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INVENTION
Russian Federation Patent RU2291228

Reactor to produce hydrogen and oxygen plasma chemical
And electrolysis METHODS

Name of the inventor: Viktor Fateev (RU); Wide-Bryukhov Eugene F.
The name of the patentee: Widely-Evgeni Bryukhov
Address for correspondence: 117593, Moscow, Lithuanian Blvd, 5/10, kv.203, EF Shirokov-Bryukhova
Starting date of the patent: 2005.03.17

The invention relates to the field of energy. The reactor for producing hydrogen and oxygen plasma-chemical and electrolytic methods contains high pressure casing and the generator of microwave waveguides. The housing has the form of a cylinder closed at its ends by spherical bottoms in which oppositely mounted waveguides generator microwave radiation, between which are arranged at a fixed distance parallel hollow perforated electrodes, the cavities are connected to a refrigerator-dryers and molecular sieves, wherein the waveguides are set so that radiation was directed along the gaps between electrodes, and the frequency of the radiation is chosen so that between the electrodes to create a resonant standing wave. Between the waveguides and bottoms in the form of reflectors mounted hemispherical screens, and between the waveguides and the electrodes are installed nozzles for supplying carbon dioxide and water vapor. Technical effect - Transfer of nuclear power plants from the basic mode to the control, by the production of hydrogen and oxygen during periods reduce the burden of the consumer and the use of hydrogen and oxygen in a gas-steam power plants support at peak loads and semipeak consumer.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of energy and can be used for the transfer of nuclear power plants from the basic mode of operation to the control mode with simultaneous production, use and accumulation of hydrogen and oxygen, in times of recession electricity consumption (at night, weekends and holidays), hydrogen and oxygen are generated and accumulate and in times of increasing electrical load consumption above par in the semi-peak and peak modes used in gas turbine generators combined cycle power plant auxiliary.

Currently, further economically feasible substitute for natural hydrocarbon fuel to hydrogen, both in terms of economy and in terms of environmental ecology. In addition to the above process using hydrogen and oxygen, they can be used: high parameters turbines equipped with superheaters mixing hydrogen-oxygen burners high pressure; in various types of fuel cells, gas turbines and reciprocating-type transport using solid state hydrogen storage.

Currently practiced various methods of producing hydrogen from fossil fuels in the industry in terms of expensive equipment with a relatively low resource, the process requires pre-treatment of feedstock and product, and emissions to the environment that corresponds to the combustion of fossil fuels.

The second semi-industrial polulaboratornym method for producing hydrogen and oxygen is the electrolysis method, but because of the low power setting and a relatively large consumption of electricity - more than 5-6 kWh per 1 cu. m H ₂ is not widely used in industry.

The third method is a laboratory method for producing hydrogen and oxygen plasma-chemical method based on carbon gas ionization in the field of microwave radio waves (RF), close to the frequency of oscillations of carbon dioxide molecules. As a result of irradiation of carbon dioxide absorbed by the microwave energy is ~2,89 eV / molecule and forms carbon monoxide CO + 1 / 2O ₂ partial ionization of the mixture, all the intermediate reactions occur in the non-equilibrium state, and the reaction products must constantly take. In the presence of carbon monoxide, water vapor formed in the carbon dioxide, which reacts with water vapor: CO + H ₂ O -> CO ₂ + H _2. This reaction again nonequilibrium and require constant removal of the decomposition products from the reaction zone.

This entire process occurs near the perforated surface of the electrolysis electrodes heteronymic polarity as themselves hollow electrodes connected to the refrigerator, desiccants, molecular sieves and the output refrigerators, and through the perforations of the electrodes was avoided in their polarization, and further degrade the water vapor into hydrogen and oxygen, with unstable terminal degradation products from the reaction zone and exposure to microwave radiation.

The described process is entirely determined by the course of the reverse reaction of carbon dioxide and water from the synthesis of the reaction components, in order to reduce the course of the following activities are carried out reverse reactions:

- Maintaining the carbon dioxide in the volume and pressure of the reactor water vapor within 2.0-2.5 MPa, which is a good inhibitor; while carbon dioxide, the microwave processed is a good catalyst for decomposition of water vapor to hydrogen;

- Simultaneously with the processes in the reactor listed above there is a constant purge of volume expansion in the output system products through the perforations of the electrodes, thereby eliminating the reverse reaction;

- Additionally, in the reactor volume reduced free volume to a minimum in order to reduce the volume of non-equilibrium gas components that may participate in the reverse reaction.

The analogue and prototype processes and structures "Reactor for producing hydrogen and oxygen plasma-chemical and electrolytic methods" was a laboratory installation for producing hydrogen and oxygen plasma-chemical method, developed at the IAE. Kurchatov, molecular sieves, there also developed [1].

. However, the laboratory setting with small amounts of ~50 cc reactor, with quartz diaphragms and large volumes of parasitic and discrete processes can not be used in industrial production, as:

- Plant capacity to be several hundred MW;

- The volume of a few hundred cubic meters .;

- To be used is the cheapest electricity tariff - night;

- The performance of the reactor output tens of thousands of cubic meters. hydrogen and oxygen per hour;

- Steam which is used in the reactor to be used in the turbogenerator, that is, from turbine extractions;

- Carbon dioxide can be supplied to fuel gaseous or solid state to refineries as a waste product;

- Safety conditions must comply with industrial production production of hydrogen and oxygen;

- The use of quartz waveguide windows for variables in a reactor operating conditions very difficult, and they are replaced by metal diaphragms resting on net basis;

- And the last industrial plant is operating continuously, rather than intermittently, as a laboratory, which at any time can be stopped.

The invention "reactor to produce hydrogen and oxygen by plasma and electrolysis method" is used for the transition from laboratory studies to full-scale combined production of hydrogen and oxygen plasma-chemical and electrolytic methods in the industry. Comprising: a cylindrical reactor pressure vessel, damped at both ends of the bottoms of the spherical shape in which oppozitivno mounted waveguide from the microwave generator between which hollow electrolysis electrodes with perforated surface, cavities which are connected to output devices: refrigerators - desiccants, molecular sieves and output refrigerators, reactor pressure vessel shielded from microwave radiation hemispherical screens, screens in the gaps between the electrodes and the electrolytic unit is installed nozzles feed carbon dioxide and water vapor into the reactor core at the perforated electrolysis electrodes.

The gaps arranged in parallel and oppositely charged electrodes directed microwave radiation, creating a mixture of carbon dioxide and water vapor electrically conducting plasma, which is oppositely charged electrodes further decomposes steam and separates hydrogen and oxygen, each in his own electrode, away from in their expansion zone internal channels in the electrodes on the molecular sieve, carbon dioxide and water are recycled. The main purpose of the reactor: the production of hydrogen and oxygen in the most economical method, with the option of nuclear power plants from the base to the control mode, without impairing the conditions of safe operation of nuclear reactors and nuclear power plant as a whole. This is achieved due to the fact that the station is like working in a basic version and works: but in times of unclaimed load generated hydrogen and oxygen in a plasma-chemical and electrolytic reactor, in the future, hydrogen and oxygen accumulated in the gas tanks, used for more power, compensating for peak and semi-peak load of the consumer, with excess accumulation of hydrogen and oxygen can be hydrogen feed to the gas pipe to replace natural gas consumption - it is possible, as fire safety and explosion safety parameters for hydrogen and natural gas are the same, however, for environmental performance preferably hydrogen, since hydrogen combustion produces steam.

At the same time, due to the difference in tariffs night, semi-peak and peak modes possible to make a profit, so the FEC by Decision №11 from 02.04.2002 g .: -

. - Night rate - 284 rubles / MWh;

- Peak mode - 603 rubles / MWh..

The electricity consumption for a 1 cu. m H _{2 is} not more than 4 kWh. The amount of energy a consumer and unclaimed substitutable produce hydrogen and oxygen for the block of 1000 MW at night about 400 MW for 8 hours, the peak mode is necessary to release further the consumer in excess of the 400 MW of power for 2-3 hours. The above mentioned facts make it possible to use a nuclear reactor in a stationary mode, the hydrogen-oxygen reactor to compensate for the power consumption of failures, and the hydrogen and oxygen are used to compensate for peak and semipeak modes in combined-cycle plants.

Evidence of the essential features of the invention "reactor to produce hydrogen and oxygen plasma-chemical and electrolytic methods" is a structure consisting of the following elements: a cylindrical pressure vessel, with the ends closed spherical creation, which opozitivno mounted waveguides ends of waveguides covered with metal membranes, which are based on net basis from the microwave generators, located between opozitivno waveguides installed electrolysis electrodes with a perforated surface and hollow inside, connected to the output devices: refrigerators, dryers, molecular whitefish and output refrigerators. Electrolysis electrodes are arranged parallel to each other at a distance = 1.2-1.3 length of the microwave.

Between the microwave emitters and the bottoms of the pressure vessel mounted screens that protect the metal casing of the microwave radiation and directing the scattered radio flux on the electrodes. Between emitters microwave and electrolysis electrodes mounted units injectors, served in reactor volume carbon dioxide and saturated steam, mixing them in the area of ​​microwave and electrolysis electrodes, on which there is a further decomposition and separation of mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen and through them discharged decomposition products in the separation and purification, after which hydrogen and oxygen are directed in its gas tanks and the carbon dioxide and water are recycled.

Perforation of the electrode surfaces and the removal of the decomposition products of water vapor through the hollow channels inside the electrodes avoids their polarization for compensation which took at least an additional 2 kWh per 1 cu. m H _2. The essence of the invention is represented by the drawings.

1. Schematic design of the reactor to produce hydrogen and oxygen
plasma-chemical and electrolytic methods.

2. The dependence of the electrical conductivity of the plasma on the degree of ionization of the mixture of water vapor and carbon dioxide. 3. The dependence of the energy states of molecules restrictions mixture _of H ₂ O + CO ₂ based on the reverse, and chain reactions.

4. Energy dependence of hydrogen production from a mixture of CO ₂ + H ₂ O on the ratio of CO ₂ / H ₂ O and molecular vibrational temperature Tv. 5. The stability region in hydrogen and oxygen with respect to the reverse reactions depending on the ratio of CO ₂ / H ₂ O mixtures energy molecules.

1 shows a schematic design of the reactor to produce hydrogen and oxygen by plasma and electrolysis methods.

The reactor consists of pressure shell 1, spherical bottoms 2 and 3, hollow perforated parallel at a fixed distance " "Electrolysis electrodes 4 and 5 to which behavioral current of different polarity low voltage DC power source 6, the generators 7 and 8 super high frequency (SHF) vibrations coupled to the waveguides 9 and 10, which extend into the housing 1 pressure via the bottom 2, and 3 themselves bottoms 2 and 3 and the housing 1 protected from pressure microwave hemispherical screens 11 and 12, which direct the scattered light from the waveguides 9 and 10, and from the support grids 15 and 16 and metal diaphragms 13 and 14 to the side electrodes 4 and 5.

The internal cavity of the housing 1 by the pressure of the environment in the waveguides 9 and 10 are separated by metal diaphragms 13 and 14 resting on the support within the waveguides 15 and 16 mesh (brittle materials such as quartz are excluded).

In the interior of the housing 1 in a volume of 19 and 20 through the nozzles blocks 17 and 18 are fed carbon dioxide jets 17 from the gas tank and the saturated steam nozzles 18 of the steam turbine generator selections.

Mixture partial decomposition products carbon dioxide and water vapor are fed into the plasma and the fixed intervals " "Between different polarities electrodes 4 and 5 on which there is separation of hydrogen and oxygen, both through the perforations and channels in the electrodes 4 and 5 are assigned decomposition products carbon dioxide and water vapor to refrigerators-driers 21 and 22, the drained mixture fed to the molecular sieve 23 hydrogen 24 of oxygen and 25 of carbon dioxide, where the final purification of the hydrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide from impurities and cooling in the refrigerator: carbon dioxide 26 hydrogen 27 and oxygen 28, after which the resulting cleaned and cooled hydrogen and oxygen is directed to the storage, and the water and carbon dioxide is sent into a cycle, it should be noted that carbon dioxide is not consumed in the decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen, except for the natural loss during transportation, handling and purging a small portion of carbon dioxide leaves the produced oxygen as a molecular sieve for carbon dioxide 25 and oxygen 24 are not completely separated carbon dioxide and oxygen.

Figure 1 shows for clarity the electrodes 4 and 5 of the electrolyzer 90 ° rotated about a vertical axis, and the gaps " "Between the electrodes is directed microwave radiation to form a standing wave resonance. Small arrows indicate the movement of the plasma to the electrodes 4 and 5, a perforation and degradation products in the internal channels of the system for cleaning and removal from the system.

Figure 2 shows the dependence of the electrical conductivity of the plasma from the ionisation degree of carbon dioxide and water vapor, and by irradiating the mixture _of H ₂ O + CO ₂ Carbon dioxide absorbs microwave energy and decomposes into CO and 1 / 2O ₂ CO in turn decomposes to water H ₂ and CO _2, not all of the reaction equilibrium, this reaction takes place without external energy costs, however, the energy of the molecules of the mixture can not be more than 1500 K, as it increases the reverse reactions that can go to see the chain. 3.

3 shows the restriction during the process from 300 K to 1500 K, and the vibrational temperature Tv reagents varies within wide limits of from 0.1 to 0.3 eV.

Figure 4 shows the dependence of hydrogen yield on the ratio of CO ₂ / H ₂ O and vibrational temperature Tv. Moreover, the optimum yield of the final products is within the ratio of CO ₂ / H ₂ O and once ~3-10 Tv ~0,2-0,3 eV, which is well controlled, with other values, the above values in the optimal range, the ratio of about 6 and Tv = 0,25 eV presents problems, research is needed.

5 shows the area of ​​stability of the process in the reactor with respect to the reverse reaction.

Plasma chemical synthesis and analysis in the CO ₂ -H ₂ O is a complex non-equilibrium physical and chemical process, which depending on the ionizing radiation and microwave mixture composition can lead to different products, we are interested in the reactions leading to the production of molecular hydrogen. For the degree of ionization of molecular hydrogen in a mixture of CO ₂ -H ₂ O should be at least lg (n _e/ n o) ~1. Upon reaching the required degree of ionisation in a mixture of carbon dioxide and water vapor reactions proceed as follows:

CO ₂ CO ₃ with CO ₂ vibrational excitation Tv ~0,1 eV atomic oxygen reacts faster (3) than in the three (CO ₃₎ partial recombination. In this case, the main fraction of oxygen atoms (or similar radicals CO ₃₎ reacts with CO _2, but some of them reacts with water vapor:

O + H ₂ O -> OH + OH; E _y ~ 1 eV / mol; formed by the OH radical initiates the process of reduction of molecular hydrogen from water using CO:

Range of values ​​at which the formation of hydrogen is limited reactions:

OH + H -> H ₂ O + O;

H + CO ₂ -> OH + CO;

H + O ₂ -> OH + O; these reactions are limited to within the parameters indicated in Figure 3, there are specified limits, limiting the scope of the mechanism of reactions (4) and (5).

Hydrogen stability criterion in this case would be: to limit T _o required to prevent the chain reaction is described by competing reactions:

H + O ₂ -> OH + O; E _o ~0,7 eV / mol; K _o = E 10 -10 cm ³ / s; H + O ₂ + M -> M + NO; By ~3E ₃ to 31 cm ³ / s; which shows that the safest response will be provided:

T _{o^{<E o ln -1 [Ko /}} K _3n o].

The reactor for producing hydrogen and oxygen plasma-chemical and electrolytic methods is as follows:

reactor - 1 is purged with saturated steam through the nozzle 18 is simultaneously supplied electric power to the source of 6 VDC and low voltages and the electrodes 4 and 5 of the electrolyzer, power is supplied to the generators 7 and 8 of the microwave, which are heated and reach a desired power and frequency for the waveguides 9 and 10, after reaching the required parameters for the waveguides through the blocks 17 and the nozzles 18 are supplied carbon dioxide and water vapor, carbon dioxide and water vapor coming in volumes 19 and 20 and mixing ionization partially ionized plasma of the volumes 19 and 20 enters the gaps " "Between the electrodes 4 and 5, where the further ionization of the mixture of carbon dioxide and water vapor, hydrogen is separation and oxygen at the electrodes, the further expansion of the water vapor into hydrogen and oxygen and removal of the decomposition products through the perforations and channels inside the electrodes 4 and 5, dehumidifiers -refrigerator 21 and 22 and the molecular sieves 23, 24 and 25, in which there is the final separation of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide, followed by molecular sieve products after 23, 24 and 25 are fed to the refrigerator: carbon dioxide 26, oxygen 27 and hydrogen 28 hydrogen and oxygen are sent to storage, and the water and carbon dioxide are recycled. The resulting hydrogen and oxygen are ready for use in industry, consumer and storage conditions in the gas holders.

Feasibility study of the reactor to produce hydrogen and oxygen.

The reactor can be used with any source of electricity, but it is desirable to use nuclear energy stations during decay and energy consumption obtained by using hydrogen and oxygen in the peak and semipeak starting power modes on a combined cycle. In this case, the basic equipment, such as nuclear power plants with VVER-1000 reactors, continuously running the basic version, and the production and use of hydrogen and oxygen takes dips and peaks and half-peak, in fact nuclear power plant a large capacity and starting power works in the control mode on the electrical load at higher effective efficiency.

Possible to use the hydrogen produced by substituting the natural gas consumers have both in industry and in household use conditions.

Approximate cost accumulated hydrogen and oxygen produced in the reactor 1 can be determined from the conditions:

- Energy costs for a single cube. m hydrogen amount to no more than 4 kWh;

- A differential rate (according to the Decision №11 from 02.04.2002 FEC city) will be:

- Night 284 RUB / MWh;

- Semipeak - 355 rubles / MWh:

- Peak - 603 rubles / MWh;

suggesting the action of the night tariff for approximately 8 hours and having a capacity of about 400 MW;

the expected effect of the peak rate of about 2-3 hours with an estimated capacity of 400 MW for the peak compensation.

The calorific value of hydrogen capacity: upper, middle, lower, kJ / m, respectively: 12778.1, 11769.1, 10760.1. It should be noted that the gross heating value, hydrogen can be obtained by burning a hydrogen-oxygen mixture of stoichiometric composition in a high pressure burners. In our case, we consider the highest and the average calorific capacity of hydrogen.

Calculation of economic benefit

Cost unclaimed night energy, thous. C T = a × M × 400 × 8 = × 284 = 908.8;

The amount of hydrogen produced due to unclaimed energy: V = × Tnoch EOM /

m = 400 × 8/4 = 800 cubic meters _of H _2;

In addition, hydrogen may be used during the replacement of fossil fuels - natural gas in industry and households in global prices of existing gas current and further guaranteed. For example, at a cost of 1000 cubic meters of natural gas to European consumers the released $ 230/1000 cubic meters, of natural gas with a calorific value of 33 MJ / m and = 0.6-0.7 kg / m³ (Komi gas) for one cycle: the failure-denomination.

Thus, the use of the reactor for producing hydrogen and oxygen plasma-chemical and electrolytic methods allows transfer a nuclear power plant with VVER-1000 and starting the boiler room with steam and gas cycle of the base load mode to the control and to additionally make a profit, replacing natural gas with hydrogen.

USED ​​BOOKS

1. Atomic-hydrogen energy and technology. " Collection of articles, issue 8, str.100-115.

V.A.Legasov et al., "Plasma-chemical methods of producing energy."

CLAIM

A reactor for producing hydrogen and oxygen by plasma and electrolysis means comprising a high pressure body and waveguides generator microwave radiation, characterized in that the body has the form of a cylinder closed at its ends by spherical bottoms in which oppositely mounted waveguides generator microwave radiation, between which are arranged at a fixed distance parallel hollow perforated electrodes, the cavities are connected to a refrigerator-dryers and molecular sieves, wherein the waveguides are set so that the radiation was directed along the gaps between electrodes, and the frequency of the radiation is chosen so as to create between the electrodes of the resonant standing wave between the waveguides bottoms and reflectors are installed in the form of hemispherical screens, and between the waveguides and the electrodes are installed nozzles for supplying carbon dioxide and water vapor.

print version
Publication date 28.02.2007gg

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