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DEVICES, COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF INCREASING VICINITY AND CROP PRODUCTIVITY OF VEGETABLE CROPS
INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2121784

METHOD FOR GROWING THE FARMS IN THE ZONE OF RISK AGRICULTURE

METHOD FOR GROWING THE FARMS IN THE ZONE OF RISK AGRICULTURE

The name of the inventor: Ladeyschikova LA
The name of the patent holder: Ural State Forest Technical Academy
Address for correspondence:
Date of commencement of the patent: 1997.10.16

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to gardening, mainly to the industrial cultivation of strawberries in the difficult climatic conditions of the Non-chernozem zone of Russia. The essence of the invention lies in the fact that the strawberries are grown on the trapezoidal crests formed in the spring in the direction from the south to the north. On the flat top of the ridges, a triangular landing groove is made, into which mineral fertilizers are introduced locally during the formation. Working trapezoidal ridges form a combined aggregate in the process of milling the rows between the primary crests of the triangular form cut from the autumn. The invention makes it possible to create a field relief for the cultivation of strawberries, in which the snow cover is retained and evenly distributed in the winter, and in the spring it rapidly warms up, during the growing season, the resistance of plants to damage by pests and diseases increases.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to gardening, mainly to the industrial cultivation of strawberries in the difficult climatic conditions of the Non-chernozem zone of Russia.

A method for planting tilled crops is known (see A No. 1491401, cl. A 01 G 1/00, published on 07.07.89, Bulletin No. 25), in which, under the conditions of the dissected relief of the Non-chernozem zone in the process of preplant preparation Soil is leveled, planned, and then grooves-grooves are cut across the main incline of the field 5-8 cm deep, 35-40 cm wide. After that, the field is rolled with light smooth rollers and the mulch material is laid on the curved bottom of the furrows as a dark polymer film 50 cm wide. Then in the tapes make holes 15-20 cm and planted in them seedlings of strawberries.

The disadvantages of this method of growing strawberries are the need for a dark polymer film that is not destroyed in the light, which covers almost half of the strawberry plantation, and that after laying the film, the mechanized processing of the plantation, in particular the weed control in row spacing, is hampered, which increases the need for manual labor , Which dramatically increases the cost of the products produced by this method.

There is also a known method for growing strawberry seedlings (see AS 1443855, cl. A 01 G 1/00, published on 15.12.88, Bulletin No. 46), in which planting of uterine plants is carried out on an aligned soil surface, and Before the distribution of mustaches in rows between rows cut strips of 15-20 cm deep with gentle slopes forming the tops in the center of the rows of uterine plants, and the arrangement of the mustaches is carried out on the slopes of the furrows.

Disadvantages of the method is that in the conditions of the Non-Chernozem zone, in particular in the Middle Urals, on the leveled field, wind blowing of the snow cover is possible, and in the spring such a field is warmed up for a long time, which retards spring planting and leads to uneven development and, To crop loss. In addition, when slicing furrows 15-20 cm deep during the vegetation of plants, considerable amounts of soil are transported and plants may fall asleep, as well as damage to the root system of plants, which may lead to a decrease in yields on plantations and partial death of plants.

The object of the invention is to create a field relief for growing strawberries, which allows winter to delay and evenly distribute the snow cover, and in the spring - to warm up quickly, while the field relief should allow maximum mechanization of operations for field preparation, weed control, planting and care of plants and use Serial soil-cultivating machinery and replaceable working bodies with minimum costs of manual labor and funds for processing plantations with increased output and high quality.

The stated task is solved by the fact that the claimed method of cultivation of strawberries in the zone of risky farming involves the preparation of soil, the slicing of grooves with the formation of ridges, the spring planting of plants and subsequent care for them, while, in contrast to the known method, primary combs are cut in autumn, the ridges are triangular in shape and Are located from the north to the south, and in the spring, before planting the seedlings, strip milling between the rows of primary ridges and in the place of triangular ridges form working crests of a trapezoidal shape with a flat top having a longitudinal groove of a triangular shape for planting seedlings of strawberry on the top of the working ridge, The formation of the working crest produces a local application of mineral fertilizers to the central part of the primary crest.

In the claimed method, strip milling is performed after warming up the soil 5-7 days before planting the seedlings, combs are formed through 70-90 cm, the working crests of the trapezoidal shape having a flat top with a width of 10-15 cm and a triangular shaped landing groove in the form of an equilateral triangle with sides 5-7 cm, and the mineral fertilizer tape has a width of 10-15 cm and is placed at a depth of 10-15 cm from the top of the trapezoidal crest. The strawberry seedlings are planted in a landing groove after 25-30 cm along the crest, while planting the planting grooves completely do not fill up while planting the plants, but they are used to collect moisture during the growing of plants and for the development of the mustache. In the process of plant growth, the processing of rows and slopes of ridges is mechanized by means of a cultivator, leaving only whiskers located on the flat top of the ridge.

Spring processing of ridges can be made as separately - first local application of mineral fertilizers into the primary comb, and then milling the rows and forming working crests, and simultaneously in one pass by a combined milling unit with application of fertilizers to the crest.

The peculiarity of the combined unit used for this method with the milling cultivator-comber type KFK-2,8 is that simultaneously with the strip milling of soil between the primary autumn ridges to a depth of 15-20 cm and the formation of crests of a trapezoidal shape with a flat top and a landing groove from above , The unit is equipped with a feeder that feeds mineral fertilizers locally into the ridges with a ribbon of width L = 10-15 cm to a depth of h = 10-15 cm from the top of the ridge, which creates a soil layer between the roots of the plants planted in the planting groove and the fertilizer belt and favorably affects Growth and development of strawberries during the entire effect of fertilizers.

METHOD FOR GROWING THE FARMS IN THE ZONE OF RISK AGRICULTURE

In the drawing (a) the profile of the autumn primary triangular ridges cut by the passive working parts of the cultivator-hiller type KON-2.8 MP is presented; The dotted line shows the profile of these same ridges in the spring, after the melting of snow.

In the drawing (b), a profile (cross section) of trapezoidal working crests formed by a KFK-2,8 milling cultivator-ridge is shown, with a landing groove at the top and a band of mineral fertilizers inside the ridge.

The way of growing strawberries in the zone of risky farming is as follows.

In the field, where plantations of strawberries are laid and organic fertilizers are introduced, autumn plowing is carried out in accordance with the generally accepted technology in the farm.

After plowing with harrowing and cultivation, the primary ridges are cut, in particular through 70-90 cm, of a triangular shape, the average frequency is H = 25-30 cm, in the direction from north to south by standard hillers with the help of a cultivator-cone type KOH-2,8 In the unit with tract MTZ-80. The profile of the ridges is shown in the drawing (a). The main task of the autumn primary ridges is snow retention, retention of thawed waters and acceleration of soil warming in the crests during the spring season when the seeds of weeds and larvae of the pests are frozen in the upper layer of the crest.

In the spring, when the soil dries out and on the primary crests deformed by an adjacent cover and moisture, weeds will appear, produce spring preparation of the ridges, including local application of fertilizers (dry and liquid) and strip milling of the rows of primary ridges with the formation of working crests of a trapezoidal shape with a landing groove on Flat top, which mechanized planted seedlings of strawberries.

When spring processing of the crests according to the proposed method, it is recommended to use a combined milling unit based on the MTZ-82 tractor with a mounted feeder of the POM-630 type and a milling cultivator-crimber KFK-2,8 with additional working elements for local application of liquid fertilizers. Such an aggregate for one pass makes local application of mineral fertilizers, milling the soil in the inter-row spacing of the primary ridges and forms working trapezoidal ridges with a landing groove on the flat top of the crest located above the applied mineral fertilizer belt, providing favorable conditions for survival and further planting in the seeding groove Development and providing the conditions for mechanized processing of the flank side surface in the control of weeds, aeration of the soil.

After mechanized planting of seedlings using, in particular seedling-planting machines, weed control operations are mechanized using serial cultivators of the KON-2,8 type with rotary bows or lancet paws for loosening the rows. The proposed method of growing strawberries allows to mechanize almost all operations of soil preparation, fertilization, planting of seedlings and care of plantings, creating favorable conditions for heating the soil and plants on the ridges while providing plants with mineral nutrition and creating conditions for the development of the root system in the ridges after milling the soil and Forming a comb of optimum dimensions, selected experimentally, and a groove of the indicated dimensions at the apex of the trapezoidal working crest serves to preserve and retain moisture and to place whiskers into it, so as not to interfere with the mechanized processing of the lateral sides of the ridges.

Practical verification of the proposed method of cultivation of strawberries was conducted in the Sverdlovsk region with plants of varieties "Festivalnaya" and "Orlets". Control variant was the technology of strawberry cultivation, generally accepted for the given zone, in rows on a plowed and leveled field from autumn with a spring plowing and application of mineral fertilizers for cultivation.

The primary combs were cut in September of the previous year, and local application of fertilizers to the primary ridges and milling of the inter-row with the formation of working trapezoidal ridges with a landing groove on a flat top was carried out in the first ten days of May.

Repetition of the experiment is 3-fold. The plot area is 500 sq.m. The soil in the plots is podzolized with black soil. The application rate of mineral fertilizers is 90 kg per P 2 O 5 per hectare. Liquid complex fertilizers of grade 10: 34: 0 (HCS) of the Voskresensky Chemical Combine were used. The rate of application of liquid fertilizers is 200 l / ha. In the control variants, the fertilizer was applied surface (rod) before cultivation, in experimental versions - locally in the soil (into the primary comb) by a combined aggregate. Seedlings were planted in the second half of May using a transplanting machine in the unit with MTZ-82 tractor. In the control variant, the seedlings were planted manually. Density of landing is the same. In the experiment, strawberries of two varieties were used. Variety "Festival" was used as the main standard variety, well-known and widely distributed. The variety "Orlets" was used as a new promising variety, regionalized in the Sverdlovsk region. Observations took into account plant survival, the timing of the beginning of flowering, the beginning of harvesting berries, the timing of mass harvest and the total harvest from the plots. The results of the experiment were processed using mathematical statistics.

In Table. 1 presents the results of recording the harvest of strawberry "Festivalnaya", obtained in the experiment for two years (in terms of hectare), c / ha.

In Table. 2 presents the results of recording the harvest of strawberry "Orlets", obtained in the experiment for two years (in terms of hectare), q / ha.

The results of the field experiment (presented in Tables 1 and 2) showed that in the conditions of the zone of risky farming, in particular the Middle Urals, the proposed method of growing strawberries allows almost completely to mechanize soil preparation and plant care operations.

Studies have established that due to the better location and illumination of plants and faster warming up of the soil on the ridges of the proposed configuration, the survival rate of seedlings of "Festivalnaya" and "Orlets" varieties during transplantation increases and amounted to 86-88% compared to the control (64-72%) . Mass flowering of plants begins 3-5 days earlier than on control plots.

The main result, showing the technical feasibility and prospects of using the proposed method, is that due to the planting of strawberries in the crests of the trapezoid shape, the plantation area increases, and during the growing season the resistance of plants to damage by pests and diseases increases, in addition, due to the trapezoidal shape of the crest Increases the root layer.

In the case of strip milling of row spacing in the place of primary triangular ridges of a given direction, cut from autumn, with a landing groove on a flat top, in which a mineral fertilizer was applied locally in the spring, the increase in strawberry harvest, regardless of the weather conditions of the year, averaged 2 years for " Festival "- 31.2%, and for the" Orlets "- 33.7%, which practically pays for all additional costs for the acquisition and operation of the milling unit and for the repeated formation of ridges and shows the prospects and effectiveness of the proposed method.

CLAIM

1. Method of growing strawberries in a zone of risky farming, including soil preparation, slicing furrows with the formation of crests, spring planting and subsequent care, characterized by the fact that in the autumn primary crests of triangular shape are formed and placed in the direction from north to south, and In the spring, before planting seedlings, strip milling of the rows of primary ridges is carried out, local band-feeding of mineral fertilizers is carried out in the central part of the primary crest, and in the place of the primary crests, working crests of trapezoidal shape with a flat top are formed, equipped with a longitudinal groove of triangular shape for planting seedlings of strawberries on top of the worker Comb.

2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the strip milling is carried out after warming the soil 5 to 7 days prior to transplanting.

3. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the ridges are spaced apart from each other at a distance of 70 to 90 cm.

4. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the working ridges have a flat top with a width of 10-15 cm.

5. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the working ridges are provided with a triangular-shaped landing groove in the form of an equilateral triangle with sides of 5-7 cm.

6. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the mineral fertilizer tape has a width of 10-15 cm and is placed at a depth of 10-15 cm from the top of the trapezoidal crest.

7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the seedlings are planted in the planting groove after 25 to 30 cm along the ridge, with the planting grooves completely not sealed when planting the plants, but are used to collect moisture during plant growth and for the development of the mustache.

8. The method of claim 1, characterized in that during the growth of plants, the processing of rows and slopes of the ridges is carried out mechanically by means of a cultivator, leaving only whiskers located on the flat top of the ridge.

print version
Date of publication 10.03.2007gg