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INVENTION
Russian Federation Patent RU2281647

METHOD OF GROWING hydroponic C3-PLANTS

Name of the inventor: Chernikov Vladimir Antonovich (RU); Vladimir Koshkin
The name of the patentee: SSC RF Research Institute of Plant. PI Vavilov (RU); Chernikov Vladimir Antonovich (RU); Vladimir Koshkin
Address for correspondence: 190000, St. Petersburg, ul. Bolshaya Morskaya, 42, VIR, Deputy Director for Science, E.I.Gaevskoy
Starting date of the patent: 2001.12.04

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to methods for growing plants in greenhouses, for example in greenhouses, on a neutral substrate with podkornevym power plants with macro- and microelements and fertilizing them with carbon dioxide. The method involves growing _C3 - plants in greenhouses on substrates with the fed nutrient solution under the roots of plants, fertilizing them with carbon dioxide and lighting lamps. When this plant is hermetically covered by a transparent film constructions, height adjustable at least plant growth. Carbon dioxide is supplied under the film automatically by the programmer, and the nutrient solution is supplied to a substrate on a signal of the humidity sensor. This method provides for reducing the consumption of the feed carbon dioxide fertilization of plants, reduced capital and operating cost savings of thermal energy for heating greenhouses, but also increasing the yield of cultivated plants.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to methods for growing plants in greenhouses, for example in greenhouses, on a neutral substrate with podkornevym power plants with macro- and microelements and fertilizing them with carbon dioxide.

It is known that plants in the greenhouse fertilization with carbon dioxide can significantly improve crop yields. For this fertilizing plants produce CO ₂ by feeding the plants into the surrounding atmosphere mist saturated with carbon dioxide [1] or in the environment combusted hydrocarbon wax naphthalene [2], or fed to the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide generated in the fermentation installation [3].

Such techniques require special manufacturing and assembly plants, where the fuel is burned or used a breeding ground for yeast culture. In this case for supplying carbon dioxide into the greenhouse are necessary piping. For these methods, the increased concentration of CO ₂ in the air greenhouses need to submit a large amount of gas. Besides greenhouse leaking, and there is a leakage of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which degrades the environmental ecology.

It is also known that in the industrial plants grown carbon dioxide is supplied in a large amount in the whole volume of the greenhouse. In this case, it is produced by burning fuel in special plants gas generator (prototype) [4].

However, for the supply of carbon dioxide in the greenhouse requires laying of gas pipelines. Installation and operation of such plants is costly. In addition, the product gas must be cleaned from the accompanying impurities.

The invention aims at reducing the consumption of the total amount of carbon dioxide supplied to the greenhouse for plant nutrition, reducing costs and increasing yields.

The goal is achieved by a method of hydroponic cultivation -rasteny C _3, comprising a supply of nutrient solution the roots of plants, feeding of carbon dioxide and artificial illumination, plants hermetically coated film, the composition of the nutrient solution is adjusted in accordance with a film feed rate of CO _2, and artificial lighting creates light sources arranged on the minimum allowable height above the film.

This method makes use of cost-effective high quality bottled gas as CO ₂ supply from the cylinder under the film reduces the total amount of carbon dioxide flow to the greenhouse. This eliminates the need for the construction of gas-stations and the laying of pipelines. And then fertilizing carbon dioxide is available even in small greenhouses, turns a mobile, flexible and selective (ie it can be used if necessary).

Number of feed CO ₂ as plant growth increases automatically using the time programmer for the program, which is determined empirically for each type of plant with the help of the flow meter and _the CO ₂ gas analyzer (by the developed technique). And to increase the intensity of light from the light bulbs, they are lowered onto the film above the minimum allowable distance, i.e. so that the film is not melted by the radiation emitted. It allows you to create a higher illumination sufficient for the cultivation of most crops, without additional light sources. At the same time it allows you to raise the temperature under the film (due to radiation and the greenhouse effect) to the level required for growing plants in the conditions when the temperature in the greenhouse for this already scarce. In this case it is particularly essential to optimize plant nutrition, because only with optimal nutrition, appropriate opportunities of the photosynthetic apparatus to absorb CO _2, at this stage of growth, you can get the biggest boost productivity. Under the film increases with increase in temperature and humidity. However, moisture does not condense on the leaves, and condenses on the film, and flows back to the sump with the substrate, which leads to water saving. At the same time, increase air humidity and contributes to the disclosure of the stomata of leaves, which, in turn, enhances the absorption of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis and increases productivity.

The proposed invention is characterized by the following essential features that distinguish it from the prototype:

- The plant cover film sealed;

- Adjusting the composition of the nutrient solution in accordance with the feed rate automatically by a film of carbon dioxide;

- Create artificial illumination light sources arranged on the minimum allowable height above the film.

Since it is not detected any analogue, characterized by the features mentioned above identical to the essential features of the claimed invention, the latter can be found to comply with the novelty.

The proposed invention is an inventive step, since the method is not designed to be a specialist explicitly from the prior art.

The identified set of essential features of the claimed invention achieves the technical effect is to reduce wastage of CO ₂ required for efficient plant nutrition, reducing operating costs and increasing productivity.

The proposed method is intended for use in agriculture and makes it relatively cheap to obtain high yields of agricultural crops in the conditions of weakly heated (or even heated) of greenhouses in autumn-winter period.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The proposed method (in the pilot version) is tested when growing lettuce plants for two autumn and winter seasons (1999-2001.) In a greenhouse Pushkin laboratories VIR, in which the temperature is maintained during the cold time of the year only in order to preserve its heating, glazing and storage equipment, and does not exceed this time, 10 ° C, e.g. the temperature at which crop plants are growing almost.

On a shelf 1 greenhouses was installed horizontally shallow pan 2 on which plastic bags 3 filled with an inert substrate 4 (drawing) were laid. supporting structures 5 (for 12 films) were installed above the tray 2, the height of which can be adjusted over a sack. From the cylinder 6 with high pressure carbon dioxide gas through the reduction gear 7 and the solenoid 8 to the rubber bags 3 to 9 tubes was fed gas. In the field of gas fittings were mounted electric fans 10 for mixing the CO ₂ with air. After moistening of the substrate 4 in the slot on the bags 3 has a two-week seedlings planted 11 varieties of lettuce Ballet. Salad was chosen for the experiment as a ripening crop, although the method is suitable for cultivation, and other C ₃ -rasteny. Thereafter structure 5 above the plants were left at 11 and the minimum height covered with a transparent plastic film 12 (for hermetically possible).

Subsequently, a substrate 4 humidified by automatic feeding by plant roots nutrient solution 13 from the tank 14 through the filter 19 by opening the solenoid valve 20 based on signals from the measuring and compensating elements of the humidity sensor 21, the substrate connected via connectors 23 and nutrient solution level sensor 22 in the sump 2 . Stirring nutrient solution 13 in this case produced in the air supply tank 14 from a small compressor 15, which is more technologically enabled and also aerate the solution 13 before being fed to the roots of plants and more than 11 convenient and reliable solution level 16 index has been applied in 13 tank 14.

To illuminate the plants above the film were hung on the minimum allowable height of 17 electric lamps DRL type F-400 (based on - one lamp per 1 m ² of the illuminated area). It is possible to create a film of 12 illumination of about 10 klux sufficient for normal growth of most greenhouse crops. Lamps 17 are included automatically in the daytime is 12 hours (ie, was given a short 12-hour photoperiod in order to avoid of stem lettuce).

At this time, the programmer control unit 18, which program has been pre-defined for the lettuce varieties (with a flow meter and a photoacoustic gas analyzer), maintained under a film an optimal concentration of carbon dioxide by periodically (for the program) opening a gas solenoid valve 8. In this case a Given the amount of gas supplied under the film 12, and the calculated composition of the nutrient solution is fed 13, providing optimal nutrition of plants 11, which is necessary for efficient operation of the photosynthetic apparatus. The gas supply 6 under the film 12 resulted in a sharp decrease in its flow rate. It is possible to use for fertilizing plants more expensive, high-quality bottled gas 6 as well and increase its concentration under the film 12 without increasing the cost of gas. This greatly simplified the gasification system. A high concentration of CO ₂ (even at 700 ppm) manifested a greenhouse effect which additionally accumulated under film 12, the energy radiation from the illumination lamp 17, allowing to use it as the primary heat source for maintaining underneath temperatures sufficient for normal growth and development of plants in the autumn-winter period in slightly heated greenhouse.

Experimental data are shown in the table, which shows that at all sampling dates substantially larger number of leaves and greater biomass (2-2.5 fold) pilot plant had one embodiment in comparison with control variant 2. crude biomass growth individual plants lettuce was intensively 2-2.5 times in the experimental embodiment (9,42-10,63 g / day) compared with the control (3,95-5,52 g / d). Productivity varieties of lettuce Ballet in one month reached 6 kg / m ^2, which is much higher than the known values obtained in industrial greenhouses. [4]

Thus, the proposed technology allows to obtain high yields of high-quality agricultural products in the winter season without any additional power consumption and minimal heat consumption.

These data clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method of growing plants.

In addition, through the application of certain technical means (installation of more effective on efficiency of lamps, light reflectors and Electric fan heaters, include when the temperature drops under the film up to the critical value), in some climatic zones is the cultivation of crops can be profitable in the winter and in unheated greenhouses .

USED ​​BOOKS

1. Ed. St. 413914, cl. A 01 G 7/02, 1974 BI5.

2. Japanese Patent cells. A 01 G 7/02, 9/24, 1995 IMS №8.

3. US Patent 4,003,160, A 01 G 31/02, 1977.

4. EA Aliyev, NA Smirnov. The technology of cultivation of vegetables and mushrooms in greenhouses. M .: Agropromizdat 1987 s.64-66.

CLAIM

A method of hydroponic cultivation C ₃ -rasteny in greenhouses on substrates with a supply of nutrient solution the roots of plants, fertilizing them with carbon dioxide and illumination lamps, characterized in that the plants are hermetically covered by a transparent film constructions, height adjustable as plant growth and carbon dioxide under the film fed automatically by the programmer, and the nutrient solution is supplied to a substrate on a signal of the humidity sensor.

print version
Publication date 11.03.2007gg

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