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INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2072766
METHOD FOR FORMING CROWN OF FRUIT TREES IN INTENSIVE PLANTS
The name of the inventor: Khromenko V.V.
The name of the patent holder: All-Russian Selection and Technology Institute of Horticulture and Nursery
Address for correspondence:
Date of commencement of the patent: 1994.04.01
Use: in agriculture, in particular in gardening. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION: Vertical branches in trees in intensive plantations are formed with an interval of 15-20 cm and a height of 60-80 cm with annual removal of growth formations in them. When the growth formations reach a length of 40-50 cm, they pinch it. After leaf fall, growth formations are removed annually.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to agriculture, in particular, to gardening.
There are known methods for the formation of the crown of fruit trees, such as palmettes and cordons, in which the skeleton of the crown consists of horizontal branches on which branches are formed for fruiting (1). The disadvantage of the known methods is that the crown is formed 8-9 years, and the branches for fruiting form the entire period of the garden operation by repeatedly shortening the shoots during the summer.
The closest technical solution from known is the formation of a crown from two horizontally located and diametrically directed branches on which vertical branches are formed for fruiting within 1-2 years and then they are removed (2).
The disadvantage of this known method is that trees periodically do not bear fruit during 1-2 years during the period when vertical branches are removed.
In addition, not all fruit breeds and varieties have time to lay flower buds in 1-2 years and vertical branches without starting to bear fruit are removed, as a result, the trees do not begin to bear fruit.
The task to solve the invention is to unify the formation of the crown according to a single principle in fruit trees of different species (apple, pear, plum, cherry, etc.) in intensive plantations, which reduces the costs of formation, acceleration of the entry of trees at the time of fruiting, The fruiting zone at an altitude of no higher than 1.3-1.5 m, high labor productivity in harvesting with high commercial qualities of fruits, the use of a unified system of machines and tools for plant care and harvesting in orchards and berry berries.
The problem is solved by the fact that on one-two-year plants two horizontally oriented and diametrically directed annual branches form on which vertical branches are formed with an interval of 15-20 cm and a height of 60-80 cm with fruit formations, and growth formations are pinched each year when reaching They are 40-50 cm long and are removed after the fall of the fall.
In the regulation of growth and fruiting processes, biological features of fruit trees were used: the cycle of organogenesis, which lasts 2-3 years, and the life activity of fruit formations, which varies from 5 to 10 years depending on the breed.
The invention makes it possible to obtain a new technical result, expressed in the fact that the annual removal of shoots preserves the unchanged crown habit. Strong annual pruning disrupts the correlation between the crown and the root system and promotes the growth of powerful shoots with well-developed leaves. They are in the zone of maximum illumination and have a high intensity of photosynthesis, due to which the formation of the harvest and the placement of flowering buds on the fruit formations are mainly ensured (3).
The claimed technical solution differs from the prototype in that horizontal branches form vertical branches with an interval of 15-20 cm and a height of 60-80 cm with fruit formations, and the growth formations are removed every year after the leaf fall. Consequently, the claimed technical solution is novel.
The claimed technical solution has an inventive level, since Is not obvious to specialists in this field, but is the result of creative actions established by the author in the process of scientific research and experiments to study the growth and fruiting of fruit trees of different breeds.
The offered method can be realized in conditions of both industrial, and farmer's and amateur gardening.
An example . The experiment was carried out on the experimental basis of VESTIP on apple varieties Antonovka vulgaris, Melba, Lobo, Welsey, on the pear varieties Chizhovskaya, Lada, Moscow, on the varieties of the Memory of Timiryazev, Tula black, Egg blue, on the cherry Molodezhnaya, Bagryanyaya, Lyubskaya.
The stock is planted according to the scheme of 4x1 m and is grounded by the named varieties. On grafted one-two-year-old plants, two horizontally oriented centrally directed one-year branches formed. The remaining lateral branches and the central conductor were removed. From the side buds on horizontal branches vertical shoots have grown. In the spring of the following year, vertical branches were left on horizontal branches with an interval of 15-20 cm and shortened them at an altitude of 60-80 cm. The remaining branches were removed. Growth and fruit formations were formed from the lateral buds on vertical branches.
In the spring of the following year, all growth formations were removed. On the fruit formations of fruit buds bloomed flowers and received the first fruiting. Newly emerged shoots are pinched when they reach a length of 40-50 cm.
In the spring of the following year, the formation of vertical branches was repeated as in the previous year and growth formations were removed. From the buds of the buds bloomed flowers and received a second fruiting, which is shown in the table.
With the traditional method of forming the crown, the trees enter the period of fruiting for the 5th-7th year and reach full fruiting for the 10th to 12th year. By this time, the height of trees, depending on the breed and variety, is 3.5-5 m, and the yield from the tree varies from 5.2 to 47.2 kg and from 1 ha from 44 to 196 q (Table).
To collect the harvest from tall trees you have to use stairs and fruit pickers. This is an additional cost in organizing harvesting. In addition, the removal from the stairs reduces the productivity of labor and not all the fruits are made available to renters and shaken. As a result, many fruits during harvesting are not commodity.
With the proposed method for the formation of the crown, the trees enter a full fruiting period for the 4th-5th year and yields, depending on the breed, are 1.5-8.2 kg from a tree and from 1 ha from 38 to 205 q. As in all intensive plantations, the harvest from the tree with the proposed method of crown formation decreases as a result of the formation of a small crown habit, but when planting up to 2,500 trees per 1 hectare the yield increases in comparison with the traditional method of crown formation. The height of trees is 1.3-1.5 m, which allows you to remove all fruits from the ground with high productivity and high commercial qualities.
The proposed method of crown formation makes it possible to apply a dense planting of trees in bushy plantations as well as berry bushes and unify the system of machines for caring for plants and harvesting in orchards and berry berries and to reduce energy intensity and energy consumption for machinery and tools.
CLAIM
1. A method for forming a crown of fruit trees in intensive plantations, comprising forming a crown in one- and two-year-old seedlings of two horizontally disposed and diametrically directed branches and vertical branches with fruit formations, characterized in that the vertical branches form at an interval of 15 20 cm and a height of 60 80 cm with an annual removal of their growth formations.
2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the growth formations are plucked after reaching a length of 40-50 cm.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the growth formations are removed after the fall leaf every year.
print version
Date of publication 08.03.2007gg
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