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DEVICES AND METHODS OF EXTRACTING AND ACCUMULATION OF HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN
INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2243147

HYDROGEN GENERATOR TRANSPORT ENERGY SYSTEM

The name of the inventor: Chelyaev V.F. (RU); Glukhikh I.N. (RU); Shcherbakov A.N. (RU); Arakelov A.G. (RU); Mikhailov V.I. (RU); Kashinkin V.P. (RU)
The name of the patent holder: Open Joint-Stock Company "Energia Rocket and Space Corporation named after SPKorolev" (RU)
Address for correspondence: 141070, Moscow Region, Korolev, ul. Lenin, 4a, RSC Energia behalf of SPKorolev, Industrial Property and Innovation Department
Date of commencement of the patent: 2003.05.29

The invention relates to power equipment and can be used to produce hydrogen in both fixed installations and transport. The hydrogen generator of the transport power plant operating on hydrolysis with a solid reagent contains a container with a solid reagent placed in a reaction vessel and has a hydrogen supply line, a liquid feed line, a heat exchanger for removing reaction heat and a starting liquid heater. The generator is equipped with a bypass tank communicating in the lower part with the reaction vessel through a locking element having a volume exceeding the volume of the liquid reactant and equipped with a pressurization line, and the liquid supply line is connected to a bypass tank in which the starting heater is placed, and a temperature sensor Liquid, wherein the solid reactant is distributed along the height of the liquid reactant column. The reaction vessel and the transfer vessel are made in the form of two coaxial cylindrical vessels nested into each other, the reaction vessel being located inside. The invention allows the creation of a hydrogen generator with automatic mode stabilization and increased speed.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to power equipment and can be used to produce hydrogen in both fixed installations and transport.

The generator is a chemical reactor that produces hydrogen by hydrolysis, i.e. Decomposition of water. For this, a solid reagent is used, i.e. The hydrolysis reaction has a heterogeneous character - it comes on the surface of a solid. It is assumed that the hydrogen thus obtained is subsequently used as fuel for power plants (EPSs) on fuel cells (FCs). In addition, hydrogen can be used, of course, in other areas, such as cutting metal, welding, etc.

Earlier in the latter case, mainly the acetylene generators of the types GNV-1.25 and HVR-1.25 were used [1]. In this case, a heterogeneous hydrolysis reaction was used, and calcium carbide served as a solid reagent. This technical solution is taken for analog. Its shortcomings include the following:

- synthesized acetylene is not suitable for oxygen-hydrogen fuel cells and needs further decomposition to produce hydrogen. This significantly complicates the design of the EC and reduces its efficiency. The low weight content of hydrogen in such generators makes them unsuitable for transport;

- with the operation of acetylene generators an insoluble deposit (lime) is formed, the accumulation of which limits the time of continuous operation of the generator, and worsens its overall weight and weight characteristics. Removal of the sediment from the reactor requires additional energy inputs, complicates the design of the power plant, reduces its efficiency;

- a solid reagent (calcium carbide) is a material whose long storage is rather difficult and unsafe, because it is very hygroscopic and, when absorbing moisture from the air, releases acetylene.

The disadvantages of the analogue should include:

- insufficient depth of gas flow regulation, which is due to the fact that in a vertical reaction vessel the cassette with a solid reagent is placed horizontally;

- a large time inertia due to the fact that the liquid is expelled from the cassette with a solid reagent not completely and slowly enough;

In addition, the drawbacks of the analogue are:

- lack of temperature adjustment (although the temperature has a very strong effect on the reaction);

- a non-optimal overall layout of the structure, which is a drawback in terms of transport, especially if the dimensions of the generator are large.

The hydrogen generator intended for powering the power plant based on fuel cells used on an underwater vehicle is closer in nature [2]. This reactor uses the hydrolysis reaction, and metal hydrides (ie metal compounds with hydrogen) are used as a solid reagent. The generator includes a reaction vessel in which a "chamber" with a metal hydride is placed, a heat exchanger for removing reaction heat, a device for stirring the water in a reaction vessel (located inside the latter), and a line for supplying hydrogen to the reactor and withdrawing hydrogen from the reactor. At the same time to improve the overall-weight characteristics of the power plant, light metal hydrides are used, which are very expensive (LiH, BeH 2 ... ). This significantly increases the cost of the hydrogen produced and is an essential drawback of the generator [2], accepted in this case for the prototype.

In addition, the shortcomings of the prototype include the following:

- a rigid consumption characteristic of the generator, caused by a strong dependence of the rate of chemical reaction on temperature and, as a consequence, the complexity of stabilizing the operation of the generator;

- energy intensity of the generator's thermal control system, due to the fact that when adjusting the flow rate, it is necessary to change the temperature of all the substance in the reaction vessel and, in addition, to ensure uniformity of the temperature in the entire reaction volume;

- A drawback of the generator design is the thermal inertia, which makes it difficult to use in transport power plants.

The latter is due to the fact that for the generator to operate in a stationary mode it is necessary to maintain a certain temperature of solid and liquid reagents. If there are many of them, maintaining the temperature regime of the generator is complicated technically and requires significant energy inputs (for example, the operation of mixing devices). In addition, the transient modes of operation of such a hydrogen generator occupy a considerable amount of time in this case, since it requires a change in the temperature of significant masses of substances having a relatively low thermal conductivity (water, metal hydrides). For transport problems this is a huge drawback.

The task of the proposed solution is to develop a hydrogen generator with a more "soft" consumption characteristic, automatic mode stabilization and increased speed. In addition, the generator should be as compact as possible to be used in transport.

The essence of the proposal is as follows.

In addition to adjusting the course of the reaction (ie, the productivity of the generator) with respect to temperature, the area of ​​the solid reagent also changes in the proposed solution. In this case, in comparison with the temperature control, the effect of the area of ​​the solid reagent is much more "soft". The latter is due to the fact that the consumption of hydrogen is proportional to the area of ​​the reacting solid component and can vary quite smoothly, and on the temperature it depends exponentially (exp (-1 / T)), i.e. Is essentially nonlinear. This circumstance makes it possible to regulate the generator's efficiency in two stages: initially a rough adjustment-by changing the temperature of the reagents, and then smoothly-by changing the area of ​​the solid reagent immersed in the liquid.

In order to realize this principle, the hydrogen generator of a transport power plant operating on hydrolysis with a solid reagent and containing a container with a solid reagent placed in a reaction vessel having a hydrogen supply line, a liquid feed line, a heat exchanger for removing reaction heat and a liquid start-up heater is introduced A bypass vessel communicating in the lower part with the reaction vessel through a closure element having a volume exceeding the volume of the liquid reactant and equipped with a pressurization line, and a liquid supply line connected to a bypass tank in which the starting heater is arranged, and a liquid temperature sensor, wherein The solid reagent is distributed along the height of the column of the liquid reagent.

HYDROGEN GENERATOR TRANSPORT ENERGY SYSTEM

The reaction vessel and the transfer vessel are made in the form of two coaxial cylindrical vessels nested into each other, the reaction vessel being located inside.

The circuit of such a generator is given in the figure, where it is indicated: 1 - a container with a solid reagent; 2 - reaction vessel; 3 - the hydrogen production line; 4 - the main line for the supply of liquid reagent; 5 - heat exchanger for the removal of reaction heat; 6 - starting liquid heater; 7 - bypass capacity; 8 - supercharging line; 9 - locking element; 10 - liquid temperature sensor.

The generator works as follows. On the liquid supply line (4), it is dialed into the bypass tank (7) and heated there by a starting heater (6). The locking element (9) is thus closed. After reaching the required temperature (controlled by the temperature sensor (10)), the starting heater is switched off and the locking element (9) is opened. The liquid from the bypass tank (7) flows into the reaction vessel (2), where a container with a solid reagent (1) is vertically placed. The container (1) is completely covered with liquid.

A chemical reaction begins with the release of hydrogen and heat, which is removed by means of a heat exchanger (5). The generator output is adjustable in two steps. First, roughly - setting the appropriate temperature in the reaction vessel, and then more precisely - regulating the height of the liquid in it, i.e. Depth of immersion in a liquid container with a solid reagent (1). The latter is achieved by changing the pressure in the bypass tank (7), for which the boost line (8) serves.

After the required level of liquid is installed in the reaction vessel (2), the locking element (9) can be closed. It is possible to leave it open. In this case, at a constant pressure in the bypass capacity, the generation mode is automatically stabilized, i. E. Generator performance. When the hydrogen pressure in the reaction vessel (2) increases, the liquid from it is expelled into the bypass tank (7), the area of ​​the reacting solid component decreases and the discharge of the released hydrogen decreases. The pressure in the reaction vessel (2) drops until it reaches the previous value.

When the pressure in the reaction vessel (2) decreases, the liquid reagent, on the contrary, enters it from the bypass tank (7). The liquid level rises and the wetted area of ​​the solid reagent increases. As a consequence, the consumption of hydrogen generated increases.

Thus, autostabilization of the hydrogen pressure in the reaction vessel (2) occurs in terms of the reference pressure in the bypass tank (7) (taking into account the difference in liquid levels in these communicating volumes). In this case, since the solid reagent is placed evenly along the height of the reaction vessel (2), the ratio between the liquid and solid reagents remains unchanged at any liquid levels in the reaction vessel (2).

When the generator stops, the pressure in the bypass tank (7) decreases, the liquid from the reaction vessel (2) flows into this vessel (7), and the solid reagent is isolated in a hydrogen atmosphere. Hydrogen evolution ceases. When the generator is restarted, the remaining liquid in the bypass tank (7) is reheated, which shortens the generator's output time.

To reduce the dimensions of the hydrogen generator, the reaction vessel (2) and the transfer vessel (7) are expediently made in the form of two coaxial cylindrical vessels enclosed in one another, with the reaction vessel placed inside the bypass tank.

Thus, the proposed technical solution makes it possible to create a compact hydrogen generator operating on a hydrolysis reaction having a deep degree of adjustment, a soft flow characteristic, an increased speed and capable of operating in an autostabilization mode. All this makes it expedient to use such a hydrogen generator in transport.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. V.V. Rybakov. The textbook of the gas welder. - M., Mashgiz, 1956.

2. "Generation of hydrogen by hydrolysis for a power plant based on a thermal power plant underwater". Patent 5772617, USA, 1994.

CLAIM

1. A hydrogen generator of a transport power plant operating on hydrolysis with a solid reagent and comprising a container with a solid reagent placed in a reaction vessel having a hydrogen supply line, a liquid feed line, a heat exchanger for withdrawing reaction heat and a starting fluid heater, characterized in that in The generator of the generator is introduced a bypass tank communicating in the lower part with the reaction vessel through a locking element having a volume exceeding the volume of the liquid reactant and equipped with a pressurization line, and the liquid supply line is connected to a bypass tank in which the starting heater is arranged, and a liquid temperature sensor , While the solid reactant is distributed along the height of the column of the liquid reagent.

2. A hydrogen generator of a transport installation, characterized in that the reaction vessel and the transfer vessel are made in the form of two coaxial cylindrical vessels enclosed in each other, the reaction vessel being located inside.

print version
Date of publication 22.12.2006гг