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INVENTION
Russian Federation Patent RU2284094

METHOD seedbed and sowing seeds AND DEVICE FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION

METHOD seedbed and sowing seeds
AND DEVICE FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION

Name of the inventor: Lobarev Igor Vasilievich
The name of the patentee: Lobarev Igor Vasilievich
Address for correspondence: 630128, Novosibirsk, 128 Street. Field, 12, kv.48, IV Lobareva
Starting date of the patent: 2003.12.02

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to the technology of sowing crops and agricultural engineering. A method of sowing seeds is carried out that first the presowing loosening of the surface layer of the soil. Then form a furrow for the seed in the soil loosened. Then formed on the bottom of the furrow on untouched soil compacted bed. Then carry out sowing seeds into the furrow and sealing of loosened layer of soil between the rows. Presowing loosening of the surface layer of the soil is carried out to a depth of no more than 7 cm. Furrow and sealed box it is formed by rolling the roller. By loosening the soil layer to form a furrow depth of no more than half the thickness of the surface layer of soil loosening and compaction of the bed of a ridge with a sharp angle at the vertex located at the bottom of the furrow. The ridge is formed under the pressure of the roller on the bottom of the loosened soil. The base of the ridge formed on the pristine grounds. Device for planting seeds is designed as a planter. The latter includes a seed hopper, semyavysevayuschy apparatus borozdoobrazovatel in the form of one or more profiled rollers. They are mounted on the rear cross beam drills with a distance equal to the distance between the rows of crops. Seeder and has the sealing body in the form of earthing devices for sleep seed mulch layer of soil. It is connected to the drill for the profile rollers. Before sowing earthing devices placed tubes in a vertical plane with the profile rollers. The working surface of roller is formed as a wedge element. The height of the wedge element is not less than 2 cm. The width of the apical part of its larger size sown seeds. The ratio of the width of the roller to its diameter is less than 1:30. Method and device for its implementation allow you to create low power seed seeding technology, which provides an increase in grain yield by accelerating and increasing the germination of seeds, to create optimal conditions for the growth and development of crops and slow germination of weeds.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to agriculture and agricultural machinery, in particular, to the pre-tillage and sowing of crops and apparatus for sowing seed.

Known technology seedbed preparation and sowing in wide (RF patent №2086087, IPC A 01 C 7/00, publ. 08.10.1997 r.) [1], which includes pre-treatment of soil, the formation of the soil compacted bed, laying the seeds on sealed box, offset laterally of the soil bed and its indentation with the seed in the bottom of the bed, closing the bed soil and soil compaction rollers with a simultaneous shift towards the upper layer of the soil and the formation of soil ridges.

The main disadvantage of the above method is a deep seed placement, which significantly reduces the yield of grain crops due to irrational use of energy reserves of seeds and the creation of conditions for the germination of seeds, similar to the conditions of germination of weeds between the rows. In addition, the soil compacting rollers it leads to rapid desiccation due to lack of soil mulching loosening compacted top layer, whereby the vegetative cycle of plants and seeds occurs in under favorable conditions, which leads to a decrease in germination and yield. The disadvantage is the high energy consumption of the process.

Known Ibraghimova seeding method (RF patent №2185045, IPC A 01 C 7/00, publ. 20.07.2002 g) [2], comprising forming grooves by soil displacement away from the direction of movement by a distance equal to the distance between seeds in a row to form a ridge, making the furrow fertilization, layout seeds individually in generated in a groove slot, soil compaction in the furrow, offset ridges in the opposite direction from the direction of movement in the previously formed furrow repeat education operations furrows and ridges between the previously formed, fertilizing, layout and seeds packing, whereupon the soil surface leveled by moving half of the volume of soil from the ridge to furrow for planting seeds in the center of the square area of ​​the power in a sealed box.

A device for implementing the above described method of sowing seeds (RF patent №2185045, IPC A 01 C 7/00, publ. 20.07.2002 g) [3], including the box and fertilizers, tukosemyavysevayuschie phones and communicated with them and tukoprovody vas efferens installed on leashes two rows of the working bodies in the form of discs, earthing devices placed behind the working bodies of roller section and a device for lifting. Disks are spherical, mutually connected axles and parallel to each other with a distance equal to the twofold distance between seeds sown culture, and the angle of attack relative to the direction of movement, and the rear row mounted with the mirror angle of attack wheels relative to the front rows of discs, the apparatus further section is provided with rollers located behind the front row of disks and earthing devices are mounted on the axis of the main section of the rollers, and on leashes front disc row mounted support wheels on each pair of disks.

The method and device have the following drawbacks. For the crop and weeds are equally favorable conditions, located in between the rows, as flat sealing box formed across the width of the rows of crops. With this method of planting carried out deep placement of seeds in the soil and their poor aeration in the process of germination of seeds due to the pressing roller in the artificially compacted bed.

Known another way of sowing seeds (RF patent №2070370, IPC A 01 B 79/02, A01 Since 7/00, publ. 20.12.1996) [4], including the formation of saltwater profile on untouched ground, laying on top of the ridges seeds that a thin layer of mulch, and saltwater profile depth is the distance between the tops of adjacent ridges.

The main disadvantage of the above method is that the formation of saltwater profile, at any angle is always top of the ridge there is a destruction of the soil untouched by the forces of friction soshnyakov of soil and grain will fall on the loosened soil, and not on the ground untouched. Furthermore, the density of intact soil, especially to the surface which is laid seeds is not always sufficiently compacted to effectively raise the moisture by capillary action to the surface, because the surface is always available residues and mulch layer, whereby there is insufficient seeds contact with moist capillary layer soil and thus poor supply of moisture especially during the dry season.

There is a method in wide seeding (RF patent №2143793, IPC A 01 B 79/02, 49/06, A 01 C 7/00, publ. 10.01.2000 r.) [5], including the formation of saltwater profile on untouched ground, laying on top of the ridges of seeds, which is pressed into the tops of ridges to form a compacted layer of soil and mulch seeds with a thin layer of soil. Moreover, the angle at the apex of the ridge is 90-120 degrees.

However, the above method has the following disadvantages. Compacted soil layer (bed) with grains on each crest has insufficient density to ensure the effective supply of moisture by capillary system due to the large width of the packer roller. In addition, the soil grains depressed sharply reduced airflow due to the fact that the angle at the apex of each ridge is 90-120 degrees. Other geometric parameters of the crest (with a sharp apex) and more dense bed of seed in this way is difficult to establish, because formed the crest will be subject to destruction.

The closest analogue (prototype) is a method of seedbed and sowing seeds (copyright certificate of the USSR №1764544, IPC A 01 C 7/00, publ. 30.09.92 g) [6], which comprises treating the surface layer of soil harrowing, furrow formation seed by sliding soil in mezhlentochnoe space with simultaneous cutting of the soil layer, without formation mezhlentochnom space turnover, sealing bed, seeding and terminations by backward transfer mezhlentochnoe shifted in the soil to form a space above the soil seed 4-5 cm in height, which then the cable and rolled down.

The main disadvantage of the above method, the prototype is a deep seed placement, which significantly reduces the yield of grain crops due to irrational use of energy reserves of seeds and create unfavorable conditions for the germination of seeds in comparison with the weeds between the rows. In addition, the soil compacting rollers it leads to rapid desiccation due to lack of soil mulching loosening compacted top layer, whereby the vegetative cycle of plants and seeds occurs in under favorable conditions, which leads to a decrease in germination and yield.

A device for planting seeds (RF patent №2143793, IPC A 01 B 79/02, 49/06, A 01 C 7/00, publ. 10.01.2000 g) [7] containing precision seeder for legs and ploskorezhuschie loosening the soil between rows, mounted on cross bars drills, knives, grebneobrazovateli to form skeletal saltwater Profile matted soil (with formed therein capillary system) and set to pinch the vas deferens profiled Katochkov mounted coulter sections.

However, the above apparatus has the following disadvantages. The pinch Katochkov sowing devices must have a substantial width, otherwise it is difficult to get to the crest of stacked grains. In this regard the soil on the ridge density packed bed soil with seeds is insufficient to ensure effective supply of water via the capillary system. In addition, pressed into the soil grains drastically reduced airflow due to the fact that the angle formed by the ridge when the top is 90-120 degrees. Other geometric parameters of the crest (with a sharp apex) and more dense bed for the seeds to create the specified device is difficult because formed the crest will be subject to destruction.

The closest analogue (prototype) is a seeder (copyright certificate of the USSR №1445580, IPC A 01 C 7/00, publ. 23.12.1988 g) [8], including a seed hopper, semyavysevayuschy apparatus borozdoobrazovatel made in the form of one or several specialized rollers mounted on the rear cross beam drills with the distance between rollers equal to the distance between the crop rows, and the sealing body in the form of earthing devices for sleep seed mulch layer of soil that is connected to the drill for the profile rollers, in front of which are placed sowing seed hoses tube in the same vertical plane with profile rollers.

However, the working surface of the profiled rollers drills prototype does not provide formation of the compacted bed of a ridge with a sharp angle at the vertex located at the bottom of the groove at the bottom of the loosened soil and ridge base - on untouched ground, which leads to inefficient use of energy reserves of seeds and establishment of unfavorable conditions for the germination of seeds in comparison with the weeds between the rows. The density of the soil in the furrow on the crest in the compacted soil layer with grains is not sufficient to ensure the effective supply of moisture by capillary system.

The technical result of the proposed method and apparatus is to increase the yield of crops with low power consumption by reducing the layer preplant soil loosening, acceleration and increase field germination of seeds, to create optimal conditions for the growth and development of crop plants, slowing germination of weeds and to create them in the following adverse growing conditions between the rows of crops.

Said technical result is achieved by a method for pre-processing of the soil and sowing seed comprising presowing loosening of the surface layer of the soil, the formation of furrows for seeds in the loosened soil formation at the bottom of the furrow on untouched soil compacted bed, sowing seeds into the furrow and sealing of loosened layer soil from between the rows according to the invention presowing loosening of the surface layer of the soil is carried out to a depth of not more than 7 cm, furrow and compacted bed therein formed by rolling the roller with a working surface formed in cross section as a wedge element, in the loosened soil layer to form a groove depth of at more than half the thickness of the loosening of the surface layer of the soil and compacted bed in the form of a comb with a sharp angle at the vertex located at the bottom of the furrow, ridge forming pressure roller at the bottom of the loosened soil and the base ridge - on untouched ground.

This technical result is achieved by the fact that in the device for planting seed, made in the form of drills, including the seed hopper, semyavysevayuschy apparatus borozdoobrazovatel made in the form of one or more profiled rollers mounted on the rear cross beam drills with the distance between rollers equal to the distance between rows of crops, and the sealing body in the form of earthing devices for sleep seed mulch layer of soil that is connected to the drill for the profile rollers, in front of which are placed sowing tube seed hoses in the same vertical plane with the profile rollers according to the invention the working surface of rollers is designed as a wedge-shaped element, height which is not less than 2 cm, and its width is larger than the apical part of the sown seed, wherein the ratio of the width of the roller to its diameter is less than 1:30. Weight drills and each roller is sufficient for the burial of his working wedge element to a depth of no more than 3.5 cm. Such a ratio of geometric parameters of the roller ensures optimal conditions for burying seeds in the soil. Deepening the working wedge element to a greater depth is inappropriate, since seeds at planting fall in less favorable conditions for germination. It was under such circumstances, the passage of the rink wall formed furrow not descend and the grain falls on the compacted bed, formed by the passage of the apical part of the tapered roller, corresponding to the width of the grain. In addition, when such burial grains (groove depth of no more than 3.5 cm) from the top grain sprinkled loose soil is not more than 2 cm. This enables the plant tillering node formed substantially at the surface, resulting in considerable plant resistance to fungal diseases and shock putrefactive bacteria and provides increased yields. The practical use of this design drills with the above characteristics rollers with tapered elements confirms the essential features of the claimed invention.

The invention is illustrated by the following graphic materials.

1 shows cultural soil layer: and - after forming the grooves and the packed bed; b - after laying the seeds; in - after sealing groove mulching soil.

METHOD seedbed and sowing seeds AND DEVICE FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION

2 is a diagram sowing unit. Figure 3 illustrates the roller profiled element with the working wedge. FIG. 4 is a diagram earthing devices, made in the form of a network of metal chains, for the seeding soil mulching layer.

Method is as follows

Mold 1 pretreated by backwashing, for example, cultivator or tractor-harrow moldboard plowing to a depth of 7 cm. Further, by loosening soil layer 1 are rolled roller 2 with the working surface formed in cross section as a wedge-shaped element 3, with the formation of furrows 4 deeper than half the thickness of the loosening of the surface layer of soil compacted and 1 bed in the form of the ridge 5 with a sharp angle at the vertex located at the bottom of the furrow. The ridge 5 formed under the pressure of the roller 2 in the lower part 6 of the loosened soil layer 1, and the base of the ridge 5 is located on the pristine soil 7. 4 furrow furrows sown seeds 8. 4 to 8 seeds embedded mulch layer loosening the soil between the rows and 9 of the side walls of the groove , not thicker than 2.1 cm.

The width of the vertex of the wedge-shaped element 3 roller larger than the seed sown. For example, for wheat seeding its width is about 5 mm. Rollers 2 pose on the bed bottom of the order of 5-20 kg of pressure per square centimeter, which allows to form a ridge grains profile 5 with a powerful capillary system. Comb 5 based on 7 pristine soil with natural capillary system and the natural soil density. The density of the soil in the ridges 5, towering over pristine soil 7 gradually increases from the base to its vertices, as the pressure roller 2 at the top of the ridge 5 is more than 10 times the pressure on untouched soil surface 7. Thus, the ridges 5 formed concentrated capillary system, which is particularly densely located under the seed sown, and between rows loosened soil remains lie ruined with 1 capillary system. All of the above provides favorable conditions for the germination of seeds sown, and subsequently promotes crop plants from one side and forms unfavorable conditions for the development of weeds between the rows.

In the above methods, analogs [4 and 5] moisture and going with the whole width of the untouched soil ridge bases, but the proposed method through more compacted ridge 5 with a sharp angle at the top of it formed a fine capillary system, which collects moisture from a large area and the directs more actively to each seed. In addition, in the proposed method the seeds are pressed into the compacted bed, and on it are constantly contacting with moisture, which provides a much more efficient aeration of the seed during germination and further their growth as compared to the above analogs. Creation of the proposed method is significantly larger density gradients in the soil between rows and ridges 5 causes that soil has a much higher thermal conductivity and specific heat gradients, which creates the best conditions for condensation of moisture from the atmosphere during the day and at night the dew. Dew is a major supplier of water not only for plants but also nutrients from air. Top seeds are covered with a layer of mulch, which does not generate much resistance seedlings during germination and moisture does not evaporate, concentrating at a depth of 1-2 cm. And the area of ​​the strips with seeds, which concentrates the moisture does not exceed 7% of the total area of ​​soil. In between rows of capillary system has been destroyed, so there are weed seeds will not germinate. This layer dries and is a major source of fresh air, which is the supplier of the daily water, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and oxygen. Before planting, the soil to loosen up to 7 cm depth, because the weed seeds main part (over 50%) are located at a depth of 7 cm, and seeds of weeds, lying between the rows below this depth will naturally keep the development of crop plants. The inventive method allows the plant to thrive not only in times of drought, but also with abundant precipitation, without depriving the cultural air to the plant to its root system. In addition, all of these factors make it possible to create favorable conditions for the development of both aerobic anaerobic soil bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms, which leads to an increase in the yield of useful crops and improve soil fertility.

Conducted four-year experiments on wheat, barley and rye confirm the above reasons:

- Germination close to 100% of the theoretical seed germination;

- The rate of germination was not more than 4 days, even in a dry year in 2003;

- Reduced seeding rate by more than 20%, but the yield has increased in comparison with the control of crops by at least 30%.

For realization of the method in terms of seed sowing apparatus used is described below.

Device for planting seeds formed as a planter 10 includes a hopper 11 for seed, semyavysevayuschy apparatus 12 with the combined vas deferens and tukoprovodami connected with the sowing tubes 13 and borozdoobrazovatel made in the form of one or more profiled rollers 14 mounted on the rear cross beam 15 drills . Close up body is designed as earthing devices, which is a grid 16 made of metal chains, the width of which corresponds to the width of the seeder (seed to fall asleep soil mulch layer) connected to the drill for the profiled rollers 14. Each sowing tube 13 is placed in front of earthing devices for the roller profile 14 with it in the same vertical plane. The distance between the rollers 14 corresponds to the distance between the rows of crops. The working surface 14 is profiled rollers in the form of a sectional element 17. The width of the tapered roller 14 corresponds to the width of the formed groove, and the height of the working wedge member 17 formed by the roller corresponds to the depth of the furrow.

The ratio of the width (B) of the roller (3) to its diameter (D) is not more than 1:30, the height (H) of the working roller wedge element 17 is not less than 2 cm, and the width (c) of the vertex part wedge element over the roller the size of the seeds sown. Weight drills and each roller 14 is sufficient for the burial of his working wedge element 17 to a depth of no more than 3.5 cm. Such a ratio of geometric parameters of the roller ensures optimal conditions for burying seeds in the soil. Deepening the working wedge element to a greater depth is inappropriate, since seeds at planting fall in less favorable conditions for germination.

A specific example of the device. For this drill is taken and fertilizers press SZP-3.6 A, in which the removed disc coulters, which are installed instead borozdoobrazovatel: a series of rollers 14 with the working wedge elements. Each roller 14 mounted on the crosspiece sowing seed hoses tube 13 located in the alignment of rollers 14. 14 rollers on the brackets attached earthing devices made of chain SZYU SZYU 01,030 or 01.100, which is typically used when working seeders SZP-1 3.6 A (without packer roller ).

Device (drill) operates as follows. I fall asleep in the grain department of seeds and fertilizers to the box 11 and the fat compartment - fertilizer is filled by gravity intake chamber seeding apparatus 12. Drills 10 movement (and to a plowed field to a depth of not more than 7 cm) with the included clutch coils of grain and fertilizer seeding apparatus 12, rotating , capture the seeds and fertilizers, and throw them into the funnel seed hoses. According to the vas deferens seeds and fertilizer arrive in Sowing the tube 13 and then, slipping, fall to the bottom of the furrows formed by tapered rollers 14 in the soil. Incorporation of seeds and fertilizers produced talus soil from the walls of the furrows between the rows and earthing devices, made in the form of a network of 16 circuits.

With drills described above can be implemented not only seed grains, forage grasses and seeds, seed legumes, seeds of carrot, beet and potatoes. Planting potato tubers require structural changes planter sizes, which are not related to its principal kinematics.

The invention can be used both in large and in small farms.

CLAIM

1. A method of seedbed and sowing seeds, including presowing loosening of the surface layer of soil, furrow formation of seed in the loosened soil formation at the bottom of the furrow on untouched soil compacted bed, sowing seeds into the furrow and sealing of loosened layer of soil from between the rows, wherein that presowing loosening of the surface layer of the soil is carried out to a depth of not more than 7 cm, furrow and compacted bed therein formed by rolling the roller with a working surface formed in cross section as a wedge element, in the loosened soil layer to form grooves deeper than half backwash thickness the surface layer of soil compacted bed and a ridge with a sharp angle at the vertex, located at the bottom of the furrow, wherein the ridge is formed under pressure at the bottom of the roller loosened soil layer and ridge base - on undisturbed soil.

2. Apparatus for sowing seed formed as a seeder, comprising a hopper for seed semyavysevayuschy apparatus borozdoobrazovatel made in the form of one or more profiled rollers mounted on the rear cross beam drills rollers with a distance between equal to the distance between rows of crops, and the sealing body in the form of earthing devices for sleep seed mulch layer of soil that is connected to the drill for the profile rollers, in front of which are placed sowing tube seed hoses in the same vertical plane with the profile rollers, characterized in that the working surface of the rollers is designed as a wedge-shaped element, the height of which is not less than 2 cm, and its width is larger than the apical part of the sown seed, wherein the ratio of the width of the roller to its diameter is less than 1:30.

3. Apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that the sowing and the weight rollers is sufficient for penetration of its working wedge element to a depth of no more than 3.5 cm.

print version
Publication date 04.03.2007gg