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INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2071710
METHOD OF STIMULATION OF CULTIVATION OF CUCUMBERS IN WINTER GLAZED GREENHOUSES
The name of the inventor: Balabushevich AG; Makosov I.N .; Domareva O.V.
The name of the patent owner: Balabushevich Alexander Georgievich
Address for correspondence:
Date of commencement of the patent: 1996.07.15
Purpose: The invention relates to agriculture, in particular, to methods of intensive cultivation of vegetable crops, for example cucumbers in greenhouses and greenhouses, including in winter glassed greenhouses. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION: the proposed method for stimulating cucumber cultivation includes a specific plant nutrition system. To implement the method, a sealed vessel with membrane walls containing mineral or organomineral fertilizers in the ratio N: P 2 0 5 : K 2 0 from 1: 1: 1 to 1.5: 1: 1.5, and Then 2-3 days after planting the plant, an organomineral fertilizer containing a fecal component, aqueous ammonia, brown coal, complex chlorine fertilizer and ash in a certain ratio of components in an amount of 1400-1600 kg / ha is applied to the soil surface in the area of plant placement. The method ensures accelerated growth and fruiting of cucumbers with reduced fertilizer consumption.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods of intensive cultivation of vegetable crops, for example, cucumbers in greenhouses and greenhouses, including in winter glassed greenhouses.
A method is known for growing seedlings of vegetable crops of cucumbers, tomatoes, cabbage in greenhouses and hothouses, including planting in nutritive soil, soil containing, Bird droppings 9.5-19.8; Phosphoric fertilizers (in terms of 100% Р 2 0 5 ) 0,006-0,5 and the rest carbonate sapropel. However, this method has insufficiently high rates of yield and requires additional introduction of trace elements in the form of top dressing [1]
A method is known for growing a cucumber culture in a greenhouse, including planting the plant in soil, watering and harvesting, in which the seedlings are arranged so that the horizontal axis of symmetry of the cotyledonous leaves of the seedlings would make an angle of 60-120 ° with the magnetic force lines of the Earth.
The method provides an increase in the yield of cucumbers to 1500 kg / m 2 per year with the number of revolutions of 9, and the duration of rotation is 38 days, however, the implementation of the method is labor-intensive [2]
The aim of the invention is to reduce the labor input and consumption of fertilizers, increase the yield and stimulate the growth of cucumbers.
This is achieved by placing a tightly sealed container for continuous feeding of fertilizers with a mass of 50-100 g, equipped with mineral or organomineral fertilizers with the ratio N P 2 0 5 K 2 0 from 1: 1: 1 to 1.5: 1: 1.5, where the membrane walls of the container are made of high pressure polyethylene with longitudinal orientation of 13-22 g / m 2 weight on a porous substrate made of paper with a mass of 40-60 g / m 2 ; And the membrane and the substrate are bonded by colloidation, and then, 2-3 days after planting, an organic-mineral fertilizer is applied to the soil surface in the plant placement area in an amount of 800-1000 kg / ha with the following ratio of fertilizer components, Fecal component (litter of birds, pig manure, fecal drains, manure of cattle) 20-45; Aqueous ammonia 0.45-3.0; Brown coal 5-15; Complex chlorine free fertilizers 5-15; Ash is the rest, and fertilization can be carried out fractionally.
Glassed greenhouses are characterized by their own microclimate, which allows to grow cucumbers almost all year round. Depending on the condition of the greenhouses, at least two variants of cultivation are distinguished: an extended revolution or two turns during the year.
In connection with the fact that the harvesting of products from a unit area of glazed greenhouses is 4-6 times higher than in open ground, special attention is paid to the creation of an optimal diet for plants. Depending on the substrate used, soils, straw bales, artificial substrata, etc.) use different feeding regimes, which differ only in particular; in general, the organization of optimal nutrition is reduced to creating a large reserve of nutrients in the substrate and subsequent top dressing to provide plants with missing Or expended batteries. In the main refueling, as a rule, most of the slightly leached and sparingly soluble food elements contribute. These substances contribute 100% to the main filling. The proportion of phosphorus reaches 70-80% of nitrogen and potassium to 50%. In addition, organic fertilizers, disintegrants and soil builders contribute to the basic dressing, which is most characteristic of soils. These include peat, sawdust, straw, shavings, as well as manure of cattle, chicken manure, and the like. Sources of organic matter.
A considerable part of the readily soluble fertilizers, mainly nitrogen and potassium, are introduced in the form of fertilizing, the amount of which is determined by the results of agrochemical analyzes of the substrate. Together with the watering of water, and make microelements and other elements of nutrition. Intensive developing drip irrigation is a type of feeding, the frequency of which is determined by different methods of analysis.
As the main dressing in the soil (or substrates) are introduced in kg / ha of active ingredients with an average of the security option: N 80; P 2 0 5 250; K 2 0 175, which in the amount converted to real fertilizers is not less than 1840 kg / ha, not counting other elements of nutrition: calcium, magnesium, trace elements. The calculation does not include organic fertilizers.
The total weight of fertilizers in the main gas station is 5000-6000 kg / ha. On poorer substrates, the dose increases by 25-30%, and with a higher availability decreases by 25-30%. More accurate results are obtained after agrochemical analyzes.
A significant number of batteries is introduced during the growing season in the form of fertilizing. The average values of nutrients for one feeding is in kg / ha per active substance: N 50; K 2 0 100, which in terms of the most commonly used completely soluble fertilizer is 440 kg in total. Such fertilizing for the whole vegetation period is carried out from 3 to 6 every 15-20 days according to the results of the tests. The best results give more frequent top dressing in smaller quantities, but every 5-7 days. Thus, the total amount of fertilizers fed in the form of feeding is 1400-2,600 kg / ha for the cucumber. Thus, together with the main dressing, 400 to 8600 kg / ha of fertilizers are consumed.
The best yield results are obtained with the use of drip irrigation systems, which allow the plants to be fed for almost every specified period of time, which requires considerable costs for monitoring, preparing solutions, pumping fertilizers, and, in addition, significant initial costs for creating a drip irrigation system.
The proposed technical solution makes it possible to reduce the total amount of fertilizers introduced with the main dressing, use organomineral fertilizers with an organic content of at least 35 wt. And top dressing is carried out with local dosing of fertilizers with the help of devices of continuous controlled feeding of fertilizers.
The possibility of implementing the method is illustrated by the following example
An example . Preparation of soil is carried out as follows. Straws (wheat, barley or rice) are added to the ridge in the amount of up to 70 t / ha. After the formation of the straw ridges, the soil soil is steamed with the straw according to the conventional steaming technology. After completion of steaming, 245 kg / ha of ammonium nitrate and 352 kg / ha of calcium carbonate are applied to the straw. Ammonium nitrate allows you to light straw and before planting plants to conduct its fermentation. After lowering the temperature of the straw to 25-28 o C in the soil, make a hole, the number of which is determined by the density of planting: for long-berry cucumbers 16-18 thousand / ha, and for short-bred cucumbers 20-24 thousand / ha. The depth of the wells is 12-15 cm. Place the device described above in the form of a sealed container for continuous feeding of fertilizers with a mass of 50-100 g equipped with mineral and / or organomineral fertilizers with the ratio N P 2 0 5 K 2 0 1: 1: 1 to 1.5: 1: 1.5. The device should provide a dosage rate of batteries of at least 0.015 g / h at an average temperature of 20-22 o C. After installing the devices, the soil is washed abundantly with water, and then a set of seedlings is placed in the holes. 2-3 days after planting the seedlings on a permanent place in the soil, 800 kg / ha 1000 kg / ha of organomineral fertilizers are applied to the surface in the planting area, Fecal components 20; thirty; 45, aqueous ammonia 0.45; 1.5; 3.0, brown coal 5; 10; 15, complex chlorine free fertilizer 5; 10; 15 and ash the rest to 100. Moreover, 800 kg / ha is made for long-fruited cucumbers and 1000 kg / ha for short-bodied cucumbers. A fractional addition, i.e. For the first period bring 400-500 kg / ha of fertilizers, then at 30% of sunny days after 3 months another 200-250 kg / ha of fertilizers are added to the zone of the root system and after 2 months the rest. If the number of sunny days at the initial stage is 35-40%, then the second portion of fertilizers is introduced after 2-2.5 months. Feeding should not be carried out, tk. The installed device provides the plant with all the necessary complex of batteries until the turnover is completed. Fractional application is recommended for glazed greenhouses, where subsoil heating or the temperature differential of daytime and nighttime is above 10 o C.
The reserve of nutrients introduced with organomineral fertilizers is guaranteed in combination with a device for the continuous supply of fertilizers of 25-35 kg / m 2 , provided an optimal regime of watering and temperature is established, and successful pest control.
Thus, the proposed method of stimulation makes it possible to obtain high stable yields of cucumbers when the fertilizer consumption is reduced to 2600-3200 kg / ha or 2.5-3 times compared to known methods. Product charges start 7-10 days earlier, the resistance of plants to diseases increases. Irreversible losses of fertilizers are minimized. Introduced organomineral fertilizers due to the presence of organic matter and other additives have positive consequences, improve soil structure and maintain optimal pH.
In the case of drip irrigation, it is not necessary to prepare nutrient solutions. Plants are served only by water. There is no need for pumping highly corrosive solutions, excluding piling, and, consequently, cleaning capillaries.
CLAIM
1. A method for stimulating the cultivation of cucumbers in winter glassed greenhouses, including planting the plant in soil, applying fertilizers to the soil, watering the soil and harvesting, characterized in that the application of fertilizers is carried out first before planting by placing a sealed container in the well for continuous feeding of fertilizers, Equipped with mineral or organomineral fertilizers in the amount of 50-100 g with the ratio NP 2 O 5 K 2 O 1: 1: 1 1.5: 1: 1.5, the membrane walls of the container are made of high pressure polyethylene with longitudinal orientation of 13 mass -22 g / m 2 on a porous substrate made of paper with a mass of 40-60 g / m 2 , and the membrane and the substrate are bonded by colloidation, then 2 to 3 days after planting, an organic-mineral fertilizer is applied to the soil area in an amount of 800-1000 kg / Ha with the following component ratio, wt.
Fecal component (droppings of birds, manure of a large horned cat, pig manure, fecal sewage) 20 545
Water ammonia 0.45 3.0
Brown coal 5 15
Complex chlorine free fertilizer 5 15
Ash Other
2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the application of fertilizer after planting is carried out in fractional manner, depending on the number of sunny days
3. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that a continuous supply of fertilizer from the sealed container is carried out at a rate of not less than 0.015 g / hr at 20-22 ° C.
print version
Date of publication 09.03.2007gg
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