters (Figure 16).

Taking into account the foregoing, let us consider the electromagnetic interaction of two stationary electric charges, for example proton (p) and electron (e). Let's start with the option when the distance between microobjects is many times larger than their own sizes (Fig. 17).

To determine the forces of electromagnetic interaction of material objects with electric charges in such positions, Coulomb proposed a certain dependence in his time. In accordance with it, the force of mutual attraction (or repulsion) of charges varies inversely with the square of the distance separating these charges. In Fig. 17 gravitons moving to microobjects are depicted in the form of magnets having northern (N) and southern (S) "parts." As can be seen from Fig. 17, the polarity of excess magnetism in gravitons moving toward the proton and the electron is opposite, which is why the mutual attraction of opposite electric charges is caused. It should be emphasized that electric charges are attracted to each other not by themselves, but through "intermediate agent" - ether.

In the lower part of FIG. 17 schematically shows the change in the apparent total magnetism (h) and its excess components ( H) for gravitons moving toward a proton and an electron. In this version, the forces of electromagnetic interaction, caused by mutual graviton attraction along the plane II, are relatively small.

Another matter is the interaction of protons and electrons located close to each other, i.e. In the version where the distance between clusters of gravitons is comparable with their absolute sizes (Fig. 18). In this case, the forces of electromagnetic interaction caused by the graviton gravitational pull along the plane II-II are much larger than the usual Coulomb forces. As the two charges approach each other, the intensity of the electromagnetic field between them increases inversely proportional not to the square of the apparent distance, but to a higher, ever-increasing power dependence on the latter. This is due to the condensation of the space near the graviton clusters, which is not taken into account in the Coulomb dependence. The ideas about the nature of the forces of gravitational and electromagnetic interaction are described above in more detail because the strong (nuclear) interaction, the understanding of the essence of which is required in describing the proposed method of obtaining energy from matter, is not a special (fundamental) interaction, but the sum of gravitational and electromagnetic interactions, They appear as the microclots of gravitons converge to distances comparable to the dimensions of the latter.

And now briefly about energy. Under the energy concealed in matter in general, one should understand the average relative degree of deformation of the gravitons that make up a particular bunch of them. If from the latter in some way (for example, in the course of a chemical reaction or nuclear fusion) a greater or lesser group of gravitons separates into the surrounding ether, then the constituent elements of it, seeking to reconcile themselves with the new conditions, are "unclenched", t .e. Increase their volume, "squeeze" their counterparts in the surrounding space, reduce their apparent total magnetism, etc. This fundamental process is perceived by us as the allocation of energy. All the currently known types of energy can eventually be reduced to it: thermal, chemical, nuclear, thermonuclear, electric, etc.

It follows from the foregoing that the amount of energy released during the course of a process in a given area of ​​space depends, first, on the number of gravitons that left the microclimate, or, as is customary now, on the defect in the mass of microobjects, and secondly, From the difference in the degrees of the initial and final deformation of the gravitons that took part in the reaction. It follows that when separating the same number of gravitons, for example, from a proton and an electron, the energy in the first case will be more than in the second case, since gravitons are more densely packed in the proton. This could be seen with our own eyes, if modern means of measurement allowed us to determine with the required degree of accuracy the mass defect in atoms participating in chemical reactions. On the other hand, with the same initial deformation of gravitons, the more the smaller the pressure of the graviton "gas" in the surrounding microobject of the ether will be released in their microgaly of energy, i.e. The greater the possibility of increasing the volumes of those gravitons that left the microclot.

The structure and properties of microclusters of gravitons that do not perform translational motion in ether are described, which also have an unchanging tension of their electromagnetic field. In the real material world, everything is more complicated: the microclusters of gravitons themselves, and all the bodies consisting of them, move with different speeds, and the intensity of the electromagnetic fields they cross is more or less changing. The desire to present their ideas about the part of the universe, in particular about the microcosm, within the framework of this application, in a concise manner, stipulates that, without delaying the detailed description of the processes determining the change in the parameters and properties of the microclusters of gravitons when the intensity of the surrounding magnetic field (N) "Density" of the ether at the location of microobjects (P) or the speed of their movement in such aether (V), and on the reduction of objective data, i.e. Results of observations and experiments confirming these measurements, the author confines himself only to a brief commentary on FIG. 19, where these changes are shown in a peculiar coordinate system. The peculiarity of this system lies in the fact that (in contrast to the usual Cartesian system) the values ​​of the quantities (N), (P) and (V) decrease with distance from the origin, ie, that (N ₀ , P ₀ , V ₀ )> (N ₁ , P ₁ , V ₁ ), and so on. From Fig. 19, first, that any microclust of gravitons can be within certain limits, limited by the characteristic values ​​(N ₀ , P ₀ , V ₀ ) and (N ₈ , P ₈ , V ₈ ), and secondly, that in These limits change the external parameters of the microobject changes its own parameters in a significant range and, thirdly, that there are conditions (N ₄ , P ₄ , V ₄ ), where many of its parameters reach the maximum values. For example, if any gravitational clot, say a proton moving at a velocity V ₄ in the ether region, in which the pressure of the graviton "gas" is P ₄ , for some reason falls into the ether with a higher graviton "gas" pressure, For example P ₂ , then it will drop some of its mass ( M), will reduce the degree of average deformation of the gravitons entering into its composition ( X), its volume ( Q), the value of its electric charge ( H ), Will reduce the number of revolutions around its own axis ( N), etc.

It follows from the foregoing that the existing ideas about the invariance under any conditions of mass, electric charge and mechanical moment (spin) of subatomic particles are erroneous.

From Fig. 19 and it follows that as the velocity of the microsgots gravitons increases, their dimensions decrease, moreover not only in the direction of motion, as follows from the special theory of relativity, but in all three directions, ie, in the direction of motion. The volume q of microobjects decreases.

And now, taking into account the above ideas about the structure of electric charges and the forces of electromagnetic and gravitational interactions, we turn to the description of the simplest of the compound nuclei, namely the deuterium nucleus, i.e. Deuteron.

Let us first imagine that in a certain volume of space, characterized by the pressure of the graviton "gas" P ₄ (Figure 19), there is a proton (P) and a neutron (n), as shown schematically in Fig. 20a. Both microclusts of gravitons are surrounded by their own complex-structure electromagnetic fields, which for these conditions, as follows from Fig. 19, the maximum intensity in their latitudinal components H _P and H _N. A large distance between the particles causes their insignificant electromagnetic and gravitational interaction.

If we try to bring the proton closer together with the neutron (Fig. 20b), then, falling into high-stress fields of each other, which with respect to each of the particles considered can be considered external fields (N in Figure 19), microobjects will reduce their mass, Electromagnetic fields or the magnitude of their electrical charges, etc. This will increase the pressure drop of the graviton "gas" on both sides of the particles, which will facilitate our task. But when the proton approaches the neutron, more powerful forces come into play - the charged peripheral zones of the same name. In order to overcome this mutual pushing, it is necessary for both micro-clusters (or at least one of them) to impart a certain impulse sufficient to overcome barrier "b" (Figure 21). Suppose that the proton has an initial momentum, giving it the ability to overcome the first "obstacle course" on the way to the neutron. Further, the nucleons themselves approach each other to the position shown in Fig. 20c. In this case, the oppositely polarized electromagnetic fields or zones with oppositely charged electric charges of the proton and neutron are superimposed on each other, which (taking into account what was said earlier about compacting the space near the microclusters of gravitons and increasing the proportion of excess magnetism in gravitons, this space of generators) Particles due to the electromagnetic component of the nuclear interaction. In addition, the pressure drop of the graviton "gas" also increases on the different sides of the nucleons ( P ³_p and P ³_n ), which causes a large contribution to this interaction of the gravitational component. In other words, the proton enters the potential well "c", schematically shown in Fig. 21, although this applies equally to the neutron. As a consequence, both nucleons reduce their mass even more, reduce their total electric charges, etc.

Further interconnection of the particles is impeded by their mutual pushing caused by the interposition of equally polarized electromagnetic fields or zones with the same electric charges (region "2" in Figure 21).

Judging by the fact that helium-4, the core of which is synthesized from two deuterons, the mass defect attributed to one nucleon is larger than that of neighboring chemical elements, it can be asserted that in this nucleus the nucleons are "packed" more densely than in the deuteron And in the nuclei of other light chemical elements. In Fig. 22 schematically shows a helium-4 atom. On this and the subsequent drawings, protons are depicted in the form of black circles, and neutrons are shown in light circles.

It follows from the foregoing that in any of the constituent atomic nuclei, a proton with a proton or a neutron with a neutron can not come into direct contact. In other words, neutrons in atomic nuclei serve as the connecting links between protons, although equally it can be attributed to the protons through which neutrons are bound.

In addition, it can be assumed that all nucleons in atomic nuclei tend to combine their equatorial planes or to ensure the parallelism of their rotation axes.

Proceeding from the foregoing, and from the previously mentioned saturation property of nuclear forces, according to which any nucleon interacts not with all other nucleons but only with several neighboring nucleons, the author, following from relatively light atomic nuclei to increasingly heavy nuclei, tried to construct their models . It was possible to build models of atomic nuclei of all known chemical elements (their numerous isotopes) only on condition that atomic nuclei are original "nucleon ribbons" consisting of blocks: two protons - one neutron, two protons - three neutrons and one proton - two neutrons (The lower part of Figure 23).

Taking into account the fact that, as experimentally established, atomic nuclei are compact formations, and taking into account the direction of the forces of gravitational interaction acting on nuclear "ribbons", in particular, on their ends, the author came to the conclusion that the atomic nuclei are original spirals , As shown in Fig. 24. The first round of the nuclear spiral, closing neon, forms the chemical elements of the second period of the Periodic Table of DI Mendeleyev. In the nuclear spirals of chemical elements of subsequent periods, the number of complete turns (with the exception of the inert gases closing each new turn) is two units less than the number of the period in which this element enters.

In Fig. 25, the example of radon shows schematically the magnitude of the pressure of a graviton "gas" in its nuclear helix. Such a character of the increase in the pressure of a graviton "gas" as it approaches the center of a nuclear spiral is due to the expiration of gravitons (this "gas" of generators) from all the nucleons of the nuclear "ribbon". It is at the center of the nuclear spiral that there is, as it were, the focusing of gravitons that flow from nucleons towards it. For completeness of the described model of atoms it is necessary to say that the electrons in them border the nuclear "ribbons" from two sides, making oscillations in certain areas of the near-nuclear space that are in the "line of sight" zone of the proton with which this electron directly interacts.

The author lingered on a brief presentation of his ideas on the structure of atomic elements of heavier (than helium-4) chemical elements, seemingly unrelated to the subject of the present application, because, based on a structure of nuclear "ribbons", one can conclude On the nature of the changes in electrical charges of protons and neutrons as a function of the pressure of the graviton "gas" surrounding the nucleons.

As can be seen from the upper part of FIG. 23 (on which the coordinate system is similar to that shown in Figure 19), as the pressure of the graviton "gas" decreases, the electrical charges of those proton bands (e _p⁺ ) and neutrons (e _n^- ), which are responsible for the interconnection of nucleons in nuclear "ribbons ", First increase. In this case, in the range from P ₁ to P _{5, the} value of e _p⁺ exceeds the value of e _n^- , and in the region 1 (from P ₁ to P ₃ ), an appropriate charge of the zones of two neutrons is required to compensate for the electric charge of the zone of one proton, On the ends of the "ribbons" of heavy chemical elements of blocks that are turned into the nuclear spirals, one proton - two neutrons. In a more extensive region II (from P ₃ to P ₅ ), the compensation of the electric charges of the zones of two protons occurs when three neutrons are superimposed on them on the average. The magnitude of the pressure of the graviton "gas" at which the electric charges of the zones of protons and neutrons reach their maximum values, as discussed in the description of FIG. 19, do not coincide: compared with protons in neutrons, this maximum is shifted to lower pressures (range P ₅ -P ₇ , in Figure 23). In this regard, in the outward-facing ends of the nuclear "ribbons" of light and medium-sized chemical elements, there are blocks of two protons - one neutron.

Proceeding from the above ideas on the structure and properties of microworld objects, let us consider those conditions under which thermonuclear reactions could be realized, and analyze the earlier proposed analogues of the organization of a controlled synthesis process.

As it was said at the beginning of the application, this process was first realized in hydrogen bombs. In the simplest of such bombs, to approach the deuterons to the distances at which their fusion may occur, a directed explosion of an "ordinary" nuclear bomb was used, figuratively speaking. In other words, the charge of the fissile material-uranium or plutonium-exploded "inside" first, and it already crimped the hydrogen-containing charge inside it, which is a deuterium compound with lithium-6. At the same time, a synthesis began - the fusion of heavy hydrogen with the release of enormous energy and a significant number of fast neutrons. According to the calculations of specialists, during an extremely short time interval the pressure in the location of deuterium reached tens of millions of atmosphere. Since the pressure of the graviton "gas" in this or that volume of near-Earth space is determined ultimately by the number of microclusters of gravitons in this space, and by the density of their "packing," it can be asserted that at the epicenter of the explosion, where the pressure we were accustomed to was estimated at tens of millions of atmospheres, those. Where the atoms of the deuterium-containing substance were compressed tightly, the pressure of the graviton "gas" reached values ​​close to those that occur in the middle part of nuclear spirals of heavy chemical elements (region II in the upper part of Figure 23).

For such conditions, blocks consisting of two protons and three neutrons are characteristic. The process of their formation is schematically depicted in Fig. 26. In its upper part, the initial position of the deuterons in the hydrogen-containing charge is shown, in the middle part, their approach due to the "external" explosion of the fissioning matter, and the motion of the free neutron released during the explosion. In the lower part of Fig. 26 shows the block formed as a result of the thermonuclear reaction. It is a five-link proton-neutron chain, which in terms of the composition of nucleons is the core of one of the heavy isotopes of helium-helium-5. The formation of this chain is accompanied by the release of energy. It is due to the fact that because of the increase in the number of microclusters of gravitons in the space occupied by such a block, the pressure of the graviton "gas" (P2) in the surrounding ether of each of its nucleons becomes higher than that which occurred prior to the synthesis reaction (P ₁ in FIG. 26). The increase in the pressure of the graviton

"Gas" in the region of the formed block leads to the discharge by all its nucleons of excess mass for these conditions ( M) in Fig. 19) and, consequently, to the release of energy from microobjects. In Fig. 26 and the following figures, the allocation of energy from a microobject is conventionally shown as twisting arrows directed from it to the surrounding ether, and consumption - on the contrary.

The block under consideration is unstable. As the pressure of the graviton "gas" decreases in the epicenter of the explosion, the ratio of electric charges in the nucleon bands (e _p⁺ and e _n^- in Figure 23) changes toward increasing the share of "negative" neutron charges and one of the latter is ejected from the block (Fig. 27b). The remaining two protons and two neutrons are rearranged into a denser packing structure, which is the core of the helium-4 atom. This rearrangement is accompanied by a change in all parameters of the microclusters of gravitons, including the discharge of some of their mass ( M) into the surrounding ether in the form of strongly deformed gravitons, i. E. Release of a significant amount of energy.

Other variants of division of the initial block are possible, in particular, its decay (due to the excess negative charges of the middle neutron bands) on the deuterium and tritium nuclei (Fig. 27c). Therefore, after explosions of hydrogen bombs in the atmosphere and on the surface of the Earth, an increased content of tritium is found. Finally, it is possible to divide the original block, in which two neutrons are ejected from it, and the remaining core is a light helium isotope helium-3 (Fig. 27d).

It should be noted that, according to modern concepts, the thermonuclear process in hydrogen bombs proceeds in a different way. It is believed that the light lithium isotope mentioned above, which contains three protons and three neutrons, not only serves as a solid deuterium bond (lithium-6 deuteride) and absorber of free neutrons, but also takes a direct part in the reaction (Fig. 28). It is believed that in the first stage (Fig. 28a) two deuterons are connected, leading to the formation of a helium-3 nucleus and the release of a free neutron. These neutrons "bombard" the nuclei of lithium-6, causing their division into two parts - the nuclei of helium-4 and tritium (Fig. 28b). Tritium then reacts with deuterium, resulting in the creation of yet another helium-4 nucleus and the release of a free neutron (Fig. 28c). As a result of burning out the comparatively cheap deuteride of lithium-6, helium-3, helium-4 is believed to be formed, free neutrons are emitted and a large amount of energy is released.

In the opinion of the author of this application, in hydrogen bombs in which lithium-6 deuteride is used as a thermonuclear charge, in parallel with the processes of creation and division of the initial block described above (Figures 26 and 27), the transformation processes of lithium-6 nuclei occur, both schematically Is shown in Fig. 29. In the case of the capture of a single neutron by the lithium-6 nucleus, a lithium-7 nucleus is formed (the upper part of Figure 29). In the case of destruction by the free neutron of the nucleus of lithium-6, helium-4 and tritium nuclei are formed (the lower part of Fig. 29). This is explained by the fact that, under terrestrial conditions, the lithium-6 core has a limiting ratio between the charges of the corresponding zones of protons and neutrons, which can be confirmed by a relatively small fraction of this isotope (7.42%) in natural lithium, consisting of 92.58% From lithium-7). When a lithium-6 nucleus hits a region of space with a higher pressure of a graviton "gas," such a "fragile" equilibrium is broken (see Fig. In them the uncompensated charges of the corresponding zones of the three protons begin to predominate, causing the mutual pushing of the latter. This excess is either compensated by attaching a fourth neutron to the nucleus, or leads to its destruction under the action of a free neutron. The implementation of this or that variant is conditioned by the energy of the free neutrons and by the location and angle at which they enter the nuclei of lithium-6.

Particular attention should be paid to the fact that the contribution of lithium reactions to energy release during explosions of hydrogen bombs is negligible. This is due to the relatively dense "packing" of the nucleons in the original nucleus of lithium-6, i.e. Relatively high pressure of the graviton "gas" in the region of space occupied by this core. The attachment of one high-velocity neutron to six nucleons (the upper part of Figure 29) leads to an insignificant increase in the pressure of the graviton "gas" and to a small drop of gravitons from all microobjects (small M in Fig. 19) and, consequently, to a relatively small energy release. For the same reasons, it will be small (if at all) if two protons and two neutrons are separated from the initial lithium-6 nucleus, i.e. At the birth of the helium-4 nucleus (the lower part of Fig. 29) to the helium-4 nucleus (due to the decay of the previously described initial block). What concerns the second fragment of this core, i.e. To the nucleus of tritium, then its birth is accompanied by the consumption of energy, but by its liberation. Indeed, in the tritium core, the pressure of the graviton "gas" is lower than in the nucleus of lithium-6, and consequently, the nucleons of the tritium core will increase their mass, rather than drop it. In a small contribution to the energy release in the explosion of hydrogen bombs lithium reactions can be verified by measuring the energy released by "firing" targets from lithium-6 accelerated neutrons. As is known, lithium-6 is currently the only industrial source for the production of tritium. Thus, from the point of view of the maximum possible extraction of energy from the substance, the use of lithium-6 in the charges of hydrogen bombs is irrational, since in any of the variants this results in the absorption of free neutrons that could "work" with much greater efficiency in the formation of proton- Neutron blocks from deuterons. This disadvantage is compensated by the fact that the use of lithium-6 makes it possible to obtain a deuterium-containing charge of the required power in a solid state, with a much smaller volume than with deuterium in gaseous or liquid form.

Thus, the allocation of a colossal amount of energy in the explosion of hydrogen bombs is caused by the formation of blocks of two protons - three neutrons and the "birth" of helium-4 nuclei.

In conclusion, it should be noted that a short-term, but multiple increase in the pressure of a graviton "gas" in small epicenters of hydrogen bomb explosions leads to the fact that, under the action of the previously described forces of gravitational interaction, microclusters of gravitons self-cling, and consequently, molecules consisting of them And the body, while discarding part of the mass, i.e. Allocating additional energy. Figuratively speaking, these epicenters for a short time appear in the role of a kind of vacuum pumps, sucking everything from the space surrounding the explosion. As far as the author is aware, there is as yet no sufficient explanation for the "vacuum effect" that occurs in nuclear and thermonuclear explosions. Explosions of ordinary charges with such kind of effects are not accompanied not only because of their relatively lower power, but also mainly because in the processes of chemical reactions, the discharge of gravitons into the ether is produced by electrons in which the initial deformation of gravitons is many times less, Than in nucleons, and, consequently, the pressure of the graviton "gas" in the epicenter of such an explosion rises by an incomparably smaller amount.

So, for the synthesis of helium-4 nuclei from deuterons, first, high pressures or high velocities of microobjects (high, estimated at tens of millions of degrees of temperature) and, secondly, free neutrons, providing a "bundle" of deuterons in the above-mentioned linear Shaped block. Therefore, the synthesis of a few helium-4 nuclei in laboratory conditions can be realized from a deuterium-tritium plasma, which requires an initial heating up to almost one hundred million degrees. However, an extremely small amount of tritium in the environment around us (the average content of tritium in natural waters is one atom per 10 ¹⁸ atoms of ordinary hydrogen) does not give grounds for hopes for a large-scale introduction of such a process in the energy sector. In addition, deuterium-tritium fuel is not flawless and ecologically: during the reaction (the transition of microobjects from the state represented in Figure 27c to the state depicted in Figure 27b), a large number of fast neutrons are released. This not only makes it difficult to select metals with a large resource for reactors, but also creates problems associated with increased radioactivity. Incidentally, one of the fuel components is also radioactive: tritium, the half-life of which is 12, 26 years. In a word, just as it is in the nuclear power industry, an urgent task in the creation of such power plants will be the task of removing, transporting and burial of radioactive waste.

As mentioned earlier, one of the well-known proposals on the organization of the reaction for the synthesis of light-chemical elements nuclei is a proposal that involves the use of high-speed directed (with the help of a powerful electrostatic field) towards each other ion beams consisting of microobjects with the same polarization of the spins. In addition to the previously mentioned shortcomings of this proposal, we should also mention a number of others. As can be seen from Fig. 19, when ions move, for example deuterons, at high velocities V (sufficient to overcome the Coulomb repulsion when they meet) in a relatively strong electrostatic field (N), the microclusters of gravitons, in particular protons, enter into their composition, will decrease the value of their electric charge, which Complicates the solution of the problem of compression of beams and the formation of spiral trajectories of motion of the latter by means of coaxial magnets, i.e. Will require an increase in the intensity of the electrostatic field, and consequently, energy costs.

A decrease in the volumes of microclusters of gravitons (q) in both beams, in comparison with their dimensions under ordinary conditions, will reduce the already small probability of meeting nucleons and their fusion. The latter will also be countered by the fact that, due to the difference in the decrease in the values ​​of electric charges responsible for the interconnection of the zones in protons and neutrons, in the described conditions (as it follows from Figure 23) deuterons will become more and more "positively" charged, Which will cause their increased mutual impact. As stated earlier, to merge deuterons into helium-4 nuclei in such conditions, excess neutrons are needed. It is possible to use as a microobject in one of the beams not deuterons, but polarized tritium nuclei. This will be another way, and for its implementation you will need a fundamentally different device. In addition, such a process will have all the disadvantages mentioned above when considering devices operating on deuterium-tritium fuel.

Since all proposals for the organization of controlled thermonuclear fusion using solid-state deuterium-containing tablets, including spin-polarized deuterons, in the final analysis, involve the compression and heating of local regions in the synthesized material due to strongly focused beams of photons, electrons, protons or Ions, then all the above disadvantages will be inherent in the devices in which these proposals can be implemented.

In conclusion of a brief analysis of the existing proposals (the state of the art), one should say about the prospect of mastering the most developed proposal for implementing controlled synthesis of helium-4 nuclei from high-temperature deuterium gas or plasma. One of the main problems is that it is necessary to keep the plasma in an isolated state for a sufficiently long time, on the one hand, not allowing its contact with the walls of the reactor and, as a result, their melting, and on the other, Start "and the maintenance of the reaction is less than that which will be obtained as a result of the synthesis. To solve this problem, huge forces and resources have already been spent and are being spent. Plasma is attempted to be retained by strong magnetic fields. However, the retention time achieved so far was at best 50 times less than the required one. It is unlikely that this will be done in the future. The thing is that with this approach to solving this problem, they try, figuratively speaking, "to break the vicious circle." As can be seen from Fig. 19, as the magnetic field strength (N) increases, the dimensions of the microclusters of gravitons (q) decrease and the values ​​of their electric charges decrease (H ).

To parry such changes, an increase in the strength of the magnetic confinement field is required. This leads to a further decrease in the size of microobjects and a decrease in the values ​​of their electrical charges, which, in turn, requires the next increase in the strength of the magnetic field, etc.

The aim of the proposed invention is to create a highly efficient environmentally friendly power plant in which energy is obtained by the synthesis of light atomic nuclei from deuterons.

The goal is achieved in the method of obtaining energy due to the synthesis of light atomic nuclei from deuterons based on firing by beams of accelerated ions of deuterium tablets with spin-polarized deuterons. The deuterium tablets are cooled to a temperature close to absolute zero, periodically fed into the active zone of the reaction chamber, previously evacuated and shielded from external electromagnetic fields, and fired at them with weakly focused and having the smallest possible dimensions in the direction of motion by deuteron beams, with deuterons in beams Polarize the same way as the deuterons in the tablets are polarized, orient so that the rotation axes of their nucleons are parallel to the axes of rotation of the nucleons in the tablets and accelerate to velocities sufficient to penetrate deuterons deep into deuterium tablets.

The goal is achieved in an installation for generating energy containing a liquid deuterium tank, a dispenser for pouring liquid deuterium into the molding sleeves, a deuterium-helium heat exchanger surrounded by an electromagnet, a helium pre-cooling unit, a deuterium table feeding device to the core, a reaction chamber with a cooling path, A heat pump carrier, a vacuum chamber, a vacuum pump, a coolant tank in which a steam-water system heat exchanger is mounted, a water pump, a working turbine coupled to an electric generator, a polarization accelerator deuteron unit connected by an outlet to the reactor chamber's active zone and connected to one of three outputs From the deuterium liquefaction and helium separation unit, the other two outlets of which are connected by lines to the liquid deuterium tank and the helium pre-cooling unit, and the input to the device through a vacuum pump, vacuum chamber and valve is connected to a reaction chamber from which unreacted deuterium and synthesized helium enters.

In Fig. 30 schematically shows the described method for obtaining energy. In this figure the items are:

1 - protons,

2 - neutrons,

3 - deuterons - "shells",

4 - molecules of a deuterium tablet (electrons not shown),

5 - deuterons-"targets".

As is known, deuterons consist of protons 1 and neutrons 2. When deuterons "shells" 3 enter a deuterium tablet containing diatomic molecules 4, the maximum possible number of which is in the artoform, part of the deuteron "projectiles" reacts with a part of deuterons- "Targets" 5, i. E. Merges into the nuclei of helium-4, thereby dropping from the nucleons of the newly formed nucleus into the surrounding ether a certain fraction of its mass in the form of strongly deformed gravitons, i.e. Releasing energy. It is possible that in rare cases, in the process of nuclear (strong) interaction of deuteron "shells" with deuterium molecules, the tablets will form lithium-6 nuclei.

As follows from Fig. 19, when the temperature (low velocity V), the low pressure of the graviton "gas" P and the low external magnetic field strength of the microclots of gravitons in deuterium tablets, ie protons and neutrons in the "target," are close to absolute zero, have a relatively large volume, Which increases the probability of collision with them of deuterons-"projectiles."

To this end, and not only to bring the deuterium fed into the reaction chamber to the solid state and to preserve as many of the deuterium molecules in the orthoform as possible in the tablets, as provided in the analogues, it is proposed not only to freeze the deuterium tablets, but also to cool them to a temperature close to To absolute zero.

The fusion of deuterons into the helium-4 nuclei is facilitated by the fact that, as follows from Fig. 23, in the pressure range of the graviton "gas" P ₅ -P ₇ , the target deuterons have an excess "negative charge" of those neutron bands that are responsible for the interconnection of nucleons in atomic nuclei. This follows, in particular, from the bottom of Fig. 23, which shows the development of nuclear "ribbons". In light chemical elements on the ends of the ribbons facing outwards, that is, at places of comparatively small pressure of the graviton "gas," the "electric charge" of one neutron is compensated by the electric charges of two protons. At the same time, because of the relatively high velocities of deuterons-"projectiles," which, judging from Fig. 19, is equivalent to a high pressure of the graviton "gas" P, the "positive" charges of the corresponding zones of protons predominate. The latter can be confirmed by the appearance of the ends of the nuclear "ribbons" turned into the nuclear spirals of heavy chemical elements, as shown in the lower part of Fig. 23. As can be seen from this figure, at high pressures of the graviton "gas" (range P ₁ -P ₃ ), the electric charge of one proton is compensated by the "electric charge" of two neutrons.

In connection with the foregoing, in order to overcome the Coulomb barrier, the deuteron "projectiles" must be provided with energy substantially less than in the cases of the analogs described above, including the one chosen as a prototype.

Since in terrestrial conditions the pressure of a graviton "gas" in a particular volume of space depends on the number of microobjects (elementary particles, atoms, molecules) in this volume and on the intensity of the electromagnetic fields in it, to reduce the ether density (decrease of P in FIG. 19) from the active zone of the reaction chamber it is proposed after each next cycle of energy release not just to dump the excess gas pressure, but to vacuum it, and shield the active zone from external electromagnetic fields.

In contrast to the known proposals, the firing of deuterium tablets in the proposed method for obtaining energy must be made by weakly focused beams of deuterons. Weakly focused, because with their strong focus, intensive heating of local areas in tablets and, as a consequence, loss of the above advantages due to low temperatures of target deuterons will occur. For the same reason, it is necessary to ensure the minimum possible extent of the beams in the direction of their movement. Otherwise, the deuterons in the deuterons, the "projectiles," will sooner react with the target deuterons, accompanied by the release of a large amount of energy and, consequently, heating up those areas in the tablets (with all the negative consequences that follow) into which Will fall a little later "shells" -outsiders. To achieve a reduction in the extent of the beams in the direction of motion, one can increase the frequency of the microobjects of the electric field accelerating them.

For weak focusing of deuteron beams, polarization of the latter and acceleration of them to relatively low velocities sufficient to penetrate deuteron "projectiles" into the depth of loose tablets, less energy will be needed than in the implementation of proposals selected as analogs, including a prototype offering Relatively large energy costs for the constant circulation of reagent ions along a closed curve.

Since under these conditions the helium-4 nuclei are formed by the direct fusion of two deuterons, and not by the "birth" of the one shown in Fig. 27 of the five-link chain, as is the case with explosions of hydrogen bombs and with deuterium-tritium reactions in laboratory installations, problems associated with free neutrons are eliminated, i.e. With the choice of materials for reaction chambers, increased radioactivity, and the like.

Thus, in the implementation of the proposed method of energy production, minimal damage will be done to the environment of our habitat, associated only with the discharge of unused heat into it.

The practical inexhaustibility of "fuel," which can not be said about other types of fuel (coal, oil, gas, shales, uranium-bearing ores) also belongs to the obvious advantages of the proposed method of extracting energy from matter.

After all, in ordinary water, i.e. In the water of rivers, lakes, seas and oceans, contains 0.15% deuterium.

To estimate the effectiveness of the proposed method of extracting energy from the substance, approximate calculations of a power plant with a capacity of 1000 MW, operating at an overheated steam to 560 ^° C, the pressure of which before the first stage of the turbine is 240 ata. The second steam flow rate should be about 800 kg, and the thermal power of the reaction chamber should be about 3.2 × 10 ⁶ kW (0.76 × 10 ⁶ kcal / s or 3.2 × 10 ⁶ erg / s). When two deuterons merge into the helium-4 nucleus, approximately 3.85 x 10 ^-5 erg of energy is released. It follows that in the reaction chamber of a 1000 MW power plant, 1.7 · 10 ²¹ deuterons must react every second every second. Knowing that the mass of the deuterium atom is 3.34 · 10 ^-27 kg, you can determine the required second "fuel" consumption. It is 5.7 · 10 ^-6 kg. With the continuous operation of such an installation, about 180 kg of deuterium will be "burned" throughout the year, which can be extracted from 120 tons of ordinary water. Of course, to ensure the synthesis of helium nuclei from deuterium, the latter will need to be fed into the reaction chamber in the form of tablets and expended in the preparation of deuterons-"shells" in much larger quantities. But unreacted deuterium atoms and deuterons- "projectiles" can be used many times.

A comparison was also made between the proposed method of obtaining energy from a substance with chemical reactions, in particular, with the most efficient of them oxygen-hydrogen. When one kilogram of hydrogen is combined with eight kilograms of oxygen, 29 · 10 ³ kcal of heat is released. It follows that the second consumption of the oxygen-hydrogen mixture at the power plant of the above capacity would have to be 26 kg, and the annual consumption - about 820000 tons, which is almost 4.6 · 10 ⁶ times greater than in the synthesis of helium-4 nuclei from deuterons.

The proposed method for obtaining energy can be realized in an installation, the schematic diagram of which is shown in FIG. 31. In this figure, the items denote:

6 - a tank of liquid deuterium;

7 - batcher;

8 - deuterium-helium heat exchanger;

9 - helium pre-cooling unit;

10 - electromagnet;

11 - device for feeding deuterium tablets;

12 - deuterium tablet;

13 - reaction chamber;

14 - polarization accelerator deuteron block;

15 - a beam of deuterons;

16 - circulating coolant pump;

17 - coolant container;

18 - cooling circuit of the reaction chamber;

19 - heat exchanger of steam-water system;

20 - water pump;

21 - turbine;

22 - electric generator;

23 - the valve;

24 - heat exchanger of the reaction chamber;

25 - the vacuum chamber;

26 - the vacuum pump;

27 - device for liquefaction of deuterium and separation of helium.

In such an installation, the liquid deuterium tank 6 is connected by a pipeline to the respective shut-off and regulating units at the inlet to the dispenser 7, the outlet of which is connected by a system for supplying the liquid-deuterium-forming shells to the inlet to the deuterium-helium heat exchanger 8, which is connected by the lines of the inlet and outlet of the refrigerant with the block Pre-cooling of helium-9. The Deuterium-helium heat exchanger is surrounded by an electromagnet 10 and connected at the outlet to the deuterium pellet supply device 11 11 to the active zone of the reaction chamber 13 which is connected to the output of the deuteron beam 15 from the polarization acceleration deuteron block 14. The circulation pump 16 is connected by lines with an outlet from a coolant tank 17 and with an entrance to the cooling path of the reaction chamber 18, the outlet of which is connected by a heat-insulated pipeline with an inlet to the coolant container. The heat exchanger of the steam-water system 19 is connected by pipelines to the output of the water pump 20 and to the steam inlet into the working turbine 21 articulated with the generator 22. The valve 23 is connected through a heat exchanger 24 with a gas outlet from the reaction chamber and with an inlet to a vacuum chamber 25 whose outlet is connected A pipeline with an inlet to a vacuum pump 26. The output from the vacuum pump is connected by a line to the entrance to a deuterium liquefaction unit 27 having three outlets connected by lines to a liquid deuterium tank 6, a helium pre-cooling unit 9, and a polarization acceleration unit 14.

Liquid deuterium from tank 6 is fed into dispenser 7, where it is spilled into special molding sleeves designed to form future deuterium tablets. These sleeves enter the heat exchanger 8, where the deuterium is frozen by cooling with liquid helium. Liquid helium is supplied to the heat exchanger from block 9, in which, as it flows from the heat exchanger, it is pre-cooled to the lowest possible temperature. For the desired orientation of the microclusters of gravitons of deuterium atoms in the process of freezing, the heat exchanger is surrounded by a special electromagnet 10 that creates the corresponding magnetic field. With the aid of the device 11, the deuterium tablets 12 are periodically fed into the previously evacuated and screened (to exclude the effect of external electromagnetic fields) active zone of the reaction chamber 13. At the right time, deuterium tablets from the polarization accelerator deuteron block 14 are directed into polarized and oriented, As well as in deuterium tablets, beams of deuterons-"shells" 15.

The energy released during the synthesis of helium-4 nuclei, which is carried by the graviton "gas" of high pressure, individual subatomic particles and microdrops from their "fur coats", unreacted deuterium and deuteron-shells, and the nuclei and helium atoms formed, through Wall of the reaction chamber is transferred to the heat carrier supplied by the circulation pump 16 from the container-heat exchanger 17 to the cooling section 18 of the reaction chamber. The necessity of the coolant capacity is due to the cyclic nature of the energy release in the reaction chamber. Purified water is supplied to the heat exchanger 19 disposed in the said tank 19 by means of a pump 20. After heating and evaporation, it enters a turbine 21 connected to an electric generator 22. After each energy release cycle, a valve 23 and a high-temperature deuterium-helium gas in the reaction chamber An additional heat exchanger 24 and, giving away some of the heat to the heat carrier, enters the vacuum chamber 25. From this chamber, the gas is evacuated in the device 27, in which the liquefaction of deuterium and, if necessary, helium, takes place. Most of the deuterium returns to the tank 6, and a smaller part of it enters the polarization accelerator deuteron block 14 to prepare deuteron "projectiles." To reduce energy consumption for the preparation of deuterons-"projectiles", it is possible to take ionized deuterium directly from the reaction chamber. The liquid helium from the device 27 can be supplied to the unit 9.

To begin work on the development of the proposed method of energy production, it follows from the experiments on "firing" polarized deuterium tablets cooled to near zero absolute temperature by beams of polarized, oriented, as well as in tablets, and accelerated deuterons on existing accelerators. The purpose of these experiments will be not only to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method of obtaining energy, but also to establish optimal parameters for the design of industrial power plants.

CLAIM

1. A method for obtaining energy by synthesizing light atomic nuclei from deuterons, based on bombardment by beams of accelerated ions of deuterium tablets with spin-polarized deuterons, characterized in that deuterium tablets are cooled to a temperature close to absolute zero, are periodically supplied to the active zone of the reaction chamber , Preliminarily evacuated and shielded from external electromagnetic fields, and fired at them with faintly focused and having the smallest possible dimensions in the direction of motion by the deuteron beams, while the deuterons in the beams are polarized in the same way as the deuterons in the tablets are polarized, oriented in such a way that the rotation axes of their nucleons Were parallel to the axes of rotation of nucleons in tablets, and accelerated to velocities sufficient to penetrate deuterons deep into deuterium tablets.

2. An energy production unit comprising a liquid deuterium tank, a dispenser for pouring liquid deuterium into the molding sleeves, a deuterium-helium heat exchanger surrounded by an electromagnet, a helium pre-cooling unit, a deuterium table feeding device to the core, a reaction chamber with a cooling path, a coolant circulation pump, A vacuum pump, a coolant tank in which a steam-water system heat exchanger is mounted, a water pump, a working turbine articulated with an electric generator, characterized in that it is provided with a polarization acceleration deuteron unit connected by an outlet with the reactor chamber's active zone and a connected highway with one Of the three exits from the deuterium liquefaction device and helium separation, the other two outlets of which are connected by mains to the liquid-action tank and the helium pre-cooling unit, and the input to the device through the vacuum pump, the vacuum chamber and the valve is connected to the reaction chamber from which unreacted deuterium and Synthesized helium.

print version
Date of publication 09.01.2007гг

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