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DEVICES AND METHODS OF ECONOMY AND PRESERVATION OF ELECTRICITY
INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2194326

METHOD OF CONCLUSION OF ENERGY FROM INDUCTIVE ENERGY DRIVE TO LOAD

METHOD OF CONCLUSION OF ENERGY FROM INDUCTIVE ENERGY DRIVE TO LOAD

The name of the inventor: Egorov Oleg Georgievich
The name of the patent holder: Egorov Oleg Georgievich
Address for correspondence: 142092, Moscow Region, Troitsk, microdistrict "B", V-38, sq. 122, O.G. Egorov
Date of commencement of the patent: 2001.03.01

The invention relates to a high-current pulsed electric power industry and allows, when using it, to increase the efficiency of energy transfer from an inductive energy storage (INE) to a load. The technical result is to increase the efficiency of energy transfer from the INE to the load. The method includes passing through 0.5-1.0 s through the series-connected INE and closed electrodes of the vacuum circuit breaker (VR) of the pump current. After the pump reaches a predetermined value, the INE is sequentially closed to the VR electrodes and they are spaced by a distance equal to 0.95-1.2 of the distance between the parallel lines, by which the pumping current is supplied to the VR electrodes. Further, the arc discharge produced between the VR electrodes is extinguished by passing a countercurrent pulse through them, the duration of which is not less than the time necessary to restore the electrical strength of the interelectrode gap, and fill the interelectrode gap before the end of the countercurrent pulse, at a vacuum (5-8) -5 Torr, plasma with a concentration of 10 12 -10 14 cm -3 . A current pulse in a load of 0.3-0.5 μs duration is formed after the end of the plasma decay under the action of a magnetic field produced by a current flowing along parallel buses in which holes are made coaxial to the VR electrodes.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a high-current pulse electric power industry, and more particularly to methods for switching current in devices with inductive energy storage devices (INE).

The main problem that has not been solved so far in the practical implementation of powerful pulsed energy sources with INE is the creation of a powerful disconnect switchgear capable of converting an energy of the order of 10 7 -10 8 J accumulated over a time of the order of one second into a pulse with a duration of 200-300 ns . At present, various known means for commutating DC circuits are used to perform the switching of the pump induction current to the load.

From the prior art, a method for discharging energy from an INE to a load is known (author's certificate SU-A-955262, 1979 [1]), according to which, at the time the INE pump achieves the desired value through a switched section of the circuit connected in parallel with the load circuit, from an additional power source A current pulse whose direction is opposite to the direction of the INE pumping current is transmitted, when the current value in the switched section of the circuit is equal to zero (when a so-called "current pause" occurs), the electrode of the circuit breaker, for example a vacuum circuit included in the switched section of the circuit, is diluted by a predetermined distance, and The current pulse in the load circuit is formed by switching off the additional power supply. The known method refers to the so-called methods of arcless commutation (Physics and Technology of Powerful Impulse Systems, Collection of Articles edited by Academician Velikhov EP - Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1987 [2], pp. 110-114), the essence of which Is to create before the switching process conditions that exclude the possibility of an arc discharge between the electrodes of the circuit breaker.

The main drawback of the known method of outputting energy from the inductive energy storage device to the load is that it does not provide a high efficiency of energy output from the INE. Indeed, the parameter determining the efficiency of the output of energy from the INE to the load is the duration of the trailing edge of the current pulse (countercurrent), creating a "pause of current" in the switched section of the circuit. The absence of powerful (from 10 12 W and higher) circuit breakers capable of providing a ratio of the duration of the current flowing through them (the duration of the "pause of current") to the switching time is much less than ten, does not allow the high efficiency of energy output from the INE In the load, since even with the use of fast-acting induction-dynamic mechanisms for electrode dilatation, the duration of the "pause current" is more than 2 ms.

A method for extracting energy from the INE to the load is also known ([2], p.114-116), taken as a prototype, according to which after reaching the set point of the INE pump, a disconnection of the disconnector electrodes in the switched section of the circuit Load circuit, then a current pulse is passed through the commutated circuit section, the amplitude of which is equal, and the direction is opposite to the magnitude and direction of the arc discharge current resulting from the opening of the disconnector electrodes, after the electrical strength of the interelectrode gap of the breaker is restored, a current pulse To the load by disconnecting an additional current source.

In a preferred embodiment of this known method of outputting energy from the INE to the load, vacuum disconnectors are used, since they are characterized by the shortest recovery time of the electrical strength of the interelectrode gap. However, the recovery time of the electrical strength of the vacuum interelectrode gap strongly depends on the value of the switched current. In the interesting range of currents 1-10 kA commutated by the circuit breaker, the time of restoration of the electric strength of the vacuum gap formed by copper electrodes increases monotonically from 20 to 400 μs. In other words, the known method makes it possible to substantially reduce (at least five times) the duration of the "current pause" and, consequently, to increase, in comparison with [1], the efficiency of energy transfer to the load by decreasing the duration of the trailing edge of the countercurrent pulse in the switched section of the circuit. In addition, various technical solutions are known from the prior art aimed at reducing the amount of a drop fraction formed as a result of a vacuum arc discharge in the interelectrode gap and playing a dominant role in the process of restoring the electrical strength of a vacuum circuit breaker. First, the shorter the time there is an arc discharge, the less the droplet fraction is formed in the interelectrode gap. In this case, the erosive effect of the arc discharge is the strongest, when the distance between the electrodes is small, since in this case the action of the arc on the molten mass of the electrode material results in the blowing out of the metal from the molten metal bath. In accordance with the foregoing, the electrodes are diluted by means of induction dynamic mechanisms (Karpenko LN Fast-acting electrodynamic switching devices - L .: Energia, 1973 [3]), providing a high initial speed. Secondly, it is proposed to create in the interelectrode gap the radial and axial magnetic fields that ensure the movement of the arc over the surface of the electrodes (author's certificate SU-A-215281, 1968 [4]). As the speed of the arc is increased, the power it extracts is not sufficient to warm the electrode material to a great depth, which leads to an even smaller reduction of the drop fraction in the interelectrode gap (Rakovsky, VI, "Physical Foundations of Switching the Electric Current in a Vacuum." - Moscow: Nauka, 1970, 437, 466 [5]).

Thus, the use of the aforementioned technical solutions in the method taken as a prototype would, in principle, provide for the range of commutated currents in the interest range the time for restoring the electrical strength of the interelectrode gap is not more than 30-40 microseconds. In other words, using the method described above, it is possible to provide a 50-100-fold reduction in the duration of the "current pause" compared to [l]. However, these parameters are an order of magnitude worse than the requirements for a powerful disconnecting equipment, which are required by the modern high-current pulsed electric power industry.

The present invention is directed to solving a technical problem of increasing the efficiency of energy transfer (output) from the INE to the load due to a reduction of up to 300-500 ns of the switching time of the INE pump current to the load.

The stated task is solved by the fact that in a method of outputting energy from an inductive energy storage device to a load, according to which, through a series connected inductive energy storage device and closed electrodes of a vacuum circuit breaker, a pumping current of an inductive energy store is passed during 0.5-1.0 s, Pumping a set value, the inductive energy storage device is sequentially closed to the electrodes of a vacuum circuit breaker connected in parallel with the load circuit and a vacuum circuit breaker electrode is driven to a predetermined distance, then an arc discharge is generated between the electrodes, after which the arc discharge is extinguished by passing a countercurrent pulse through the electrodes of the vacuum circuit breaker, Which is no less than the time necessary to restore the electrical strength of the interelectrode gap of the vacuum circuit breaker, and then generate a current pulse in the load, according to the invention, the vacuum is maintained at a level of (5-8) × 10 -5 Torr, the pumping current of the inductive energy storage device to the electrodes of the vacuum circuit breaker By means of two busbars parallel to each other and electrically connected to the corresponding electrode, each having a through hole coaxial to the electrodes of the vacuum disconnector, the electrodes of the vacuum disconnector being spaced by a distance equal to 0.95-1.2 of the distance between the parallel lines, Of the same gap between the tires and the corresponding electrode along its entire perimeter, before the end of the counter-current pulse, the interelectrode gap of the vacuum circuit breaker is filled with a plasma with a concentration of 10 12 -10 14 cm -3 , and the current pulse in the load occurs after the termination of the plasma destruction in the interelectrode gap under the action A magnetic field produced by a current flowing along parallel buses and a plasma-filled interelectrode gap.

In addition, it is expedient to fill the interelectrode gap with plasma for 3-4 μs, and the trailing edge of the countercurrent pulse is formed with the help of a breaker with an exploding wire or foil.

It is preferable to carry out the dilution of the electrodes of a vacuum breaker by means of an induction dynamic mechanism, and to provide a clearance between each electrode and the tire covering it around the perimeter equal to 0.1-0.3 mm.

The advantage of the proposed method over the known method lies in the fact that by transforming (before the end of the "current pause" phase) the physical characteristics of the interelectrode gap of the vacuum ((5-8) · 10 -5 Torr) breaker (restoring its electrical strength) by filling it with plasma With a concentration of 10 12 -10 14 cm -3 , and by providing a supply of pumping current to the electrodes of the vacuum breaker by means of two parallel bars with through holes having a size providing the same gap along the entire perimeter of the electrodes of the vacuum circuit breaker relative to the corresponding bus, the duration of the current pulse In the load decreased by an order of magnitude and amounted to 0.3-0.5 microseconds.

The present invention is explained by a specific example, which clearly demonstrates the possibility of achieving the above mentioned set of essential features of the desired technical result. Naturally, the forms of implementation of the inventive idea are not limited to the example given below, since on the basis of the new technical solution formulated above, other devices can be created on the basis of combinations of other means, but of the same functional purpose.

METHOD OF CONCLUSION OF ENERGY FROM INDUCTIVE ENERGY DRIVE TO LOAD

1 schematically shows an apparatus for implementing the method of the invention; In Fig. Figures 2 and 3 show the successive phases of the process of plasma rupture of the circuit between the electrodes of the vacuum circuit breaker, while electrons and ions are conditionally shown in the form of circles with minus and plus sign respectively, and their trajectories by arrows.

The device for implementing the proposed method of power output from the inductive energy storage device to the load comprises an INE 1, a pump generator 2, a sealed chamber 3 made of a dielectric material and provided with an output window 4, a contactor 5, a breaker 6 and a pulsed current source 7. The sealed chamber 3 is connected to a vacuum system (not shown) to create a pressure (5-8) · 10 -6 Torr in its cavity. Inside the sealed chamber 3 are placed: the first 8 and the second 9 electrodes of the vacuum breaker, which are mounted coaxially opposite each other and with the possibility of axial movement; At least two plasma generators 10 'and 10 ", for example erosive; Arrester 11; A load 12 and two bus bars 13 'and 13 "arranged parallel to each other. The electrodes 8 and 9 of the vacuum circuit breaker are connected with an induction-dynamic mechanism (not shown in the drawing), providing during 2-3 msec a dilution of the electrodes 8 and 9 by a distance corresponding to 0.95-1.2 of the distance between the bus bars 13 'and 13' ', Which in the preferred embodiment is 20-30 mm. The electric pump current is supplied to the vacuum breaker electrode 8 via a bus 13 'which is electrically connected to it by at least two flexible current leads 14', 14 ", and to the electrode 9 by a grounded bus 13" which is connected to With at least two flexible current leads 15 'and 15 ". In the tires 13 'and 13 "coaxially to the electrodes 8 and 9, respectively, through holes 16' and 16", diameters of 0.2-0.6 mm, exceed the outer diameter of the electrodes 8 and 9 of the vacuum circuit breaker. Here, it should be noted that in the case of the electrodes 8 and 9 of another shape, the through-holes 16 'and 16 "should have the same shape and their dimensions are selected from the condition of providing the same gap along the perimeter of the electrodes 8 and 9 equal to 0.1-0 , 3 mm. The bus 13 'is connected via an arrester 11 to an ungrounded load terminal 12, and also to a vacuum electrical outlet 17. In the bus 13', through holes 18 'and 18' ', preferably slotted holes 18' and 18 '' are made in front of each plasma generator 10 'and 10 ". The number of flexible current leads is chosen based on the value of the switched current, and the number and spatial arrangement of the flexible current leads are chosen such that the magnetic field created by them (when electric current flows through them) in the interelectrode gap of the vacuum circuit breaker is minimal.

The breaker 6 comprises an exploding wire (foil) 19, for example connected via controlled dischargers 20 ', 20 "to the capacitive storage 21.

The pulsed current source 7 comprises a controlled arrester 22, an uncontrolled spark gap 23, and an LC line forming N serial L i C i -chains, where i = 1, 2, ... N, wherein the inductance output of the first L 1 C 1 -chain is connected via a controlled spark gap 22 to the first terminal of the pulsed current source 7. The inductance deductions of the remaining N-1 L j C j -chains, where j = 2, 3,. . . N are connected to each other and through an uncontrolled spark gap 23 and are connected to the first terminal of the pulsed current source 7. The terminals of all NL i C capacitors of the i- chains are connected to each other and are the second (grounded) terminal of the pulsed current source 7. The inductance and capacitance point of the first L 1 С 1 -chain is the third terminal (the input for charging the capacitance C 1 ) of the pulsed current source 7 providing a current pulse in the form close to rectangular.

The first terminal of the INE 1 is connected to the bus 13 'and its second terminal is connected to an ungrounded terminal of the pump generator 2 and through the contactor 5 to the grounded bus 13. The first terminal of the pulsed current source 7 is connected to the vacuum electric input 17 through the breaker 6, and its The second terminal is grounded, and the position of the electrodes 8 and 9 of the vacuum circuit breaker in their initial (closed) state is shown in the dotted line in Figure 1. In other words, in the initial state, the load circuit (connected in series with the discharger 11 and the load 12) is shorted by a vacuum disconnector connected in parallel with the load It should also be noted that with not too much current pulse energy in the load 12, the load 12 itself and the spark gap 11 can be placed outside the sealed chamber 3. On the other hand, in some cases it may be appropriate (in terms of providing high electric strength) Inside the sealed chamber 3 and INE 1.

The method of outputting energy from the INE 1 to the load 12 is carried out as follows. Preliminary from the DC power sources (not shown in the drawing), the capacitive storage 21 and the capacity of the first L 1 C 1 -chain of the forming LC line are charged. In the initial state, the electrodes 8 and 9 of the vacuum circuit breaker are in the closed state (in Fig. 1 are shown in phantom), the contactor 5 is in the open state and the breaker 6 is in the closed state. The pressure in chamber 3 is set at a level of (5-8) · 10 -6 Topp. The pump 2 is started. As a result, an electric pump current is excited in the INE 1, which flows through and through a commutated circuit portion containing the electrodes 8 and 9 of the vacuum circuit breaker in the closed position. After the current is reached by pumping the INE 1 of the set value (in the time 0.5-1.0 s) corresponding to the maximum of the energy accumulated in the INE 1, the pump 2 from the INE 1 is first turned off by applying a control signal to the contactor 5. As a result, the INE 1 Turns out to be short-circuited through the electrodes 8 and 9 of the vacuum circuit breaker. Then, the electrodes 8 and 9 of the vacuum disconnector are diluted by applying a control signal to the induction-dynamic mechanism (spreading the electrodes 8 and 9). As a result, a vacuum DC arc discharge arises between the electrodes 8 and 9, and the pump current INE 1 will flow along the contour formed by the bus 13 ', the flexible current leads 14', 14 ", the electrode 8, the arc discharge, the electrode 9, the current leads 15 'And 15' ', the bus 13' ', the contactor 5 and the INE 1.

Upon reaching the extreme fixed positions corresponding to the required value of the interelectron gap by the electrodes 8 and 9, a rectangular current pulse (countercurrent from a pulsed current source 7), whose amplitude is equal to, and the direction is opposite to the value of u, is passed through the commutated circuit section containing the electrodes 8 and 9 Direction of the arc discharge current in the interelectrode gap. For this purpose, a signal is sent to actuate the controlled spark gap 22. As a result, a breakdown of the uncontrolled spark gap 23 occurs and the capacitor of the first L 1 C 1 -chain of the forming LC line starts discharging through the switched section of the circuit containing the diluted electrodes 8 and 9 and simultaneously charges the elements L j With the j- chains of the forming LC line. If the absolute values ​​of the arc discharge current and counterflow current are equal in the commutated section of the circuit, the arc discharge is stopped and processes that restore the electrical strength of the interelectrode gap begin. The duration of the current pulse (counterflow) at the output of the pulsed current source 7 should (as in the prototype) be sufficient to completely restore the electrical strength of the interelectrode gap. As was shown above, the time to restore the electrical strength of the interelectrode gap depends on the specific design features of the vacuum breaker used and is either its passport parameter or can be preliminarily determined based on its tests using the procedure described, for example, in (IEEE Trans. Power Appar. - 101: 775, 1982).

In a time of 3-4 μs, before the turn-off signal of the pulse current source 7 is applied, the plasma generators 10 'and 10 "are turned on. The plasma flows from these generators through the holes 18 'and 18 ", respectively, made in the bus 13' enter the space between the bus bars 13 'and 13", as a result of which the plasma 24 fills the gap between the electrodes 8 and 9. The parameters and the number of plasma Generators are chosen on the basis of the condition for ensuring that the interelectrode gap is completely filled with a plasma with a concentration of 10 12 -10 14 cm -3 for 3-4 μs.

After reaching the necessary plasma concentration 24, a pulsed current source 7 is disconnected in the vacuum interelectrode gap. For this purpose, capacitive storage 21 is connected to the wire (foil) 19 through controlled dischargers 20 'and 20 ", as a result of the current flowing through the wire 19 of the discharge of the capacitive accumulator 21, its heating occurs followed by an explosion. After the end of the "current pause" in the switched section of the circuit, the current flowing through the INE 1 will again be closed through the electrodes 8 and 9, the interelectrode gap of which will be filled with plasma 24. As a result of the flow of electric current I n through the bus bars 13 ', 13 " The interelectrode gap formed by the electrodes 8 and 9 and filled with a plasma 24 will have a strong transverse magnetic field acting on the plasma - , Caused by a flowing current (1-10 kA). Under the influence of this magnetic field, the trajectory of the electrons that are emitted into the plasma from the electrode 9 (cathode) will be bent, as shown in FIG. As a result, a rapid loss of electrons will be observed in the near-cathode plasma layer due to a decrease in their number coming from the cathode (electrode 9). The resistance of the near-cathode layer of plasma begins to increase rapidly, which will lead to the breaking of the current circuit through the electrodes 8 and 9 in a time of 0.3-0.5 microseconds (Fig. 3). The disconnection of the current in the circuit between the electrodes 8 and 9 will cause a breakdown of the spark gap 11, and consequently the closure of the pump current INE 1 through the load 12, which can be performed, for example, as a pulsed source of relativistic electrons, whose output from the sealed chamber 3 is effected through the exit window 4.

Thus, by storing the energy in the INE 1 in a time of the order of 1 s using a low-power vacuum circuit breaker, which at best provides a pulse in a load of 3-5 μs duration, and then, transforming the physical characteristics of its interelectrode gap so that they become Characteristics of a more powerful breaker, but which can not provide the energy storage time in the INE more than 10 μs, it became possible to obtain a current pulse in a load of 0.3-0.5 μs duration and thereby increase the efficiency of energy transfer accumulated in the INE 1 to the load 12.

The proposed invention can be used not only for feeding pulsed accelerators of electron beams, but also in sources of X-ray, neutron and laser radiation.

CLAIM

1. A method for discharging energy from an inductive energy storage device to a load according to which, through a series-connected inductive energy storage device and closed electrodes of a vacuum breaker, a pumping current of the inductive energy storage device is passed for 0.5-1.0 s, after reaching a predetermined value by the pump current, Closing an inductive energy storage device to the electrodes of a vacuum circuit breaker connected in parallel to the load circuit and diluting the vacuum circuit breaker electrodes by a predetermined distance, forming an arc discharge between the electrodes, after which the arc discharge is extinguished by passing a countercurrent pulse through the electrodes of the vacuum circuit breaker, the duration of which is not less than the time, Necessary to restore the electrical strength of the interelectrode gap of the vacuum circuit breaker, followed by the generation of a current pulse in the load, characterized in that the vacuum is maintained at a level (5-8) 10 -5 Torr, the pumping current of the inductive energy storage device to the electrodes of the vacuum circuit breaker is realized by means of two bus bars parallel to each other and electrically connected to the corresponding electrode, each having a through hole coaxial to the electrodes of the vacuum circuit breaker, the electrodes of the vacuum breaker are spaced apart , Equal to 0.95-1.2 of the distance between parallel buses, with the same gap between the tires and the corresponding electrode along its entire perimeter, before the end of the counter-current pulse, the interelectrode gap of the vacuum circuit breaker is filled with a plasma with a concentration of 10 12 -10 14 cm -3 , and The formation of the current pulse in the load occurs after the termination of the process of plasma destruction in the interelectrode gap under the action of a magnetic field created by a current flowing along parallel buses and filled with a plasma interelectrode gap.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the interelectrode gap is filled with plasma in 3-4 ms, and the trailing edge of the countercurrent pulse is formed by a breaker with an exploding wire or foil.

3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the electrode of the vacuum breaker is diluted by an induction dynamic mechanism.

4. The method of claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that it provides a gap between each electrode of the vacuum circuit breaker and the tire surrounding it along the perimeter of 0.1-0.3 mm.

print version
Publication date 16.02.2007gg