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DEVICES, COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF INCREASING VICINITY AND CROP PRODUCTIVITY OF VEGETABLE CROPS

INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2132600

METHOD OF SODIUM EMISSIONS ON GRAIN ON IRRIGATED LAND

METHOD OF SODIUM EMISSIONS ON GRAIN ON IRRIGATED LAND

The inventor's name: Viktor Vladimirovich Borodychev; Kolganov Alexander Vasilyevich; Saldaev Alexander Makarovich; Rogachev Alexey Fruminovich; Mazaraeva Tamara Ivanovna
The name of the patent holder: Viktor Vladimirovich Borodychev; Kolganov Alexander Vasilyevich; Saldaev Alexander Makarovich; Rogachev Alexey Fruminovich; Mazaraeva Tamara Ivanovna
Address for correspondence: 400089, Volgograd, ul.Izolatornaya 2, ap. 89, GSP, Saldaeva A.M.
The effective date of the patent: 1998.02.27

The invention can be used in agriculture, in plant growing with the cultivation of soybeans for grain in conditions of irrigated agriculture. After harvesting the predecessor, the stubble is flaked. When there are stable outlets, perennial weeds are destroyed by the introduction of herbicides. Then disc top layer is carried out and organic and mineral fertilizers are introduced. Plowing is carried out with general-purpose plows with skimmer. In the early spring period, harrowing is carried out. With the growth of cold-resistant weeds, continuous application of herbicides is carried out. The sowing is carried out with a row spacing of 45, 60 and 70 cm with a norm of 500-600 thousand pieces per 1 ha. In this case, before each opener, the soil of the upper layer is shifted sideways, exposing the wet layer. Soybean seeds are closed to a depth of 4-5 cm and pack. With the appearance of 1-3 leaves, a herbicide with a norm of 1.5-2.0 kg ai / ha is applied. After this, fine sprinkling with a rate of 250-300 l / ha is carried out. The strip is filled with soil from the interrow rows and the plants grow up, forming a dovetail along the axis of each row. Between watering drip and finely sprinkled sprinkled with loose rows. Before harvesting, the roots of plants are exposed by displacing the soil from the dike crests. The invention will make it possible to obtain environmentally friendly soybean grain with a minimum use of herbicides, while reducing yield losses and increasing crop yields.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(EN) The invention relates to agriculture, to crop production, in particular to technologies for cultivating crops on irrigated land, for example, soybeans for grain.

A method is known for cultivating soybeans for grains on irrigated lands, including peeling of the stubble of the precursor, treatment with herbicide, fertilization, plowing, early spring loosening and leveling, presowing irrigation and cultivation for 4-5 cm, packing soil before and after sowing, harrowing of shoots, irrigation In which, in order to increase crop yields by speeding up the appearance of friendly and uniform shoots, reducing the damage and death of soybean seedlings and eliminating the inhibition of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and reducing labor costs, herbicides are introduced 14-20 days prior to pre-sowing, and sowing is produced by narrow-row or Cross-sowing with a seeding rate of 1.3 to 1.5 million germinated grains per 1 ha of early ripening soybean varieties (SU, copyright certificate, No. 1519539. MK 4 A 01 B 79/02. Method of soybean cultivation on irrigated land / / P.E. Gubanov, it was announced on 10.11.1987, published on 07.11.1989).

A disadvantage of the known method is that the plant nutrient area is irrationally used and there is a significant clogging of soybean with a weed, and thickening of soybean crops does not give a significant increase in yield.

A method for cultivating soybeans for grain is also known, including saplings of the stubble of the precursor (grain crop), plowing, disc harrowing, harrowing, cultivation of the soil in the late autumn period, early spring closure of moisture, presowing packing, introduction of the treflan herbicide in early May and seeding in the soil, With a seeding rate of 600-800 thousand seeds per hectare at a soil temperature of +12 o . . . + 15 o C to a depth of 8-10 cm (Nosovtsev NM, Ozerov NP Technological discipline - pledge of the crop // Oil crops .- 1986. - N1. - C.8 - 10).

Soy is a valuable food product and an indispensable raw material for many industries. In one kilogram of grain, for example, early-ripening variety with vegetation period of 100-110 days, there are 1.47 feed units, 247 g or 28.11% digestible protein, 18.6% fat, 38.2% nitrogen-free extractives, 6.38 % Of fiber and 5.38% of ash. However, this technology of cultivating soybeans for grain in irrigated agriculture does not provide an opportunity to obtain sustainable yields due to the large number of heat-loving and late weeds that, by the time of harvesting, practically choke crops. The harvesting by direct combining becomes an insoluble problem. The systematic use of trefflane herbicide on soybean crops can significantly reduce the harmfulness of common weeds such as chicken millet, green and gray mice, common wild oats, and three-speckled spiders. However, their place was taken by weeds resistant to treflan: cocklebur cocklebur, mountaineers, yarutka, icteric, etc. As a result, the effectiveness of treflan and nitrate is sharply reduced. To successfully combat various weeds, not one type of herbicide is needed. This leads to a sharp increase in the cost of each ton of soybean grain.

There is a known method of soybean cultivation for grain, including stubbling, plowing, discarding the arable land, cultivating the topsoil in several directions, aligning the field with harrowing, early spring closing with plumes and re-leveling the field, harrowing with heavy harrows, packing with smooth water-rollers for provoking Early and heat-loving weeds, the destruction of the emerged weeds by disking and cultivation and sowing (see the article of the authors: VM Bezborodov, VM Zharikov, "Brigade experience," Oil crops. -1986.-N 1.-C.10).

The disadvantages of this method include large material costs for the destruction of weeds. The described method can not be referred to non-herbicidal technologies, since It provides for 7-10 days before sowing the preparation of treflane with a norm of 5-6 liters per hectare, sowing is carried out on time from May 24 to 28. Scheme of sowing - wide-row, two-row (51h15 cm). The depth of sowing is 5 ... 8 cm. To destroy the appeared weeds, pre-emergence harrowing and post-emergence harrowing are carried out. In the phases of flowering and the formation of beans, soybean crops are treated with a bazagran with a dose of 2 kg per hectare of crops. This operation allows you to partially destroy the cocklebur. Cleaning is carried out in the phase of full ripeness of seeds with a moisture content of not more than 16% by combine harvesters converted to a low cut. This sequence of operation allows us to obtain steadily from each hectare of crops up to 1.7-1.8 t / ha of grain.

The technology of soybean cultivation proposed by the Ukrainian Research Institute for Irrigated Agriculture differs significantly from the above described (see the article of the authors: Skoba IS, Oleinik VI, Dynnik VP Increase soybean yields // Oil crops. -1986. -N 1 -C. 13-14).

In the described technology, soybean seeds are treated with TMTD or fentiuram preparation, immediately before sowing, inoculated with rhizotorphin and enriched with ammonium molybdate. This method promotes the biological activation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and optimizes the regime of mineral nutrition of soy. The sowing is carried out at a soil temperature of +10 ... +12 o C. The method of sowing is wide-row with a row spacing of 45 cm. The sow is produced commercially by the SST-12A beet drill with the STY-31000 device. During the care of crops, chemical and agrotechnical measures against weeds are used. In the phase of one to three triple soybean leaves, a medium-sized bead with a norm of 1-3 kg per drug per hectare is used. However, this drug only gives effect in rainy weather and on compacted soil.

A similar method for soybean cultivation is known, in which, in addition to known technological operations, soil leveling and planning are planned by long-term planners (see Burdin SK Annually-planned crop // Oil crops. -1986 .- N 1.-C.14 -15).

This agrotechnical technique contributes to the uniform distribution of artificial rainfall and the sealing of soybean seeds to a depth of 4-5 cm, creates optimal conditions for the introduction of herbicides, irrigation and harvesting with minimal losses. Prior to sowing, the field is treated with treflan, with a seal at a depth of 5-8 cm. The sowing is carried out at a soil temperature of +12 ... +16 o C. The seeding method is wide-row with a row spacing of 60 cm. The seeding rate is 80 kg or 400-500 thousand virgin grains per 1 hectare. To reduce the weediness of weeds, the field before treatment emerges is treated with prometrin at a dose of 4 kg / ha or linuron 4-5 kg ​​/ ha by the preparation. Highly clogged fields are treated for the third time with a bazagran at doses of 3 kg / ha in the phase of two or three soybean leaves. The effectiveness of this herbicide is very high. Its use in combination with pre-emergence application of treflan allows to exclude mechanical control of weeds during the growing season.

This method in conditions of irrigated farming makes it possible to obtain high yields: 2.23-2.30 t / ha of soybean seeds. Wide aisles allow two interrow cultivation for cultivation during the growing season with plant cultivators KRN-5,6 in the unit with wheeled tractor MTZ-80. The optimum water regime of this crop is achieved by maintaining the soil moisture in the period from the emergence of shoots to the beginning of flowering of plants at 70% HB, from flowering to mass formation of beans and their filling - 80% HB, and further - no lower than 70% of HB. During the vegetation period, 3-4 waterings are carried out at a rate of water flow of 700-800 m 3 / ha. Cleaning of soybeans is carried out by the re-equipped grain harvester SK-5 "Niva" during the ripening period of 90-95% of the beans. By this time, the stems dry up, the beans become brown, the leaves fall off. This greatly simplifies the threshing of beans by the threshing machine of a combine harvester with a latticed deck.

Consider the technology of cultivation of ultra-ripening and early-ripening varieties of domestic and foreign breeding - North 5, North 2, North 4, Swedish 856, Fiskeby and others with a grain yield of 1.7-1.74 t / ha (see article: Gureev, M.P. Soybean in the Ryazan Region // Oilseeds. -1986. -N 1.- С. 20-21).

Studies have shown that the most productive and suitable for mechanized harvesting is the variety of North 5. The height of the plants is 0.65-0.84 m, the vegetation period does not exceed 93-110 days, ripens in late August and early September. Flowers are small, purple. The height of attachment of the lower beans is at the level of 0.12-0.18 m. The beans are brown, resistant to cracking. Seeds are yellow, round, of medium size. Weight: 1000 pcs. Seeds is 126-127 g. The protein content is 38-42%, fat is 18-20%. With a yield of 1.0 t / ha, soybeans take out 104 kg of nitrogen, 21 kg of phosphorus and 44 kg of potassium. This removal is compensated for by mineral fertilizers. Doses N 6-120 P 120 K 120 increase the yield of seeds by 0.32-0.54 t / ha. Against perennial root-root weeds, amine salt is used in autumn during the main soil preparation (plowing with a turn of the reservoir from under the predecessor - 2-2.5 kg of d. Per one hectare, and dissolved - with the norm of 150-200 liters of water). Amine salt is applied using a rod sprayer of the GAN-8 type after peeling of stubble along well-grown rosettes of perennial weeds. After 12-15 days, the main plowing is carried out to the depth of the arable horizon (20-30 cm). The soybean sowing period is the end of the first - the beginning of the second decade of May. A month before sowing, the seeds are treated with TMTD with a rate of 2 kg per ton of grain. The seeding depth is 5-6 cm. On the day of sowing, the seeds are treated with nitragin (strain 646a). The row spacing is 45 cm. After sowing, the field is rolled up. The seeding rate is 450-500 thousand germinated seeds or 90-110 kg per 1 ha. Soybean in the first period grows slowly and strongly oppressed by weeds. Along with agrotechnical control measures, one of the herbicides is used: treflan - 1.5 kg, lindron - 1.5; Prometrin 2,5, ramrod - 4 and dactal - 12 kg ai. On 1 hectare.

The most effective is treflan. Make it under the pre-sowing cultivation and immediately closed into the soil. Herbicides reduce the contamination of crops by 74-89%, significantly increase the yield of soy. Bazagran in combination with treflan (1.5-2.0 kg ai per hectare for cultivation reduces the contamination of crops by 77-95%.) The yield of soybean seeds in this field increased to 1.6-1.7 t / Ha.

The technology of soybean cultivation is known, which ensures harvesting up to 3.2 tons per hectare (see article: Dyrda Ya.F. Soy in the Lower Volga Region // Oilseeds. -1986. -N 1.-С. 21-22).

Soil and climatic conditions make it possible to grow soybeans for grain in the Ulyanovsk Region. The frost-free period is 140-150 days, the sum of temperatures above +10 o C is 2300-2550 o C. During the warm period, up to 300 mm of precipitation falls. Varieties Soya Smena, Aurora, Krasnogradskaya 1, Omskaya 3, with 14% humidity in these conditions allow you to harvest the grain to 1.25-1.95 t / ha. Soya varieties Kievskaya 48, Krasnogradskaya 1, Chernivtsi 7, Khabarovskaya 4, Amber, Amur 310, USHI-2 achieved yields of 2.5-2.9 t / ha. The grade USHI-2 surpassed the VNIIS-1 grade by 0.31 t / ha, VNIIS 2 by 0.39 t / ha for the grain crop. The weight of 1000 soybean seeds was 172.8 g. The height of the attachment of the lower bean is above 13 cm from the field surface. This allows you to harvest soybean harvesters without loss.

The industrial technology of soybean cultivation in irrigated plots is known, providing grain productivity of 2.78-3.0 t / ha (see article: Tsoy V., Kidrishev T. Economics of Soybean Cultivation under Irrigation // Oilseeds. -1986. -N 1. - P.32).

The main predecessors of soybeans on irrigated plots are winter wheat, sugar beet and corn. After harvesting the precursor, we perform water recharge irrigation, stubble plowing to a depth of 0.10-0.12 m. In the phase of rosettes of perennial weeds, we use herbicides of the group 2,4-D (amine salt - 1 kg, butyl ether - 0.6 kg d.v Per hectare). After 10-12 days, 300-400 kg of superphosphate, 100-150 kg of potassium salt per 1 hectare are introduced. The main tillage with a turnover of the bed is carried out to a depth of 27-30 cm. In the spring, harrowing, laying and thinning are carried out. For control of weeds, use treflan, nitran, linuron, prometrin, amiben and bazagran.

Prior to soybean planting, either treflan or a 30% concentrate of nitron emulsion in doses of 5-6 liters per 1 hectare (300 l / ha working solution) is introduced. To suppress common cocklebur, whose seeds are difficult to separate from soybean seeds, these drugs do not work. In the phase of two or three soybean leaves, a basragran is used at doses of 2.0-2.5 kg / ha at a flow rate of 400 l / ha of the working solution.

Before sowing, soybean seeds are treated with nitragin (300 g per hectare). They combine the varieties of Lanka and Merit in a wide-row way with 70 cm spacing in the first ten days of May to a depth of 5 cm. The seeding rate is 400 thousand pieces. On 1 hectare. The temperature of the soil is +14 o C at a depth of 6 cm. Soybeans can be sown in a two-line way (45x15 cm) with a SZN-3,6 drill in irrigation conditions. Seeding rate - 750 thousand pieces. On 1 hectare. The optimum humidity of 70-80% of PPV is created by four waterings: one before flowering; Two - during flowering-fruiting; One at the beginning of the period of fruit formation with a water discharge rate of 700-800 m 3 / ha.

On soils with close bedding of the shingle, six waterings are carried out at a rate of water flow of 500-600 m 3 / ha.

Soy harvest harvesters SK-5M "Niva" with the maturation of 90-95% of beans and grain moisture is not higher than 14-16%. Defoliation of soybean cultures is carried out with magnesium chlorate at the rate of 6 kg ai. On 1 hectare in a mixture with a rug (0,2 kg ai per 1 ha).

A method for growing soybeans, including a complete sowing, is known in which, in order to increase the yield by creating the most favorable conditions for ripening, continuous sowing is carried out with at least two varieties of soybean, with a difference in the maturation period of not more than 25 days (SU author's certificate, N 1471969. M. 4 A 01 C 7/00 The method of soybean cultivation // Zherebko VM Announced 16.06.1986, published on April 15, 1989).

This method of growing soybean provides a yield increase of 10.6% only provided that the crops are not littered with weed killer mushrooms.

There is also a known method for cultivating soybeans for grain in irrigated lands, which includes applying fertilizers for plowing, sowing intermediate crops, vegetative watering, mowing, plowing, soil preparation, soybean seed sowing, grooming, cleaning, in which an intermediate crop is used Alfalfa saplings, which are used for three years on green forage, while in the third year of using alfalfa, the first mowing is removed during the beginning of budding for fodder purposes, then plowing, soil preparation and sowing in the same year with soybean seeds of early ripening varieties 45 cm between rows and a seeding rate of 400-450 thousand germinated seeds per 1 hectare, and the irrigation norm for irrigating soybean crops is 1023 m 3 / ha (RU patent, No. 2054229. IPC 6 A 01 B 79/00. On irrigated lands // Chaika AK It was stated on 02.09.1991, published on 02.20.1996), adopted for the closest analogue.

The described method of cultivating soybeans for grain on irrigated lands allows to exclude the use of herbicides. However, soybean yield is possible only for the 4th year of irrigated land exploitation, which leads to an increase in the cost of production.

The essence of the invention is as follows.

The task, to solve which the claimed invention is directed,

- Obtaining environmentally friendly grain of soy. Soy is a family of legumes. Sowing bean cultures of soybeans after the bean precursor - alfalfa (clover, etc.) leads to serious diseases with legume diseases and to a sharp decline in yields.

The technical result is a decrease in losses of soybean yield and an increase in yield.

Said technical result in the practice of the invention is achieved in that, in a known method, including the peeling of the stubble of the precursor, the application of a herbicide for the destruction of perennial root-crop weeds, disking, application of mineral fertilizers, plowing with the turnover of the formation, early spring harrowing, the continuous application of herbicides for the destruction of cold-resistant weeds under a presowing Cultivation, alignment of the relief, sowing, interrowing, post-application of the herbicide and cleaning, with a wide-row seeding method with rows of 45.60 and 70 cm from the axis of each row, the soil of the upper layer is shifted sideways, the moist layer is exposed, seeds with a seeding rate of 500 -600 thousand pieces per 1 hectare are closed to a depth of 3-4 cm and rolled up, and when 2-3 leaves appear - a herbicide is introduced with a norm of 2.0-2.5 kg ai / ha on the surface of the compacted bottom of the open strip , Fine sprinkling with the norm of 600-800 l / ha is carried out, the strip is filled with soil from row rows and the plants grow up, forming a ridge along the axis of each row, between watering droplets and fine sprinkling loosen row rows, and before harvesting, plant roots are exposed by soil displacement from the dike crests at The last cultivation and align the aisles.

Due to the fact that the seeds are embedded in the moist layer only to a depth of 3-4 cm, the herbicides are introduced into a narrow protective band and washed off from the leaves, the plants are fertilized with a moist soil layer, and the row spacing is equalized before harvesting, the above-mentioned technical result is achieved.

The Applicant's analysis of the technology level, including the search for patent and scientific and technical information sources and the identification of sources containing information on analogs of the claimed invention, revealed that the Applicants did not find an analogue characterized by features identical to all the essential features of the claimed invention.

Consequently, the claimed invention corresponds to the requirement of "novelty" under the current legislation.

In order to verify the compliance of the claimed invention with the requirement of an "inventive level", the Applicants conducted an additional search for known solutions in order to identify features that coincide with features of the claimed invention that are distinct from the closest analogue, the results of which show that the claimed invention does not explicitly follow from a known level of technology for a specialist, From the level of technology defined by the Applicants, the effect of the transformations envisaged by the essential features of the claimed invention on the achievement of the technical result is not revealed.

Consequently, the claimed invention corresponds to the requirement "inventive level" according to the current legislation.

The invention is explained in the drawings.

METHOD OF SODIUM EMISSIONS ON GRAIN ON IRRIGATED LAND METHOD OF SODIUM EMISSIONS ON GRAIN ON IRRIGATED LAND
METHOD OF SODIUM EMISSIONS ON GRAIN ON IRRIGATED LAND

In Fig. 1 schematically depicts the sowing of soybean seeds in a broad row by a depth of a 2 into a wet strip, exposed at a depth of a 1, with the width of the inter-row B.

In Fig. 2 shows the hilling of plants with the height h of the ridge after band application of herbicides and fine sprinkling.

In Fig. 3 - the process of exposure at the height H of soybean roots and alignment of the inter-row relief.

The information confirming the possibility of carrying out the invention is as follows.

To provoke the germination of weed seeds after harvesting the preceding culture, stubble is harvested to a depth of 5-6 cm by disc-type LDG-10 choppers in the aggregate with a caterpillar tractor. If necessary, on the irrigated field, provocative irrigation is carried out with a re-equipped sprinkler DDA-100MA with drop irrigation at a rate of 250-350 m 3 / ha. Humidity of the upper soil layer rises to 20-24%. In the conditions of the Lower Volga region, the air temperature in the end of August - the first decade of September is 25-35 o C. This leads to the fact that perennial weeds form stable rosettes of root-off weeds. To destroy them, the herbicide-amine salt 2,4-D is applied at a rate of 1.5-2 kg / ha. After 12-15 days after this, organic fertilizers are applied with a rate of 50-60 t / ha and mineral fertilizers with a design norm of N 90 P 90 K 60 . Organic fertilizers are distributed by ROU-6 manure spreaders. Mineral fertilizers are introduced superficially by the trailed machine 1РМГ-4 in the unit with MTZ-80 tractor. After that, the surface of the irrigated field is discarded with heavy disc harrows BDT-3,7 in the unit with the crawler tractor DT-75M (DT-175S, VT-100, T-150K, etc.). Plowing is carried out with plow-mounted plow PLN-5-35 in the aggregate with tractor DT-75M or with semi-mounted plow PLP-6-35 in the unit with tractor T-4M. During the autumn-winter period the soil is saturated with moisture. The intergranular depressions accumulate snow. In the Lower Volga region snow cover comes in late March. In the first decade of April, early spring cover harrowing is carried out by medium or heavy harrows BZSS-1 (VZT-1.0) in the S-11U coupling unit and the DT-75 tractor. When harrowing across plowing, the arable land is leveled, loosening to a depth of 3-4 cm, and destroying the soil crust. This ensures the preservation of soil moisture until the moment of soybean seed sowing. When the soil temperature in the 0-8 cm layer reaches +12. .. + 14 o C conduct two technological operations: leveling the field and pre-sowing cultivation. Leveling (malovanie) is carried out by planners P-4 or PA-3. Pre-sowing cultivation is carried out to a depth of 5-6 cm or cultivators KPS-4,0 (KSO-4) with lancet paws with a working width of 270 and 330 mm, or cultivators-plant feeders KRN-5,6 with agitating devices ATD-2 for introducing nitrogen Fertilizers in the calculation of 60-70 kg. On 1 hectare in rooting horizons. Considering the high contamination of irrigated lands with heat-loving weeds, herbicide treflane is applied at a rate of 1.5-2.0 kg / ha with a working fluid consumption of 400-600 l / ha. Surface application of herbicide treflan is carried out early in the morning at a wind speed of less than 3 m / s. For this operation, a mounted rod sprayer OH-400 or trailing model "Kerkitox" is used. The effectiveness of the action of the herbicide treflan increases dramatically if an aggregate including a caterpillar tractor and tooth harrows moves after the sprayer.

Before sowing, soybean seeds are etched with TMTD or fentiuram preparation in the calculation of 2-3 kg per 1 ton of seeds and further processed with soy nitrogine - rhizotorphin (N 646). The uniformity of seedling soybean seed is achieved by the fact that a day before sowing the grains are treated with nodule bacteria - rhizotorfin. Risotorfin together with microelements (molybdenum) provide symbiotic fixation of nitrogen and reduction of nitrates. Strengthening the nitrogen supply of soybean plants is very important in the initial period of development of the root system and the overground mass. Processing of soybean seeds with nitrogen fixing devices is carried out on the day of sowing indoors without access to direct sunlight. Soybean seeds coated with a polymer film (hydrophobization or inlaying) retain their sowing qualities in the cold soil. They do not mold at soil temperatures below +9 ... + 12 o C.

Soya, according to the declared method, sows with row spacing 45, 60 and 70 cm. Ripen soybean varieties sow with a norm of 600-800 thousand pieces per 1 ha, medium-ripened varieties - 500-600 thousand pieces per 1 ha, late-ripening varieties - 300-400 pieces. Soyuz are equipped with a SUPN-6 seeder with six keel-shaped openers equipped with rolling compactors. Each sowing section is equipped with left and right sidings. The soil from the field surface shifts left and right to the depth a 1 = 2-3 cm, width b = 12-16 cm. The displaced soil exposes the moist layer (see Figure 1). The coulters in the soil make a vertical slit to a depth of a 2 = 4-5 cm. The soybean seeds served are covered with moist soil and are rolled with a roller placed in the vomer range. The width of rows B can be equal to 45, 60 or 70 cm. The high temperature of the soil and sufficient soil moisture promote the rapid germination of soybean seeds. A decrease between the soil rollers creates a microclimate that promotes optimum plant growth conditions.

In the phase of the first-third of the present triple leaf, the crops are treated with herbicide treflane at a rate of 1.5-2.0 kg ai. On 1 hectare. The sprayer bar is placed above the plants at a height of 10-15 cm from the inter-row surface. The herbicide is introduced by a narrow strip along the row axis. After the application of the herbicide, fine-sprinkled sprinkling with a droplet size of 300-500 μm is carried out for two hours with an irrigation rate of 250-300 l / ha. Further, the cultivator unit produces the hilling of the plants, creating a compacted roller of height h = 8-10 cm (Figure 2). Souring of soybean roots allows creating additional skeletal and sucking roots. In the protective zone, heat-loving weeds are suppressed by the herbicide and are not competitors for the growth of the main crop. During the vegetation period, 5-6 combined waterings are carried out. The first watering in the phase 5-6 of the present leaves is carried out by drip sprinkling with a double-console sprinkler unit DDA-100MA with an irrigation norm of 300-350 m 3 / ha. With a decrease in humidity in the upper soil layer to 18-20%, interwooling is carried out to a depth of 8-10 cm. When dry winds occur at a wind speed of more than 5 m / s and air temperature is greater than + 25 ° C at 10 am and after, a fine Sprinkling with intervals between waterings every two hours with irrigation rates of 600-800 l / ha. This reduces the temperature of the plants by 5-7 ° C. After the stable formation of agro-meliorative methods of highly productive agrocenosis, the remaining vegetative irrigation is carried out according to the set irrigation regime and the presumed soil moisture threshold in the range of 70-80% of the HB. The gap between the periods of drip and fine sprinkling provides an increase in the number of soybean sprouts, their sustainable development. On the roots of soybeans, the number and weight of nodules increases. When sprinkling short-blown nozzles it is desirable to carry out foliar top dressing with mineral fertilizers (easily soluble nitrogen) and a solution of boric acid and copper sulphate in the flowering phase. These top dressings shorten the growing season for 5-6 days. For the Lower Volga region it is recommended to use zoned varieties Volgogradka 1, Snow White and Soer 3. These varieties have a potential productivity level of 2-3 t / ha. Their low heat resistance to high air temperatures during the flowering period (July), seed filling (August) is supported by fine sprinkling. Subsequent sprinkling irrigation alternates with row-by-row grooming to a depth of 8-10 cm. Soy is very demanding to moisture. Critical periods of the ratio of soybean to soil moisture include the following: germination, flowering and the period of seed filling. Therefore, before the flowering begins, soil moisture in the 0-70 cm layer is maintained at 70% of the HB. From the beginning of flowering to the full filling of seeds - 80% of HB, and during the ripening of grain - 70% of HB. In arid conditions, during the vegetation period soybeans are carried out from 6 to 8 watering rates from 400 to 600 m 3 / ha.

By harvesting proceed with a moisture content of seeds, not exceeding 16%. Since the largest number of soybean beans is located on the lower part closer to the soil surface, when the last cultivation is carried out, the soil from the ridge crests in protective zones is removed by rotational working elements (see Figures 2 and 3). Soybeans hang at a height of H in the range of 10-12 cm. This allows a serial header to combine harvesters SK-5 Niva to be placed on a low cut within 5-6 cm and to mow the stems with minimal losses. The described operation allows you to start harvesting soya with a moisture content of 20-25%. The nude roots of the stems and the vacant space between the lower beans allow the air mass to move freely. To accelerate the ripening of beans in rainy and cold years, it is advisable to desiccate soybean crops with a regulon at a rate of 3-5 kg ​​/ ha or magnesium chlorate in a dose of 20-25 kg / ha.

The drum-and-decollete threshing apparatus of the combine at SK-5 "Niva" is subjected to careful adjustments in the frequency of rotation and threshing gaps at the entrance of the deck, in its middle part and at the outlet. Particular attention is paid to crushing and nemolot of grain. The frequency of rotation of the bass drum with its diameter of 600 mm should not exceed 400-550 rpm. Reel straps build up a rubberized strip width of 75-100 mm. Bunker grains on mechanized currents of the family ZAV-10, ZAV-20, etc. are cleaned of impurities, calibrated and dried. The cleaned grain is stored in silos at minus temperature.

Results of the yield of soybean grain, depending on varieties and cultivation technologies in the period 1995-1997. Are given in the table.

The proposed technology makes it possible to steadily obtain soybean grain in the conditions of the Lower Volga region with minimal application of herbicides.

Thus, the foregoing information indicates that the following set of conditions is fulfilled when the claimed invention is used:

  • The means embodying the claimed invention in its implementation is intended for use in agriculture;
  • для заявленного изобретения в том виде, как оно охарактеризовано в независимом пункте нижеприведенной формулы изобретения, подтверждена возможность его осуществления с помощью вышеописанных в заявке или известных до даты приоритета средств и методов;
  • The method embodying the claimed invention in its implementation is capable of ensuring the achievement of the technical result perceived by the Applicants.

Therefore, the claimed invention corresponds to the requirement of "industrial applicability" according to the current legislation.

CLAIM

The method of cultivating soybeans for grain on irrigated lands, including the peeling of the stubble of the precursor, the introduction of a herbicide for the destruction of perennial root-root weeds, the introduction of mineral fertilizers, plowing, early spring harrowing, the continuous application of herbicides for the destruction of cold-resistant weeds under pre-sowing cultivation, alignment, sowing, interrowing and Cleaning, characterized by the fact that in the wide-row seeding method with row spacing of 45, 60 and 70 cm from the axis of each row, the soil of the upper layer is shifted sideways, the moist layer is exposed, seeds with a seeding rate of 500-600 thousand pieces per hectare are closed to a depth of 4- 5 cm and roll, and with the appearance of 1-3 leaves along the axis of the row, a herbicide is applied with a norm of 1.5-2.0 kg. Per hectare, fine sprinkling is carried out at a rate of 250-300 liters / hectare, the plants grow up to create a compacted roller (dike crests), and between the subsequent sprinkling irrigation the row sprouts are loosened, and before planting with the last cultivation, plant roots are exposed to soil displacement from rollers Ridges).

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Date of publication 10.03.2007gg