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INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2290388

CERAMZITE SOIL FOR GROWING PLANTS

The name of the inventor: Karpukhin Mikhail Yurievich (RU); Yurina Anna Vasilievna (RU); Baikin Yuri Leonidovich (RU); Barinov Yury Ivanovich (RU); Vasilyeva Svetlana Valeryevna (RU); Fedorov Alexander Nikolaevich (RU); Kirsanov Yuri Alexandrovich
The name of the patent owner: FSEI HPE "Ural State Agricultural Academy"
Address for correspondence: 620219, Yekaterinburg, ul. K. Liebknecht, 42, URGSHA, NYH, Isp. Yu.A. Kirsanov
Date of commencement of the patent: 2005.03.25

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used for growing seedlings and greenhouse plants in industrial volumes or in a personal subsidiary or farmer's household. Claydite soil contains peat, neutralized to pH 5.5-6.0, mineral fertilizers and expanded clay. Unshaven claydite with the dimensions of whole pellets of 2-10 mm is used, and its content is 60% by volume, using screened peat with particle sizes of 3-10 mm. Can be used unconditioned claydite - screening from the production of gravel claydite with a density of 250-600 kg / m ³ , the process of dedusting and fractionation. The invention allows growing seedlings and plants with minimal expenses for soil preparation and plant care, provides an optimal water-air regime for plants, which allows obtaining higher yields.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to closed ground, and can be used for growing seedlings and greenhouse plants in industrial volumes or in personal subsidiary or farming.

There is a known substrate for growing plants in greenhouses, containing crushed ceramsite, organic matter and sand with the following content of components, weight%: crushed ceramsite - 5-56, sand - 26-28, organic matter (peat) - 18-24 (see. AS No. 707546, A 01 G 31/00, 1977).

Taking into account the bulk density, the crushed clayite in this substrate is about one third of the volume, which does not ensure the stability of the water-physical properties in time.

In addition, the use of crushed expanded clay requires additional operations during its crushing and screening, which does not ensure the stability of the particle size of claydite, disrupting the properties of the soil.

Known is "Soil for growing plants," which contains peat, sand, clay, mineral fertilizers and expanded clay, in which the ratio of top peat with components and expanded clay by volume is 1: 1 (see RF Patent No. 21897928, A 01 G 31 / 00. Published on August 27, 2002. Bulletin No. 24).

To the drawbacks of soil is that the claydite made for the construction industry has standard granules of 15-25 mm in size, which makes it difficult to use it when growing seedlings and pottery in small vessels (0.2-0.5 L).

In addition, the proposed ratio of peat mixes and expanded clay in volume as 1: 1, taking into account the large size of the claydite granules, can have an ambiguous effect on air-water exchange during plant cultivation due to stratification and washing out of the soil.

The object of the invention is to develop a soil based on peat and expanded clay, which allows growing seedlings and plants with minimal expenses for soil preparation and plant care, which creates an optimal water-air regime for plants, which allows to obtain higher yields at minimal costs.

The problem is solved by the fact that in the production of soil, unshreded claydite is used - by cutting off the production of claydite gravel with the dimensions of whole pellets of 2/10 mm in volume by volume, while peat is used neutralized to pH 5.5-6.0, screened with particle sizes of 3 -10 mm, and expanded clay is used with a density of 250-600 kg / m ³ , which has passed the process of dedusting and fractionation. Expanded clay soil is prepared as follows. In peat, from which particles of less than 3 and more than 10 mm are screened, neutralizing substances are introduced so that the peat reaction is pH 5.5-6.0.

Then, based on 1 liter of peat, mineral fertilizers and trace elements are added and everything is mixed. Separately, unpackaged clay is produced (screened from production - gravel claydite according to GOST 5797-90) with sizes of granules (fraction) from 2 to 10 mm. Preparation of expanded clay is carried out by sieving and dedusting. The mass of the peat mixture is mixed with expanded clay in volume (60 ±% claydite) and used to fill cassettes, pots for seedlings or seedlings, and boxes for seedlings.

Positive effect on the plants of the proposed expanded clay soil is achieved due to the stabilization of its structure in the presence of 60% ±% by volume of peat mixture of fractional unshrinked claydite 2-10 mm in size, which improves the water-air regime in the process of plant growth.

It is an unimaginable effect of the proposed invention that an optimum water-air regime of plant development is created due to an experimentally selected ratio of unbroken expanded clay (60 ±%) of specified fractions of 2-10 mm to the peat mixture, which allows, with other conditions being equal, to obtain an additional, significant increase in yield Up to 25%) with minimal costs for growing plants.

To substantiate the optimum amount of claydite of a given fraction in the soil, laboratory experiments were carried out to study the water-physical properties of soil mixtures, depending on the volume of the content of unshaken claydite, of a given pre-justified fraction (2-10 mm).

For the tests, four variants of soil were prepared with the content of granules (2-10 mm) of expanded clay 20; 40; 60 and 80% by volume (20% was considered as control).

Studies were carried out in the soil laboratory of the Department of Agrochemistry of the Ural State Agricultural Academy.

As a claydite used undivided screenings from the production of gravel claydite according to GOST 5797-90, fraction 2-10 mm.

Table 1 presents the results of determining the effect of the volume of expanded clay in soil soil on its density and duty cycle.

It has been established that the density of soil with an increase in the content of expanded clay decreases in comparison with the control by 15%, 23% and 39% with an increase in the volume of expanded clay from 20 to 80%.

The density of the solid phase or the specific mass (the ratio of the mass of its solid phase to the mass of water in the same volume) decreases in proportion to the increase in the content of expanded clay.

Capillary moisture capacity (ability of soil capillaries to retain moisture) increased from 49% to 61.0%, depending on the claydite content (Table 2).

One of the indicators of the assessment of the physical properties of soils is the porosity of aeration, it shows what percentage of pores are occupied by air (Table 3).

Laboratory studies have shown that the largest number of pores occupied by air was noted in the version where the volume of expanded clay is higher.

The filtration ability depended on the content of expanded clay in soil. The data of Table 4 show that high soil filtration rate characterized soil soils with a high claydite content.

It has been established (Tables 1, 2, 3, 4) that the addition of specified fractions to the soil composition of claydite soil modifies its physical properties. With an increase in the volume of expanded clay from 20 to 80%, the soil density decreases by 15-39%, the duty cycle increases by 6.5%; Capillary moisture capacity increases from 49.1 to 61%. The lowest total moisture capacity rises from 54.8 to 68.7%, the maximum hygroscopicity increases by 5.3 times. Wilting humidity increases in 1,5-5,3 times depending on the volume content of expanded clay.

The porosity of aeration increases with the increase in the volume of expanded clay. Water-physical properties of soil have changed greatly under the influence of additives of expanded clay. To study how plants react to these changes, laboratory and production experiments were conducted.

Industrial and technical experience. Seedlings were grown in a greenhouse. In the experiments, we used agrotechnics recommended by the originator and accepted in ZAO "Teplichnoe" in Ekaterinburg.

For the experiment, seeds of the F1 "Istok" cucumber were used. Seedlings were grown on soil soils: a mixture of peat with mineral fertilizers and expanded clay of specified fractions.

In the experiment we used claydite produced by "OOO - Bogdanovichi keramzit" - not crushed screening size 2-10 mm from the production of gravel claydite according to GOST 5797-90, which passed dedusting and fractionation through sieves. Dry constituents of the soil were mixed and filled into pots with a volume of 200 ml. 0.5 m ^{3 of the} mixture was added: NH ₄ NO ₃ - 100 g, ammophos - 480 g, KNO ₃ - 40 g, lime - 1.5 kg. The pots are spilled with water and microfertilizers are applied to 200 liters of water: boric acid - 3 g, ZnSO ₄ - 1.6 g, MgSO ₄ - 1.6 g, Mn - 1.6 g. Seeds of the 1st class. Germination is 98-100%. Seeds were heated in a dry-fire cabinet at a temperature of 55-60 ° C for 3 hours. Then treated with 1% solution of manganese and trace elements. After drying, they poured trichodermine.

Scheme of experience:

1. Control, keramzite / peat content with mineral fertilizers - 20% / 80%

2. Option 2, the content of expanded clay / peat with mineral fertilizers - 40% / 60%

3. Option 3, the content of expanded clay / peat with mineral fertilizers - 60% / 40%

4. Option 4, the content of expanded clay / peat with mineral fertilizers - 80% / 20%

During the vegetation period, the cucumber was noted: the date of appearance of mass shoots, the formation of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd leaves, transshipment, the beginning of flowering, the beginning of fruiting. In the experiment, the length and thickness of the stem, the length of the internodes, the number of leaves, their length and width, the number of flowers and fruits were measured. Yields were determined from each option.

Mathematical processing of indicators was carried out by the method of disperse analysis.

25 days after the shoots, the transshipment was made into 1-liter containers. Planted the plants before transplanting every day for 10 days for 20-30 ml / plant, after transshipment of 40-50 ml / plant every other day, after the appearance of the 2nd leaf - after 2 days for 150-200 ml plant.

Planting seedlings in the ground -

I bookmark - 10.03.2004

II bookmark - 28.05.2004

Foliar top dressing was carried out every two weeks with a solution of urea (10 g per 10 liters of water). Root top dressing was done as needed after the soil analysis.

The results of experiments I and II showed that the introduction of increased doses of expanded clay (60-80%) in the soil affected the acceleration of the formation of the first leaf, flowering, fruiting.

Analysis of the data obtained (Table 5) shows that the greatest percentage of the total biomass is the mass of leaves, which ranges from 47-55%.

The tendency to increase the weight to 3 variants, and then its decrease is also observed in the root system from 0.3 g to 0.55 g in 1-3 variants and 0.45 in 4 versions. The largest mass of roots is in plants with a claydite content of 60%, this is explained by the favorable gas environment created by the increased (60%) content of expanded clay of the specified fractions.

General trends in the structure of biomass are also preserved when planting seedlings in the soil.

Under the influence of the optimal dose of expanded clay, the biomass of the roots increased almost 2 times (60% of the expanded clay) compared to the control (Table 6).

The maximum total mass was observed in version 3.

Assessment of the quality of seedlings was carried out on a 10-point scale.

To calculate the economic efficiency, based on the studies carried out by the Ural Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, calculations were made and the possible productivity according to the options was determined based on the quality of the grown seedlings (Table 7).

Complex assessment of seedlings showed (according to the variants) that the highest quality of seedlings was obtained with a volume fraction of expanded clay in soil - 60%.

It was distinguished by the highest assimilation surface, the largest biomass, the number of shoots, the number of flowers and ovaries,

Comparing the variants, it should be noted that the greatest number of greenstones is observed in version 3 (2, 3 pieces) (Table 8) - this is explained by the large vegetative mass and accelerated development.

The data of the estimated economic efficiency of cultivation of the F1 "Istok" cucumber show (Table 9) that the yield of cucumber on the variant with the content of claydite is 60%, the largest is 35.0 kg / m ² , which explains the higher profitability (142.9%).

It can be seen from the calculations that the lowest cost of 1 kg of cucumber is 10.3 rubles, on the variant with the content of claydite of specified fractions in soil 60%, respectively, and in other variants it is 12.1-12.7 rubles / kg, which is 0, 9-2,4 rubles / kg more.

The conducted experiments and calculations established:

1. The introduction of unshredded claydite of 2-10 mm fractions into the composition of soil, reduces its density by 15-39%. The increase in the proportion of expanded clay in the soil composition accelerated development, plant growth and the appearance of the metameric organs of the F1 hybrid "Istok".

2. The growth of the assimilating surface occurred before the variant with a claydite content of 60% (9.12-10.7 dm ² ).

3. The volume fraction of expanded clay in the soil influenced the accumulation of the total raw biomass of plants, it increased with increasing content in claydite soil up to 60%, then a decrease in the raw biomass of 51.3-53.5-54.2-52.1 g in 1 -4 variants.

4. Under the influence of the change in the volume fraction of claydite in the soil, the plants reacted ultimately by an increase in yield compared with the control by 7-25%. The highest results were obtained in the version - 60% of expanded clay, a given fraction.

5. Estimated economic evaluation of the results of experiments showed that the lowest cost of production for growing cucumber was obtained in the third (claydite content in soil 60%) option. The highest profitability - 142.9 is observed in this version.

CLAIM

1. Keramzit soil for growing plants, containing peat, neutralized to pH 5.5-6.0, mineral fertilizers and expanded clay, characterized by the use of non-crushed expanded clay with the dimensions of whole granules 2-10 mm, and the content of expanded clay is 60% Volume, with the use of screened peat with particle sizes of 3-10 mm.

2. Soil according to paragraph 1, characterized by the use of substandard expanded clay - screening from the production of claydite gravel with a density of 250-600 kg / m ³ , which has undergone the process of dedusting and fractionation.

print version
Date of publication 08.03.2007gg

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