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DEVICES, COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF INCREASING VICINITY AND CROP PRODUCTIVITY OF VEGETABLE CROPS

INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2081536

METHOD OF AGROMELIATION OF SOILS

METHOD OF AGROMELIATION OF SOILS

The name of the inventor: Bolatbekova, K .; Lavrov B .; Baklanov A.M.
The name of the patent holder: All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural Use of Reclamation Lands
Address for correspondence:
The effective date of the patent: 1995.02.17

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used for soil amelioration of humid landscapes of the Non-chernozem zone of the Russian Federation with dense waterproof sub-horizons and layers. The aim of the invention is to optimize the water-air regime, to improve the water-physical and other properties of soils with dense subsurface horizons and layers. This is achieved by the fact that for loosening dense subsoil horizons and layers of different soils, regulating the water and air regime in different periods of the year - dry and wet cultivate a highly productive perennial forage crop - a perforated silphia that has a powerful root system and a high fodder dignity.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular, to methods for ameliorating soils of humid landscapes with dense waterproof subsoil horizons.

A method for reclamation of bog-podzolic, podzolic, sod-podzolic, and heavy podzolized soddy-gley, sod-carbonate and other soils with dense subsoil horizons is known. It consists of the following: mowing and deep reclamation are used to accelerate intrasoil runoff and destroy dense horizons Loosening / Rozin VA Dehumidification of heavy mineral excessively moistened land using agro-meliorative measures. T. SevNIIGiM, 1957, issue 12; Eggelsman R. Guide to drainage. M. Kolos, 1970; Recommendations for the design and implementation of construction works for deep meliorative loosening of soils of the Non-chernozem zone of the RSFSR. Ed. F.R. Zaidelman. ML 1981. Glavnechernozemvodostroy Minvodkhoz of the USSR. Scientific works of VNIIMZ, vol. 14, 1982 and issue VI, 1984.

However, these irrigation and reclamation methods provide for their periodic renewal / re-mating and loosening are determined by the degree of water resistance of aggregates and fluctuate from 1 to 4 years /, which is associated with high energy costs (up to 2500 MJ / ha) and inability to use them on poorly structured and Strongly buffered soils.

There is also a method of melioration, in which crops with a powerful and deeply penetrating measles / alfalfa, winter and spring rape, and tartar / / A are sown in order to improve the air regime and loosen the soil. A.Goltsov and others. Rape, prunes, M. Kolos, 1988.

The disadvantage of this method is that annual crops require annual sowing, and this is associated with high energy costs. The bulk of their roots is located in the plow layer and they have little effect on the dense subsurface horizons of the soil. In addition, the above-mentioned perennial and annual meliorant plants are quickly thinned when sowing on sites with excessive moisture.

The closest technical solution chosen as a prototype is the method of melioration of wetlands, mostly low-lying bogs, including layer-by-layer deposition of silty sediments with their simultaneous dehydration by applying a mixture of dry seeds of perennial crops with deep-rooting and powerfully developed root system and perennial crops with root A system located close to the surface of the soil, for example a mixture of fescue seeds, reed and canary cane reed. No. 554,792, A 0 B 79/02, 1990).

The disadvantage of this method is that it has a limited range of application (mainly in the reclamation of lowland bogs) and is associated with high energy costs (preliminary layerwise deposition of silty sediments).

The aim of the proposed invention is to optimize the water-air regime, improve the water-physical and other soil properties, reduce the density of its sub-plow horizons and layers, redistribute the surface to the subsoil runoff and increase the productivity of arable land.

This goal is achieved by the proposed method for melioration of soils in which the marshy podzolic, podzolic, sod-podzolic and other soils of humid landscapes of the Non-chernozem zone of the Russian Federation with dense waterproof subsoil horizons and layers (plow soles on arable coal) / cultivate a perennial fodder The culture of the silphium is pierced, forming a large biomass and a well-developed powerful root system consisting of a rhizome and a large number of cord-like elastic accessory roots.

The proposed method provides for regulating the water-air regime of soils during periods of waterlogging and drought, improves the water-physical and other properties of the soil, loosens its dense layers and horizons, reduces energy costs and increases the productivity of arable land.

The method is implemented as follows.

Before laying the plantations of sylphy piercing under the plowing, organic fertilizers are applied in doses determined by the initial content of humus in the soil. Mineral in the years of use of grass in relation to the planned harvest.

Broad-row nesting / with 70 cm aisles and with a distance between the nests in a range of 40 45 cm / is carried out in the spring with a seeding rate of 10 12 kg of seeds per 1 ha.

In the first year of life, crop care consists in combating weeds, chemical dressing and inter-row treatments.

In the second and subsequent years, the care of the plantation consists of early spring harrowing of crops, the introduction of mineral fertilizers and interrow cultivation.

Field experiments were carried out on the fields of VNIIMZ on dried sod-podzolic gleyey soils formed on binary deposits.

When comparing the morphology of the soil under the silphium of the progeny of different years of life, it was established that with the age of the plants there was a significant increase in the root mass. In plants of the first year of life, the root system consisted of many small roots, located only in the arable layer of the soil. At the third year, the accessory roots reached a thickness of 5-6 mm, they penetrated the subsoil horizons, loosening the dense layers. The total mass of air-dry roots was 143 c / ha.

After seven years of sylphy cultivation, various properties of the soil have changed significantly, incl. Water-physical. Thus, the rate of absorption in the first hour increased from 0.74 to 4.90 m / day or 6.6 times, and the filtration factor increased 14-fold.

The absorption rate of the "plow sole" increased 3.6 times, and the filtration factor 8.3 times.

The density of soil addition at the depth of 20 30, 30 40 and 40 50 cm decreased under the silfia by 0.04, 0.06 and 0.17 g / cm 3 , respectively.

On the basis of the conducted research, it was revealed that the influence of sylphophore perforation on the soil is mainly determined by the depth of penetration of its root system and the degree of saturation of the soil sequence. Their maximum placement in the plow layer contributes to the maximum consumption of moisture and the corresponding transpiration of the latter. Deep penetrating roots in certain periods of the year, on the one hand, provided the plant with moisture, and on the other hand, they serve as conduits.

Sulfia perforated was distinguished by high productivity at an average level of nutrition for 6 years of use of the grass stand, the yield of green mass was 762, dry matter 10.3 c / ha. When fertilizers were applied in calculated doses, which were in the years from N 90 P 90 K 90 to N 230 P 90 K 155 , the yield of green mass ranged from 716 to 977 centners, dry matter from 112.0 to 186.6 centners per hectare .

Thus, when implementing the proposed method

There is a loosening of dense waterproof subsoil horizons and soil layers;

Provides an optimal water-air regime of the soil in different periods of the year of waterlogging and drought;

There is a redistribution of surface runoff into the subsoil and acceleration of the latter,

Energy costs are reduced due to the use of perennial fodder forage of sylphy pronounced.

CLAIM

1. The method of agro-melioration of soils, including the sowing of dry seeds of perennial crops with a deep-rooting and powerfully developed root system, characterized by the fact that the soils of the humid landscapes of the Non-chernozem zone of the Russian Federation with dense waterproof subsoil horizons are sown with perennial fodder.

2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that on the soils drained by closed drainage, the perforated silphium is sown with a strip above the drain.

3. The method of claim 1. 1 and 2, characterized in that the perforated silphium is sown with a strip in the middle of the enlarged one against the projected inter-distance.

print version
Date of publication 09.03.2007gg