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INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2286978

METHOD OF OBTAINING
COMBINED CONVENIENT BIOPREPARATE FOR PLANTS

The name of the inventor: Koshchaev Andrey Georgievich
The name of the patent holder: Kuban State Agrarian University
Address for correspondence: 350044, Krasnodar, ul. Kalinin, 13, KGAU, PIO
Date of commencement of the patent: 2004.12.06

(EN) The invention relates to agricultural biotechnology. The method includes vermicomposting of organic wastes using a red Californian worm hybrid with earthworms of the Kuban natural population, in an amount of 10 ⁴ worms per m ² , with the manure of agricultural animals preliminarily neutralized to a pH of 7-8 as organic waste. Vermicomposting is carried out for 2-3 months at a temperature of 16-32 ° C in natural conditions, and after separation of worms from vermicomposters with a vibrating screen with a pore size of 0.5-1.0 cm, it is dried to a humidity of 50-60%, packed in packets Of polypropylene, in which they are autoclaved for 45-75 minutes at 0.8-1.2 atm, and the Bacillus megaterium var strain is introduced. Phosphaticum 319 and strain Agrobacterium radiobacter 204. The invention allows to expand the assortment of microbiological fertilizers, to increase their biological activity, to reduce material costs and to shorten the preparation time of the preparation.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to plant growing, in particular to the technology of preparation of complex soil-fertilizing biologics.

In recent years, biohumus, a product of vermicomposting of various organic wastes of industrial and agricultural production, specially extracted by the race of earthworms, has been increasingly used in agriculture. Biohumus contains humic and fulvic acids, macro- and microelements, amino acids and gibberellins and other biologically active substances in a form accessible to plants. Therefore, the use of biohumus in itself increases the yield of crops and increases the fertility of soils.

A known method for disposing of organic waste in biohumus involves the preparation of a substrate by mixing components, one of which is wastes of animal origin, the insertion of worms and / or their cocoons, the laying of the substrate in a box or ridge and composting at a humidity of 65-80% and aeration, separation Worms from the obtained biohumus. As the main component in the substrate, an osprey, which is a waste of cardboard production, is introduced in an amount of 20-80% to the total mass of the substrate. As animal waste, cattle manure and / or manure of pigs and dung of birds are used, worms of the species Eisenia foetida are used in the amount of 15-25 thousand individuals per 1 m ² . With a low content of nitrogen in the substrate, after mixing the components, add nitrogen fertilizer in the form of urea in an amount of no more than 5% of the total mass of the substrate with the simultaneous addition of limestone flour in an amount that provides the pH of the medium of the finished substrate no more than 8 (RF Patent No. 2057743, C 05 F 3/06, 10.04.1996).

However, this method has some drawbacks. The introduction of the osprey (cardboard waste) is not always possible due to the lack of raw materials. In addition, a wide range of its input does not allow the standardization of the vermicomposting process, since the share of the osprey affects the activity of worms. It is doubtful that urea can provide the claimed effect. In addition, as in the above-mentioned analogue, it is unlikely that the vermicompost obtained in this way included the necessary quantity of useful microorganisms that are capable of providing a therapeutic effect with simultaneous possession of soil qualities.

The method closest to the claimed method is the preparation of biofertilizer, which consists in obtaining vermicompost by vermicomposting agricultural and industrial wastes using earthworms, separating vermicompost from worms and drying it, and worms "Obolensky hybrid", obtained by crossing the "Red California hybrid "with the Russian population of earthworms Eisenia foetida, while vermiculture is carried out at a temperature of 16-24 ° C for 4-6 months, microorganisms with fungicidal properties contribute to the resulting biohumus. In the method, microorganisms possessing fungicidal activity are added after separation of worms or after ripening of vermicompost, in addition, as a strain of bacteria Bacillus subtilis ИПМ-215 in concentrations of 1 × 10 ⁹ -1 × 10 ¹² spores per 1 kg of vermicompost or culture of mycophilic Fungus Trichoderma viride Pers ex SFGray 16 in concentrations of 1 · 10 ⁴ -1 · 10 ⁸ colony forming units per 1 kg of vermicompost (patent RF No. 21255549, class C 05 F 11/08, 1999, bulletin No. 3 - prototype ).

However, this method has a number of significant drawbacks. Firstly, the use of this hybrid does not allow us to obtain a high-quality biohumus everywhere, because the climatic conditions of our country are very diverse. Secondly, the possibility of using this technology in southern regions of Russia is questionable, since this temperature range does not allow the cultivation of this hybrid in warm months, and the cultivation time (4-6 months) does not allow obtaining sufficient amount of biohumus. In addition, the lack of nitrogen and available phosphorus in many agrolandscapes requires additional nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition, which can not provide the proposed drug. In addition, the low titre of the antifungicidal component of the above preparation (1 · 10 ⁹ -1 · 10 ¹² spores per 1 kg of vermicompost) requires high dosage for disease control, which makes the use of the biopreparation economically ineffective.

The known methods do not allow to obtain a biopreparation with a high titre of fungicidal microorganisms and preparations with simultaneous soil-fertilizing (nitrogen-fixing and phosphorolytic) activity in the presence of a large number of nutrients.

The technical solution of the problem is to expand the assortment of biological products, increase their biological activity of the complex spectrum of action by including several strains in the composition of the preparation, improving the agrochemical parameters of the soil at the expense of nutrients in biohumus, the presence of the drug in addition to the fungicidal and nitrogen-fixing, phosphorolytic activities.

The task is achieved by the fact that in the method for producing a combined fertilizer biopreparation for plants, comprising obtaining vermicompost by vermicomposting organic waste using earthworms and introducing microorganisms into the vermicompost, where the manure of farm animals previously neutralized to pH 7-8 is used as organic waste, And as a worm a hybrid of a red Californian worm with earthworms of the Kuban natural population is used, in an amount of 10 ⁴ per m ² , while vermicomposting is carried out for 2-3 months at a temperature of 16-32 ° C in natural conditions, and after the separation of worms From vermicompost with a vibrating screen with a pore size of 0.5-1.0 cm, the vermicompost is dried to a moisture content of 50-60%, packed in polypropylene bags in which they are autoclaved for 45-75 minutes at 0.8-1.2 atm, a strain Bacillus megaterium var. Phosphaticum 319 and strain Agrobacterium radiobacter 204 with the following ratio of components,%:

The claimed method of obtaining a combined fertilizer biopreparation for plants differs from the prototype by the modes of manufacturing vermicompost and additional introduction of species of microorganisms with other physiological properties, the combination of which with the already existing provides fundamentally new properties to the biological preparation.

These differences allow us to conclude that the claimed technical solutions meet the criterion of "novelty".

The features that distinguish the claimed technical solution from the prototype are aimed at achieving the task set and are not revealed in the study of patent and scientific and technical literature in this and related fields of science and technology and, therefore, meet the criterion of "inventive level".

The method for obtaining a combined fertilizer biopreparation for plants is realized as follows.

EXAMPLE 1 Manure of cattle is stored in beads measuring 1 · 5 · 1.5 meters. The manure is shoveled until it reaches the ambient temperature. To regulate acidity, chalk or hydrated lime is used. The alkalinization is carried out layer by layer until the manure reaches pH 7-8. If the acidity of manure is less than 7 units, then worms will not develop in it, and therefore biohumus will not form. If the acidity of the manure is more than 8 units, then the worms will develop and will not be there, since this pH value is not optimal for them, and there will be an over-consumption of the alkalizing agent, which will lead to additional expenses for preparing the substrate for the worms. Thus, the optimum acidity of manure for the development of worms is a pH equal to 7.5 units.

As a ringworm, a hybrid of the red Californian worm with earthworms of the Kuban natural population is used, which was obtained by the joint cultivation of the hybrid of the red Californian worm with the Kuban population of annelidized manureworms. This is due to the fact that the red Californian worm hybrid is very sensitive to environmental conditions and requires an optimal temperature, certain qualities of the substrate, which makes it not technological in our conditions. At the same time, ringed dung worms that live in the soil, though omnivorous, are low-yielding and retain an instinct for migration, which makes them an inconvenient object for vermicomposting. Therefore, the use of an adapted breed provides a sufficiently high level of worm productivity and, at the same time, low susceptibility to environmental conditions.

Ready-to-use manure is populated with worms at a rate of 10,000 worms per 1 m ² , having previously tested the "50 worms" test, which allows to assess the quality of the substrate. The settlement is made in the evening or on a cloudy day, as worms do not tolerate direct sunlight. Navals with a worm-infested substrate from above are covered with grass to protect from the sun and reduce the evaporation of water. Navals periodically watered, loosened the top layer of the substrate. Vermicomposting is carried out within 2-3 months. If the cultivation time is less than 2 months, the hybrid of the red Californian worm and annelid worm of the Kuban population will not process the substrate, which means that the output of biohumus will be insignificant. If the cultivation time is more than 3 months, the hybrid of the red Californian worm and the annelid worm of the Kuban population, after processing the entire substrate, will begin to oppress and lose productivity, and in addition, it increases the time of the preparation process of the biopreparation, which increases its cost price. Therefore, the optimal time for cultivation of worms in the substrate is 2.5 months. Optimal cultivation of worms in the substrate is carried out at a temperature of 24 ° C. If the culture temperature is less than 16 ° C, the metabolism and growth of hybrid worms slow down, and hence the conversion efficiency of the substrate in vermicompost will be low. If the culture temperature is more than 32 ° C, the growth of vermiculture will be low.

As a result of the growth and reproduction of worms, manure is processed into biohumus. Separation of worms is carried out on mechanical vibrating screens, and the worms remaining on the screen are used for the subsequent production of biohumus from the next batch of manure. At the same time, the 0.75-cm screen size is optimal, which makes it possible to obtain pure biohumus free of particles of unprocessed substrate and debris. If the pore size of the screen is less than 0.5 cm, the sieving speed will be low, which will increase the time of the technological operation. If the pore size is more than 1.0 cm, then together with the particles of biohumus, particles of the unreconcessed substrate will fall into the container with the finished product, which will negatively affect the quality of the finished product.

The resulting biohumus is dried in a stream of hot air to a humidity of 55% and is stored in kraft bags. If the moisture content of the finished biohumus is less than 50%, the coolant will be over-consumed when drying the product and this will require additional water injection for the comfortable development of antifungicidal, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and microorganisms introduced into the vermicompost to ensure the transfer of difficult-to-digest forms of phosphorus to plants easily accessible. If the moisture content of the finished biohumus is more than 60%, the quality of the finished product will deteriorate as the resulting fertilizer will lose its flowability, and in addition, the aeration of the substrate will be low, which will lead to a slow development of microorganisms.

The biohumus obtained in the above way is used simultaneously as a carrier and a substrate for the development and reproduction of microorganisms. As necessary, biohumus from kraft bags is packaged in polypropylene bags, depending on the volume of use from 1 kg to 5 kg per package. Packages are closed with cotton-gauze stoppers and sterilized in an autoclave. At a mode of 1 atm for one hour, which is the optimal mode of sterilization. If the sterilization time is less than 45 minutes and the pressure in the autoclave is less than 0.8 atm, complete sterilization of the substrate will not occur and microorganisms will remain in it that will interfere with growth and development of beneficial microorganisms, which means that the desired titer is not achieved, Which will reduce the quality of the drug. If the sterilization time is more than 75 min, and the pressure in the autoclave is more than 1.2 atm, then due to the rigid autoclaving regime in the substrate (biohumus), substances toxic for the further introduced microorganisms are formed and the quality of the drug will decrease, in addition, the cost of the bacterial preparation Will be high due to over-expenditure of coolants.

For sowing biohumus seed from the collection of pure cultures of the Federal State Institution "Krasnodar Biocenter" is used. A tube with a lyophilized pure culture of Agrobacterium radiobacter strain 204 is animated with a nutrient solution. Sow a lively culture in 750 ml flasks for 200-250 ml of nutrient medium, which is a pea decoction, which additionally contains sucrose and mineral salts. Then, the resulting mother liquor is inoculated in 5-liter bottles containing 2.0-2.5 liters of nutrient medium, including corn extract, molasses and mineral salts. A test tube with a pure culture of Bacillus megaterium var. Phosphaticum strain 319 is animated, seeded into a nutrient medium, which is a solution of corn extract, molasses, ammonium sulfate and chalk. Likewise, Bacillus subtilis IPM-215, which has fungicidal activity, is also animated.

The thus obtained working solutions of strains of the species Bacillus subtilis IPM-215, Bacillus megaterium var. Phosphaticum strain 319 and Agrobacterium radiobacter 204 are inoculated sterile into vermicompost from the final total titer of microorganisms 8.5 · 10 ⁸ . If microorganisms of the species Agrobacterium radiobacter strain 204 are less than 60%, then an effective associative nitrogen fixation process with plants will not occur. If the microorganisms of the species Agrobacterium radiobacter strain 204 are more than 80%, the ratio of the nitrogen-fixing species of microorganisms, a and the phosphorolytic bacterium Bacillus megaterium var. Phosphaticum strain 319 will be suboptimal and effective interaction with plants of these strains will not occur and the quality of the drug will be low. Thus, the optimal content in the preparation of representatives of the species Agrobacterium radiobacter strain 204 will be 70%. If microorganisms of the species Bacillus megaterium var. Phosphaticum strain 319 will be less than 20%, then effective lysis of hardly soluble forms of phosphorus does not occur, and the quality of the drug will be low. If microorganisms of the species Bacillus megaterium var. Phosphaticum strain 319 will be more than 40%, then the ratio of strains of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and phosphorolytic microorganisms will not be optimal, and the preparation of hardly soluble forms of phosphorus will not be effective, and therefore its quality will be low. Thus, the optimal content in the preparation of representatives of the species Bacillus megaterium var. The phosphaticum strain 319 will be 30%.

Mixing of vermicompost and seeded fungicidal, nitrogen-fixing and phosphorolytic microorganisms is performed mechanically in such a way as not to damage polypropylene bags. Then the sown packets are placed in a room thermostatted room temperature.

After 10-14 days, check the titer of the sown microorganisms, which should increase by 2-3 orders due to the simultaneous growth of bacteria on the vermicompost and reach 6.5 · 10 ¹¹ .

Further storage of preparations in undamaged packages for 3 months did not reduce the total titre of nitrogen fixing microorganisms of the preparation below 8 · 10 ¹⁰ , which is related to the optimal content of nutrients in the biohumus necessary for antifungicides, nitrogen fixing and phosphorolytic microorganisms and stimulation by microorganisms of each other due to synthesis Substances. The results of the experiments are presented in Table 1.

EXAMPLE 2 According to a method for preparing a combined fertilizer for plants according to example 1, chicken droppings with the addition of chopped straw are used as the raw material for the cultivation of worms.

EXAMPLE 3 According to a method for producing a combined fertilizer for plants according to Example 1, horse manure is used as the raw material for cultivating worms.

EXAMPLE 4 According to a method for preparing a combined fertilizer plant biopreparation according to Example 1, manure for calves is used as a raw material for the cultivation of worms, with the addition of comminuted straw.

The results of the determination of the number of Bacillus subtilis bacteria IPM-215, Bacillus megaterium var. Phosphaticum strain 319 and Agrobacterium radiobacter strain 204 in biohumus of different origin are presented in Table 2.

The results of laboratory tests of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4 showed that irrespective of the origin of livestock wastes, the biohumus obtained on its basis provides a high titer of useful microorganisms necessary for obtaining a quality combined therapeutic and fertilizing biopreparation for plants.

In addition, it should be noted that the technology of obtaining vermicompost is a simple process, and raw materials (organic agricultural waste) are generally available. Simultaneously with obtaining biohumus, the problem of protecting the environment is also being solved, which is especially important in agrarian regions with developed livestock breeding.

The results of the analysis of the chemical composition of vermicompost and humus obtained from manure of cattle are presented in Table 3.

As can be seen from the table, the use of biohumus allows not only to provide high concentrations of all useful microorganisms included in the preparation, but also to use biohumus as a highly effective source of nutrients for plant growth (the chemical composition of biohumus is given in comparison with the composition of humus).

We should not forget that the use of biohumus as a filler for the preparation obtained by the proposed method not only provides plants with useful microorganisms, but also in itself is a source of nutrients due to biohumus. It should be noted that preparations based on biohumus when used for processing seeds of plants practically do not require an adhesive and can evenly distribute bacteria on the surface of seeds, which generally increases the biological effectiveness of the proposed preparation.

Thus, the method of obtaining a combined fertilizer biopreparation for plants not only makes it possible to obtain a high titer of useful microorganisms (antifungicides, nitrogen fixing and phosphorolytic), due to the presence of nutrients in it, and this effect is achieved by the simultaneous cultivation of several physiological groups of microorganisms that can stimulate growth And development of each other. In addition, the proposed preparation is able to activate plants and their seeds due to the availability of nutrient and accelerating substances of biohumus itself, to protect them from fungal diseases and thereby providing an expansion of the range of biological products. In general, the use of the proposed method will help to partially solve the problems of utilization of livestock waste through the possibility of placing small-scale production directly in the regions.

CLAIM

A method for producing a combined fertilizer biopreparation for plants, comprising obtaining vermicompost by vermicomposting organic waste using earthworms and introducing microorganisms into the vermicompost, characterized in that the manure of farm animals previously neutralized to pH 7-8 is used as organic waste, and as rainwater Worms use a hybrid of a red Californian worm with earthworms of the Kuban natural population in the amount of 10 ⁴ per 1 m ² , while vermicomposting is carried out for 2-3 months at a temperature of 16-32 ° C in natural conditions, after separation of worms from vermicompost Pore ​​size 0.5-1.0 cm, the vermicompost is dried to a moisture content of 50-60%, packed in polypropylene bags in which they are autoclaved for 45-75 minutes at 0.8-1.2 atm, the Bacillus megaterium var strain is introduced. Phosphacaticum 319 and strain Agrobacterium radiobacter 204 with the following ratio of components,%:

print version
Date of publication 04.03.2007gg

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