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INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2178338
CATALYTIC COMPOSITION, INCREASING FUEL COMBUSTION,
FUEL MIXTURE USING THIS COMPOSITION
AND METHOD OF FUEL INJECTION
The name of the inventor: LAC Lloyd (US)
The name of the patent owner: ROBCO INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION (US)
Patent Attorney: Koltsov Igor Leonidovich
Address for correspondence:
Date of commencement of the patent: 1996.12.26
A composition is described that increases the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels such as LPG-liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, and diesel fuel containing a metal oxide catalyst dispersed in a liquid organic carrier compatible with fuel. The catalyst contains a mixture of chromium oxide Cr 2 O 3 and cobalt oxide Co 3 O 4 , and the liquid organic carrier as a solvent contains a Stoddard solvent. A fuel mixture comprising a catalyst of a metal oxide selected from the group consisting of an alkaline earth metal and a transition metal and a carrier containing a Stoddard solvent together with at least one high temperature lubricant, a surfactant and an emulsifier for dispersing the catalyst in a solvent And said fuel. A method for burning fuel using this catalyst composition is also described. The technical result is practically complete combustion of fuel in order to reduce emissions associated with incompleteness of oxidation and at lower temperatures in order to eliminate the formation of NO x .
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a catalytic composition increasing the combustion of a fuel and methods for its production and use. Moreover, the invention relates to a catalytic additive which is combined with a fuel such as LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), gasoline and light diesel fuel, to more efficient combustion of fuel with less harmful emissions, and to methods for obtaining and using an additive.
The Applicant has previously marketed an additive that increases combustion, particularly suitable for carbureted LPG-burning systems for internal combustion engines, such as forklift engines and the like. This additive (additive) is known under the trademark CGX-4T. This product comprises a mixture of a high temperature lubricant such as a light high flash point oil, at least one detergent or surfactant and at least one emulsifier including a polar solvent such as one or more alcohols in an acceptable An organic carrier, such as a Stoddard solvent.
A catalytic composition is also known to increase fuel combustion comprising at least one metal oxide catalyst dispersed in a fuel compatible liquid organic carrier comprising a solvent and an emulsifier for dispersing the metal oxide catalyst in a solvent and fuel upon addition to the latter U.S. Patent No. 5,269,082, IPC C 01 L 1/12, published in 1993). According to the aforementioned patent, gasoline is used as a hydrocarbon fuel, and kerosene is used as the solvent in the known composition. In said patent, a fuel mixture including said known catalyst composition and a fuel combustion method are described.
The use of a known catalytic composition for a fuel such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is problematic due to the fact that the LPG is very different from gasoline in many respects, including a much lower density and a much lower viscosity. These distinctive characteristics of LPG cause a certain difficulty in suspending metal oxide particles therein in comparison with gasoline. In particular, the thin catalytic metal oxide particles fall out of the solution or in a short time, for example 24-48 hours, are stratified into LPG, while these metal oxide particles remain dispersed in gasoline for an extended period of time due to the higher density and viscosity of the gasoline . The inability to disperse fine metal oxide particles into the LPG is a significant commercial problem, since it is not always possible or convenient to re-disperse these particles to the LPG before it is dispensed or used, because usually before storage, the LPG is stored for a long time and / Stationary containers. LPG fuel is very different from gasoline and that it burns at a much higher temperature, for example, usually the combustion temperature of LPG is 1600-1700 ° C, whereas the combustion temperature of gasoline is usually below 1500 ° C. The higher the LPG combustion temperature in comparison with gasoline Is the result of several factors, including a higher specific heat of the LPG, as well as the fact that LPG during combustion is a vapor and gasoline is a liquid. This difference is very significant from a practical, commercial point of view, since at temperatures above 1500 ° C, harmful emissions, including nitrogen oxides (NO x ), are formed in much larger quantities.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is an improvement of the CGX-4 T additive allowing for more complete oxidation of the fuel in the combustion process compared to the CGX-4 T additive in order to increase the energy yield and reduce carbon monoxide, particulate unburnt hydrocarbons and the like, and allows the combustion process to be carried out more Stable at lower temperatures, thereby reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO x ).
According to the invention, there is provided a composition enhancing the combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel comprising at least one metal oxide catalyst dispersed in a liquid organic carrier compatible with a hydrocarbon fuel. Preferably, the metal oxide catalyst comprises at least one alkaline earth metal oxide or transition metal oxide, and most preferably the metal oxide catalyst is selected from the group consisting essentially of chromium oxide, magnesium oxide, manganese oxide , Cobalt oxide, iron oxide and mixtures thereof. The organic carrier preferably contains a Stoddard solvent. The composition preferably also contains a surfactant, an emulsifier such as a polar organic solvent, and a high temperature lubricant.
The oxide (s) of the metal acts as a catalyst for the hydrocarbon fuel combustion process, and when added even in very small amounts, for example 1-50 parts per million parts, is effective in achieving near complete oxidation of the fuel and reducing polluting emissions caused by incomplete oxidation.
The catalytic combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel with the metal oxide (s) according to the invention has associated a large thermal inertia, so that the lower limit of the flame stability of the combustion process is reduced, allowing lower combustion temperatures and minimizing the formation of NOx emissions.
According to the invention, there is provided a method for combusting hydrocarbon fuels, comprising the steps of combining a hydrocarbon fuel with a catalyst metal oxide dispersion in a liquid organic carrier compatible with a hydrocarbon fuel and burning the combined hydrocarbon fuel and the catalytic dispersion at a maximum temperature below 1500 ° C. Preferably, the catalyst of Of the metal oxide comprises at least one transition metal oxide and an alkaline earth metal oxide, and most preferably the metal oxide catalyst is selected from the group consisting essentially of chromium oxide, magnesium oxide, manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, iron oxide and Their mixtures; The organic carrier comprises at least one Stoddard solvent and the catalytic dispersion comprises a surfactant, a polar organic solvent and a high temperature lubricant when the combustion process is a carbureted combustion process in an internal combustion engine.
It is an object of the invention to provide a combustion enhancing catalytic additive for hydrocarbon fuels such as LPG (LPG), gasoline and diesel that allows for almost complete oxidation of the fuel even when the fuel contains a significant amount of impurities such as unbound water, Propylene, long-chain hydrocarbons, etc.
Another object is to provide a combustion enhancing additive for hydrocarbon fuels that significantly reduces or eliminates harmful emissions, usually caused by partial oxidation, while reducing NOx emissions.
Another object is to provide an incineration additive that can be easily and economically obtained and connected to hydrocarbon fuels.
Another object is to provide a method for burning hydrocarbon fuels together with a combustion enhancing additive in order to reduce harmful emissions associated with the completeness of oxidation and to reduce NO x formation and emissions.
Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments
The fuel combustion enhancing catalyst according to the invention comprises at least one metal oxide and preferably at least one alkaline earth metal oxide or transition metal oxide from the group consisting of chromium oxide, magnesium oxide, manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, iron oxide and Their mixtures. These metal oxides are very effective when used as fuel-enhancing catalysts because these compounds not only promote complete oxidation of hydrocarbons but also allow combustion at lower temperatures that are not favorable for NO x formation and have good thermal stability.
The oxidation process in the traditional flame combustion of a fuel, such as LPG, is a homogeneous reaction occurring in the volume of the gas phase. Due to the introduction of the catalyst into the combustion process, heterogeneous oxidation occurs on the surface of the catalyst. By selecting a suitable catalyst, it is possible to reduce the activation energy required for the heterogeneous catalytic reaction to a level much lower than that required for a pure homogeneous combustion process. For example, for combustion of a light hydrocarbon fuel such as propane, the activation energy of an uncatalyzed homogeneous oxidative reaction is about 25-50 Kcal / g-mole, while for a heterogeneous catalytic oxidation reaction it is approximately 11-15 Kcal / G-mole. Acceptable reaction rates of heterogeneous (catalytic) oxidation can be achieved at temperatures and fuel concentrations significantly lower than those required for a homogeneous (non-catalytic) reaction.
In the catalytic combustion chamber, the reaction in the original part of the burning layer is mainly catalytic and its rate is controlled by the surface reaction rate. When the catalytic reaction is intensified, the temperature of the gas and the surface and the rate constant of the surface reaction (which increases exponentially with increasing temperature) quickly become so large that the rate of transfer of the reagents to the surface of the catalyst becomes the regulating factor of the catalytic reaction. After that, the overall rate of the heterogeneous reaction is controlled by the rate of mass transfer to the surface of the catalyst. The rate of energy release in the controlled mass transfer regime is usually smaller than that achieved in conventional (non-catalytic) flares. At sufficiently high temperatures, which are quickly achieved in the combustion process, homogeneous reactions are initiated in addition to heterogeneous catalytic reactions, then the combustion process quickly approaches completion, and energy release rates comparable to conventional torches are achieved.
When using a metal oxide catalyst according to the invention, it is possible to carry out the process of burning hydrocarbon fuels such as LPG, gasoline, diesel and petroleum fuels, at sufficiently low inlet temperatures and at small equivalent ratios such that the combustion process and emission outlet temperatures From the combustion process are sufficiently low, so that the formation of NO x is minimized, however, combustion reaches almost 100% of the fullness, as a result of which there are minor emissions compared to incomplete oxidation.
The use of an experimental catalytic combustion chamber, alkaline earth metal - magnesium oxides and transition metals - chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron and their mixtures - gives optimal catalytic results. Of these, the most active catalyst was a binary mixture of chromium oxide and cobalt oxide (Cr 2 O 3 -Co 3 O 4 ), which gave complete conversion / oxidation of very poor fuel mixtures of LPG and an equivalent ratio of 0.196 at low inlet temperatures, below 850 O C. It has been found that this catalyst mixture is suitable in a very wide range of equivalent ratios and inlet temperatures for the combustion of LPG; At the same time, using this catalyst, the NO x emission figure never exceeds 0.11 g per kilogram of fuel. Such an emission figure is significantly smaller (an order of magnitude smaller) than that achieved in conventional LPG combustion systems, including systems using the previously known combustion enhancing additive of the Applicant.
When using the described oxides of alkaline earth metals and transition metals, combustion was in some cases complete, and in other cases incomplete. In those cases in which complete combustion was achieved, the NO x , carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon emissions were very low. The concentrations of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon were so low that they were detected by gas chromatography and the NO x emission was always below 0.11 g per kilogram of fuel.
In cases where combustion was incomplete, usually because of the process under kinetic or mass transfer regulation / constraints, the uncontaminated hydrocarbons were the main pollutant. In some cases, when the outlet temperatures were high and the combustion was incomplete, small amounts of carbon monoxide were observed. Quantitatively NO x emissions have always been very low and, as was found out, strictly depended on temperature, but did not exceed 0.11 g per kilogram of fuel.
To combine catalysts from metal oxide with hydrocarbon fuels, the catalysts are pre-dispersed in an appropriate organic medium compatible with the hydrocarbon fuel. For LPG, the metal oxide catalysts can be thoroughly dispersed in a Stoddard solvent and preferably in a Stoddard solvent (s) together with a high temperature lubricant, a detergent or a surfactant and a polar solvent, such as an alcohol. To achieve optimal combustion conditions, only very small amounts of metal oxide catalysts are required. When a metal oxide catalyst is added to the hydrocarbon fuel in an amount of 1 to 50 parts, and preferably 10 to 30 parts per million parts, complete or almost complete oxidation / combustion of the fuel can be achieved at sufficiently low inlet temperatures and small equivalent ratios, when the emissions of the monoxide Carbon, unburned hydrocarbons, especially, and NO x are reduced, and the energy output for the selected fuel amount is increased. Thin powders of metal oxides can be dispersed in a Stoddard solvent. When the metal oxide powders are dispersed in CGX-4T, the detergent / surfactant and / or the polar solvent contribute to the proper dispersion of the metal oxide powder in the organic medium. For example, in order to achieve the combustion characteristics described above, a dispersion of the metal oxide catalyst (s) containing 0.5-5 wt. % Of the metal oxide powder in the Stoddard solvent, in the ratio 3 - 5 vol. % Of the dispersion by 95-97 vol. % CGX-4 T. The catalytic combustion-enhancing modified additive is then combined with a hydrocarbon fuel such as LPG in a ratio of 0.5 to 2.0 fluid ounces per 10.0 gallons (0.39 to 1.56 ml additive per 1 liter of fuel). Although higher concentrations of catalyst (s) may be added, they do not further improve combustion performance while at the same time increasing the cost of obtaining a catalytic additive.
The additive is miscible and compatible with LPG fuel and is easily combined with it by simply pouring the appropriate amount of additive into a LPG fuel tank, for example, pouring 1 ounce (29.6 ml) into a 10 gallon (37.85 l) tank, pouring in a tank For 55 gallons (208.2 liters) in a tank for 70,000 gallons (about 265,000 liters), etc.
The additive according to the invention is particularly effective when used with a carburettor LPG fuel system in internal combustion engines. The additive is effective when used with other fuels such as gasoline, diesel, petroleum fuels, etc., and in other types of incineration systems, such as non-carbureting incineration systems.
CLAIM
1. A catalytic composition enhancing the combustion of a fuel from a liquefied petroleum gas comprising at least one metal oxide catalyst dispersed in a fuel compatible liquid organic carrier comprising a solvent and an emulsifier for dispersing the metal oxide catalyst in a solvent and a fuel upon addition of In the latter, characterized in that, as a metal oxide, said catalyst contains a mixture of chromium oxide Cr 2 O 3 and cobalt oxide Co 3 O 4 , and a liquid organic carrier as a solvent contains a Stoddard solvent.
2. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein the metal oxide catalyst is connected to the fuel in a ratio of 1-50 parts per million parts.
3. A catalyst composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the metal oxide catalyst is dispersed in the said liquid organic carrier in a ratio of less than 1.0 wt. %.
4. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein said liquid organic carrier further comprises at least one high temperature lubricant and a surfactant.
5. The catalyst composition of claim 4, wherein said liquid organic carrier comprises, as said high temperature lubricant, a light oil with a flash point of at least 204 ° C.
6. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein said metal oxide catalyst is connected to said fuel in a ratio of 10-30 parts per million parts.
7. The catalyst composition of claim 1, characterized in that it is connected to said fuel in an amount sufficient to achieve an NOx emission value when burning fuel equal to or less than 0.11 g per kilogram of LPG fuel.
8. Fuel mixture of a fuel and a catalyst dispersion from a metal oxide in a liquid organic carrier compatible with fuel, said metal oxide catalyst comprising at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of an alkaline earth metal oxide and transition metal oxide, and Said liquid organic carrier comprising a solvent and an emulsifier for dispersing the metal oxide catalyst in a solvent and said fuel, characterized in that as a fuel, said mixture comprises a liquefied petroleum gas, and said liquid organic carrier as a solvent contains a Stoddard solvent.
9. A fuel mixture according to claim 8, characterized in that said liquid organic carrier contains 3-5 vol. % High temperature lubrication, 3-5 vol. % Surfactant, 1-3 vol. % Emulsifier and Stoddard solvent - the rest.
10. A method for combusting a fuel from a liquefied petroleum gas comprising the steps of combining a fuel with a catalyst metal oxide dispersion in a liquid organic carrier compatible with fuel and burning the fuel and said dispersion at a temperature below 1500 ° C, characterized in that said catalyst from an oxide Of the metal comprises at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of an alkaline earth metal oxide and transition metal oxide, and said organic carrier mainly includes a Stoddard solvent and an emulsifier for dispersing a catalyst from a metal oxide in a Stoddard solvent and in Fuel.
print version
Date of publication 07.04.2007gg
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