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INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2286981

METHOD FOR PREPARING COMBINED CONVENIENT SOIL
BASED ON BIOHUMUS

The name of the inventor: Koshchaev Andrey Georgievich
The name of the patent holder: Kuban State Agrarian University
Address for correspondence: 350044, Krasnodar, ul. Kalinin, 13, KGAU, PIO
Date of commencement of the patent: 2004.12.06

(EN) The invention relates to agricultural biotechnology. The method includes vermicomposting of organic wastes using a red Californian worm hybrid with earthworms of the Kuban natural population, in an amount of 10 ⁴ worms per m ² , with the manure of agricultural animals preliminarily neutralized to a pH of 7-8 as organic waste. Vermicomposting is carried out for 2-3 months at a temperature of 16-32 ° C in natural conditions, and after the worms are separated from vermicompost, a strain of Bacillus megaterium var is introduced. Phosphaticum and Agrobacterium radiobacter strain. The invention allows to expand the assortment of microbiological fertilizers, increase their biological activity, reduce material costs and shorten the preparation time of the preparation.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(EN) The invention relates to agricultural biotechnology, in particular, to technology for producing soil fertilizers for crop production.

In recent years, biohumus, a product of vermicomposting of various organic wastes of industrial and agricultural production, specially extracted by the race of earthworms, has been increasingly used in agriculture. Biohumus contains humic and fulvic acids, macro- and microelements, amino acids and gibberellins and other biologically active substances in a form accessible to plants. Therefore, the use of biohumus in itself increases the yield of crops and increases the fertility of soils.

A known method for disposing of organic waste in biohumus involves the preparation of a substrate by mixing components, one of which is wastes of animal origin, inserting worms and / or their cocoons into them, laying the substrate in a box or rims and composting at a humidity of 65-80% and aeration, separation Worms from the obtained biohumus. As the main component in the substrate, an osprey, which is a waste of cardboard production, is introduced in an amount of 20-80% to the total mass of the substrate. As animal waste, cattle manure and / or manure of pigs and dung of birds are used, worms of the species Eisenia foetida are used in the amount of 15-25 thousand individuals per 1 m ² . With a low content of nitrogen in the substrate, after mixing the components, add nitrogen fertilizer in the form of urea in an amount of no more than 5% of the total mass of the substrate with the simultaneous addition of limestone flour in an amount that provides the pH of the medium of the finished substrate no more than 8 (RF Patent No. 2057743, C 05 F 3/06, 10.04.1996).

However, this method has some drawbacks. The introduction of the osprey (cardboard waste) is not always possible due to the lack of raw materials. In addition, a wide range of its input does not allow the standardization of the vermicomposting process, since the share of the osprey affects the activity of worms. It is doubtful that urea can provide the claimed effect. In addition, as in the above-mentioned analogue, it is unlikely that the vermicompost obtained in this way included the necessary quantity of useful microorganisms, including those that are capable of nitrogen fixation and enhance the assimilability of phosphorus.

The method closest to the claimed method is the preparation of biofertilizer, which consists in obtaining vermicompost by vermicomposting agricultural and industrial wastes using earthworms, separating vermicompost from worms and drying it, and worms "Obolensky hybrid", obtained by crossing the "Red California hybrid "with the Russian population of earthworms Eisenia foetida, while vermiculture is carried out at a temperature of 16-24 ° C for 4-6 months, microorganisms with fungicidal properties contribute to the resulting biohumus. In the method, microorganisms possessing fungicidal activity are added after separation of worms or after ripening of vermicompost, in addition, as a strain of bacteria Bacillus subtilis ИПМ-215 in concentrations of 1 × 10 ⁹ -1 × 10 ¹² spores per 1 kg of vermicompost or culture of mycophilic Fungus Trichoderma viride Pers ex SFGray 16 in concentrations of 1 × 10 ⁴ -1 × 10 ⁸ colony forming units per 1 kg of vermicompost (Russian Federation Patent No. 2,125,549, class C 05 F 11/08, 1999, bulletin No. 3, prototype) .

However, this method has a number of significant drawbacks. Firstly, the use of this hybrid does not allow us to obtain a high-quality biohumus everywhere, because the climatic conditions of our country are very diverse. Secondly, the possibility of using this technology in southern regions of Russia is questionable, since this temperature range does not allow the cultivation of this hybrid in warm months, and the cultivation time (4-6 months) does not allow obtaining sufficient amount of biohumus. In addition, the shortage of nitrogen and available phosphorus in many agro landscapes requires additional nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition, which the proposed preparation can not provide.

The known methods do not allow to obtain a biopreparation with a high titer of useful microorganisms and possessing combined nitrogen-fixing and phosphorolytic activities.

The technical solution of the problem is to expand the assortment of soils, increase their biological activity of the combined spectrum of action due to several strains in their composition, improve agrochemical parameters due to nutrients found in biohumus, the presence of associative nitrogen fixing and phosphorolytic activities and high titers of useful microorganisms at the expense of Stimulation of each other.

The task is achieved by the fact that in the method for producing a combined fertilizer soil based on biohumus, including obtaining vermicompost by vermicomposting organic waste using earthworms and introducing microorganisms into the vermicompost, where the dung of farm animals previously neutralized to a pH of 7-8 , And as a earthworm a hybrid of a red Californian worm with earthworms of the Kuban natural population is used, in an amount of 10 ⁴ per m ² , while vermicomposting is carried out for 2-3 months at a temperature of 16-32 ° C under natural conditions, and after separation Worms from vermicompost make a strain of Bacillus megaterium var. Phosphaticum 319 and strain Agrobacterium radiobacter 204 in the following proportions of components,%:

The claimed method of obtaining a combined fertilizer ground based on biohumus differs from the prototype in the production modes of vermicompost, species and a combination of microorganisms used.

These differences allow us to conclude that the claimed technical solutions meet the criterion of "novelty".

The features that distinguish the claimed technical solution from the prototype are aimed at achieving the task set and are not revealed in the study of patent and scientific and technical literature in this and related fields of science and technology and, consequently, meet the criterion of "inventive level".

The method for obtaining a combined fertilizer soil based on biohumus is implemented as follows.

EXAMPLE 1 Manure of cattle is stored in beads measuring 1 · 5 · 1.5 meters. The manure is shoveled until it reaches the ambient temperature. To regulate acidity, chalk or hydrated lime is used. The alkalinization is carried out layer by layer until the manure reaches pH 7-8. If the acidity of manure is less than 7 units, then worms will not develop in it, and therefore biohumus will not form. If the acidity of the manure is more than 8 units, then the worms will develop and will not be there, since this pH value is not optimal for them, and there will be an over-consumption of the alkalizing agent, which will lead to additional expenses for preparing the substrate for the worms. Thus, the optimum acidity of manure for the development of worms is a pH equal to 7.5 units.

As a ringworm, a hybrid of the red Californian worm with earthworms of the Kuban natural population is used, which was obtained by the joint cultivation of the hybrid of the red Californian worm with the Kuban population of annelidized manureworms. This is due to the fact that the hybrid of the red Californian worm is very sensitive to environmental conditions and requires an optimal temperature, certain qualities of the substrate, which makes it non-technological in our conditions. At the same time, ringed dung worms, living in the soil, although omnivorous, but low-yielding and retain the instinct for migration, which makes them an inconvenient object for vermicomposting. Therefore, the use of an adapted breed provides a sufficiently high level of worm productivity and, at the same time, low susceptibility to environmental conditions.

Ready-to-use manure is populated with worms at a rate of 10,000 worms per 1 m ² , having previously tested the "50 worms" test, which allows to assess the quality of the substrate. The settlement is made in the evening or on a cloudy day, as worms do not tolerate direct sunlight. Navals with a worm-infested substrate from above are covered with grass to protect from the sun and reduce the evaporation of water. Navals periodically watered, loosened the top layer of the substrate. Vermicomposting is carried out within 2-3 months. If the composting time is less than 2 months, then the hybrid used will not process the substrate, which means that the output of biohumus will be insignificant. If the composting time is more than 3 months, then the hybrid used, reworking the entire substrate, will start to be depressed and lose productivity, and besides, it increases the time of the preparation process of the biological preparation, which increases its cost price. Therefore, the optimal time for cultivation of worms in the substrate is 2.5 months. Optimal cultivation of worms in the substrate is carried out at a temperature of 24 ° C. If the culture temperature is less than 16 ° C, the metabolism and growth of hybrid worms slow down, and hence the conversion efficiency of the substrate in vermicompost will be low. If the culture temperature is more than 32 ° C, the growth of vermiculture will be low.

As a result of the growth and reproduction of worms, manure is processed into biohumus. Separation of worms is carried out on mechanical vibrating screens, and the worms remaining on the screen are used for the subsequent production of biohumus from the next batch of manure. The resulting biohumus is dried in the open air to a moisture content of 60-70% and is stored in the beads.

In this case, biohumus is used simultaneously as both a carrier and a substrate for the development and reproduction of not only microorganisms possessing fungicidal activity, but also for nitrogen-fixing and phosphorolytic bacteria.

For sowing biohumus seed from the collection of pure cultures of the Federal State Institution "Krasnodar Biocenter" is used. A tube with a lyophilized pure culture of phosphorolytic microorganisms of the species Bacillus megaterium var. Phosphaticum strain 319 is animated with a nutrient solution. Sift a lively culture into 750 ml flasks with 200-250 ml of a nutrient medium, which is a solution of corn extract, molasses, ammonium sulfate and chalk. Then, the resulting mother liquor is inoculated in 5-liter bottles containing 2.0-2.5 liters of nutrient medium of the same composition. The tube with a pure culture of Agrobacterium radiobacter strain 204 is animated, seeded into a nutrient medium, which is a solution of corn extract, molasses and mineral salts. Likewise, Bacillus subtilis IPM-215, which has fungicidal activity, is also animated.

The thus obtained working solutions of strains of the type Bacillus subtilis ИПМ-215, Bacillus megaterium var. Phosphaticum strain 319 and Agrobacterium radiobacter strain 204 are sown in a vermified biohumus. It is important that the ratio of microorganisms of the species Bacillus megaterium var. Phosphaticum strain 319 and Agrobacterium radiobacter strain 204. If microorganisms of the species Agrobacterium radiobacter strain 204 are less than 10%, then an effective associative nitrogen fixation process with plants will not occur. If the microorganisms of the species Agrobacterium radiobacter strain 204 are more than 90%, the ratio of the nitrogen-fixing species of microorganisms, as well as the phosphorolytic bacterium Bacillus megaterium var. Phosphaticum strain 319 will be suboptimal and effective interactions with plants of these strains will not occur, and the quality of the drug will be low. Thus, the optimal content in the preparation of representatives of the species Agrobacterium radiobacter strain 204 will be 50%. If microorganisms of the species Bacillus megaterium var. Phosphaticum strain 319 will be less than 10%, then effective lysis of hardly soluble forms of phosphorus does not occur, and the quality of the drug will be low. If microorganisms of the species Bacillus megaterium var. Phosphaticum strain 319 will be more than 90%, then the ratio of strains of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and phosphorolytic microorganisms will not be optimal, and the preparation of hardly soluble forms of phosphorus will not be effective and therefore its quality will be low. Thus, the optimal content in the preparation of representatives of the species Bacillus megaterium var. The phosphaticum strain 319 will be 50%.

Mixing of biohumus inoculated with useful microorganisms possessing fungicidal, nitrogen-fixing and phosphorolytic properties is performed mechanically twice a day.

After 10-14 days, check the titer of the sown microorganisms, which should increase by 2-3 orders due to the simultaneous growth of bacteria on biohumus.

Further storage of soil (more than 1 month) did not reduce the total titer of useful microorganisms. At the end of this time, the soils were mixed with the soil for the cultivation of vegetable crops and used to grow seedlings.

EXAMPLE 2 According to a method for producing a combined fertilizer primer based on the biohumus of Example 1, a chicken manure with the addition of comminuted straw is used as the raw material for the cultivation of worms.

EXAMPLE 3 According to the method for producing a combined fertilizer soil based on the biohumus of Example 1, horse manure is used as the raw material for cultivating worms.

EXAMPLE 4 According to the method for producing a combined fertilizer ground based on the biohumus of Example 1, the manure of the calves is used as the raw material for the cultivation of the worms by fattening with the addition of chopped straw.

Results of determination of the bacterial count in 1 kg of Agrobacterium radiobacter Vermicompostium strain 204, Bacillus subtilis ИПМ-215 and Bacillus megaterium var. Phosphaticum strain 319 in biohumus of different origin are presented in Table 1.

The results of laboratory tests of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4 showed that irrespective of the origin of livestock wastes with biohumus obtained on its basis, a high titre of nitrogen-fixing and phosphorolytic bacteria is provided at high fungicidal activity necessary to obtain a high-quality combined microbiological fertilizer based on biohumus.

In addition, it should be noted that the technology of obtaining vermicompost is a simple process, and raw materials (organic agricultural waste) are generally available. Simultaneously with obtaining biohumus, the problem of protecting the environment is also being solved, which is especially important in agrarian regions with developed livestock breeding.

The results of the analysis of the chemical composition of vermicompost and humus obtained from the manure of cattle are presented in Table 2.

As can be seen from the table, the use of biohumus allows not only to provide high concentrations of nitrogen-fixing and phosphorolytic bacteria, but also to use biohumus as a highly effective source of nutrients for plant growth (the chemical composition of biohumus is given in comparison with the composition of humus).

It should also be remembered that the use of biohumus as a filler for the preparation obtained by the proposed method not only provides plants with useful microorganisms, but also in itself is a source of nutrients due to biohumus.

Thus, the method of obtaining a combined fertilizer ground based on biohumus not only allows obtaining a high titer of nitrogen fixing and phosphorolytic microorganisms and satisfactory fungicidal activity due to the presence of nutrients in it, and this effect is achieved by the simultaneous cultivation of three genera of microorganisms that can stimulate growth and development each other. In addition, the soil obtained by the proposed method, will partially solve the problem of utilization of livestock waste through the possibility of placing small-scale production directly in the regions.

CLAIM

A method for producing a combined fertilizer ground based on biohumus, including obtaining vermicompost by vermicomposting of organic waste using earthworms and introducing microorganisms into biohumus, characterized in that organic manure is used as organic waste, previously neutralized to pH 7-8, and as Earthworms use a hybrid of a red Californian worm with earthworms of the Kuban natural population in the amount of 10 ⁴ per 1 m ² , while vermicomposting is carried out for 2-3 months at a temperature of 16-32 ° C in natural conditions, after the worms are removed from vermicompost Strain Bacillus megaterium var. Phosphaticum 319 and strain Agrobacterium radiobacter 204 in the following proportions of components,%:

print version
Date of publication 04.03.2007gg

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