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DEVICES, COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF INCREASING VICINITY AND CROP PRODUCTIVITY OF VEGETABLE CROPS
INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2041585

METHOD OF POTATO PRODUCTION

The name of the inventor: Chernikov VI; L. Kostina; Masyuk Yu.A. Makarov PP; Makhnev P.I.
The name of the patent holder: Chernikov Vladimir Ivanovich
Address for correspondence:
The effective date of the patent: 1993.02.22

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to the technology of growing ware potatoes. The purpose of the invention is to increase the consumer qualities of potato against the background of the complete elimination of chemical plant protection products, the use of environmentally safe methods and means of suppressing weeds, diseases and pests that prevent the pollution of the environment and the harvest of potatoes with toxic substances. To achieve this goal, the method involves the use of organic fertilizers, in which entomopathogenic nematodes prastionhus or pristionhus plus trichodermine are introduced in autumn. Seed tubers are warmed before planting, treated with a rhizoplane or trichodermine or a mixture of them, or a mixture of trichodermine with pristionhus, or a mixture of trichoderma, rhizoplane and pristions. During the vegetation period weed control is carried out by intensive mechanical treatments. To combat late blight on the potato tops, use a rhizoplane or trichodermine, or a mixture thereof. To combat the Colorado beetle, use bitoksibatsillin, or virin-KZH or a mixture of them, with the coincidence of the processing time from the late blight of the treatment is carried out with a mixture of preparations from Phytophthora and Colorado beetle.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to the technology of growing ware potatoes.

Known is the method of potato cultivation, including the placement of potatoes after their predecessors, the autumn cultivation of the soil with the application of organic and mineral fertilizers, the spring cultivation of the soil, the cutting of the crests, planting, interrow cultivation, weed control using herbicides [1]

Known is the method of potato cultivation, including the placement of potatoes according to the best predecessors, stubbling, application of organic fertilizers in a dose of 10-20 tons per hectare, application of phosphate-potassium fertilizers, autumn plowing of soil to a depth of 27-30 cm, early spring harrowing in two tracks or cultivation With subsequent non-spinning plowing, cutting of the ridges before planting, planting in ridges, inter-row treatments, weed control with herbicides, protection from diseases and pests with preparations, and pre-harvesting of the foliage by spraying it with magnesium or magnesium chlorate solution, harvesting tubers [ 2]

The disadvantage of these technologies is the use of chemical means of plant protection and weed control, high doses of mineral fertilizers that cause severe environmental pollution and deterioration of the potato's consumer qualities are often above the permissible limit.

The purpose of the invention is to increase the consumer qualities of potatoes against the complete elimination of plant protection chemicals, environmentally friendly methods and means of suppressing weeds, diseases and pests that prevent the pollution of the environment and the harvest of potatoes by toxic substances.

To achieve this goal, the method of potato cultivation includes placing potatoes in the best predecessors, peeling stubble, applying organic fertilizers, autumn plowing of soil, harrowing or cultivation followed by uncontaminated plowing, comb load before planting, preplant tuber cultivation, planting in ridges, interrow cultivation, combating With weeds, protection from diseases and pests with the help of preparations, and pre-harvesting of the tops and harvesting tubers. Distinctive features of the proposed method are that organic fertilizers are applied at a dose of 60-120 tons / ha, harrowing, loosening, cultivation and interrow cultivation are carried out when weeds are in the "white strand" stage, planting is carried out by warmed seed tubers with nested eyelets resistant to Diseases of potato varieties. For preplant treatment, microbiological and entomopathogenic preparations are used, after dressing, the leveling of the ridge surface is carried out by continuous loosening of the soil, and interrow cultivation begins after emergence of potato shoots with a gradual build-up of ridges with a layer of 3-4 cm soil with simultaneous loosening of the bottom of the furrow and slopes of the ridges, 2-3 inter-row treatments are carried out with an interval of 10-12 days before the potato tops are closed, and microbiological and entomopathogenic preparations are used to protect plants from diseases and pests.

Microbiological and entomopathogenic preparations for the treatment of seed tubers use trihodepin or rizoplane, or a mixture of them, or a mixture of trichodermine with pristionhus, or a mixture of trichodermine, rhizoplane and pristionhus.

To protect the potato from diseases, in particular late blight, microbiological preparations use a rhizoplane or trichodermine, or a mixture of them, to process the tops during the growing season of potatoes.

To protect the potato from pests, in particular the Colorado beetle, as bitomycin bacillus or virin-QL, or a mixture of either bitoxibacillin and rhizoplane, or a mixture of virin-QL and rhizoplan, or a mixture of virin-QL, bitoxybacillin and trichodermine, Or a mixture of virin-QL and risoplan, which treat the tops during the growing season of potatoes. Pre-harvest haulm removal is carried out mechanically. Pristionhus or its mixture with trichodermine is applied to the soil after harvesting potatoes together with organic fertilizers.

The method is carried out as follows. To combat the most dangerous diseases and potato pests, the Colorado beetle suggested using microbiological and entomopathogenic preparations separately or in combination, such as trichodermine, rizoplane, bitoxybacillin, virin-QL, entomopathogenic nematodes pristionhus.

The mechanism of action of fungi of the genus Trichodedrma on the phytopathogenic microflora has shown that the trichoderma penetrates into the mycelial cells of the rhizoctonia, the phytophthora, destroys them, and other pathogens die. In addition, it has been established that the trichoderma fungus, being an effective biological structure former, improves the fertility of the soil, causing an increase in the amount of nitrates, an increase in the number of Azotobacter.

The drug rizoplan developed on the basis of living cells of bacteria Pseudomonas, able to effectively suppress the phytopathogens of pathogens of root rot cells. In addition, application of the drug to the plant protects them from pathogens of late blight, bacteriosis. One gram (ml) of the drug contains 1 billion bacterial cells. The recommended rate of drug consumption is 0.1 kg per hectare. However, it is known that bacteria from the genera Pseudomonas are entomopathogenic in relation to insects. Bacteria penetrate into the body of the insect, multiply intensively. To facilitate and accelerate the penetration of bacteria into the body of an insect, use of entomopathogenic nematodes Pristionchus uniformis, which are symbiotic with bacteria Pseudomonas. Nematodes pristionhus act as permanent keepers and carriers of bacteria Pseudomonas.

Nematode Pristionchus unifotmis race K.T. Discovered by L.Ya. Kostina and L.V. Tikhonova in 1988 in the dead imago Colorado beetle in the Ozersky district of the Moscow region. Experiments have shown that invasive larvae of the Pristionchus uniformis nematode race KT. Obtained from the isolated material and diluted by cultivation in the laboratory of the NIICH biomethode, are able to penetrate into the body of pupae and adults and larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, which are then killed by bacteria contained in the intestinal tract of nematodes.

In a mass quantity necessary for production testing, the nematodes of pristionhus were obtained by breeding on the caterpillars of winter worm Agrotis segetum Sch. The period of development of one generation of nematodes pristionhus at room temperature lasts 5 days. Resting larvae live in the corpses of the host for 4-6 weeks. Larvae can survive a short period on a dried substrate, but they can not move on a dry substrate. Invasive larvae penetrate into the body of many soil-bearing beetles, pupae, larvae, caterpillars, bringing with them bacteria that cause septicemia and the death of the host. The nematode of the species pristionhus is saprophage and lives in the soil, participating in the mineralization of organic compounds. It has been established that the experimental application of an aqueous suspension of nematodes to pristionhus on the potato tops at the state farm Krasovskiy and Gorsky in order to determine the pathogenicity against the larva and the imago of the Colorado potato beetle has also revealed a new positive effect in reducing the defeat of the foliage by late blight, which is explained by the symbiosis of the nematodes with the Psudomonas bacterium.

A method for combating the Colorado potato beetle by using an entopathogenic virus from a group of nuclear polyhedra is known. It is established that these viruses can cause the death of the Colorado beetle in the larval stage. The surviving pupae were not normal, and the bugs that were born were not viable. On the basis of the virus of nuclear polyhedrosis, a preparation of virin-QL (Colorado beetle) was obtained, which in laboratory conditions of NIICH was grown on living caterpillars of Agrotis Segetum Sch. Laboratory-field experiments at the Kraskovsky state farm showed high efficiency of virin-QL in combating the Colorado beetle larvae. The insect death rate was 92-95%. Combined use of virin-QL with entomopathogenic nematodes pristionhus, and a mixture of virin-QL plus pristionhus plus rhizoplane contributed to a decrease in botulinum damage Potato blight and preservation of the leaf apparatus of potatoes.

To combat the larvae of the Colorado potato beetroxibacillin, a microbiological preparation based on entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis var. Thuringiensis. Grayish brown powder, 1 gram of the drug contains 45 billion spores, applied at a dose of 2-5 kg ​​per hectare by spraying plants during the growing season. The pathogenic effect of these bacteria is associated with the toxins that it produces. Bitoksibacillin was used to control the Colorado beetle both alone and in combination with the entopathogenic virus with the drug virin-QL, in combination with the drug rizoplan.

The use of the method in production conditions is carried out as follows. Potatoes resistant to disease varieties are placed in a crop rotation for the best predecessors of leguminous pure from weeds. Potatoes are demanding of the loose state of the soil and its high fertility; therefore, after the predecessor, the fields are plowed with the LD-10 scraper to a depth of 8-18 cm in two tracks. Lushchenie prevents the drying of the soil, provokes the germination of weeds, destroys already growing weeds, and stubble remains in the soil. After peeling in 1-2 weeks when the condition of weeds in the stage of the "white strand" is composted or repaired organic fertilizers in a dose of 60-120 tons per hectare, which are plowed with plows with dumps and skimmers to a depth of 27-30 cm. Preliminary in organic fertilizers Entomopathogenic nematode pristionhus at a rate of 2 liters per hectare. Prestionhus can be administered together with trichodermine. In spring, with the onset of physical ripeness of the upper layers of the soil and in the state of weeds in the "white strand" stage, harrowing to the depth of 4-6 cm with tooth harrows BZTS-1.0. After harrowing, as soon as the soil is being retreated, plowing plowing to a depth of 16-18 cm is carried out by forage-bladed plows or cultivators with deep-tillers. Then, before planting, cut the combs with the KRN-2G cultivator.

Preparation of seed material resistant to diseases begin to be carried out for 2-4 weeks before planting by air-heat warming up to pecking germs no more than 0.5 cm with removal of all diseased and decayed tubers on the bulkhead table. To protect against diseases, seed tubers are treated with trichodermine at a dose of 30 kg per hectare using a Gumatox machine or a 0.1-kg risoplane preparation, or a mixture of them, or a mixture of trichodermine with pristionchus, or a mixture of trichodermine, rhizoplane and pristionchus. Planting is carried out in the crests of potato-shrimp KSM-4. After 10-12 days, with the appearance of weeds in the "white thread" stage, a continuous leveling of the ridge surface is carried out by continuous loosening of the soil, and interrow cultivation begins after the emergence of the shoots by gradually growing the ridges with 3-4 cm layer of soil with simultaneous loosening of the bottom of the furrow and slopes of the ridge , And the next 2-3 inter-row treatments are carried out with an interval of 10-12 days before the potato tops close.

During the growing season, the tops are sprayed from the phytophthora 2-3 times with a microbiological preparation of the risoplan at a dose of 0.1 kg per hectare using a sprayer of the OH-400 type with a device for feeding the solution to the lower surface of the leaves and to the sides of the potato plants. If necessary, the treatment is carried out with a tank mix of a rhizoplane with trichodermine at a dose of 30 kg per hectare. To combat the Colorado beetle, bitoksibacillin is used at a dose of 2 kg per hectare.

To enhance the effect of the treatment, use a mixture of bitoxybacillin plus virin-QL at a dose of 0.2 liters per hectare, with which the tops are sprayed 2-3 times at a water consumption of 400 liters per hectare. When the timing of the struggle against late blight and Colorado beetle coincides, the tops of the plant are treated with a tank mixture of bitoxybacillin plus a risoplan or a mixture of bitoxybacillin plus virin-KZH plus a rhizoplane. Pre-harvest haulm removal is carried out by a bot-harvesting machine. After potato harvesting in autumn, using a sprayer, the suspension with entomopathogenic nematode pristionhus together with trichodermine is introduced into the prepared organic fertilizers, mixed, scattered over the field and smelled.

The proposed method of cultivating potatoes allows successfully combating pests and diseases with the help of microbiological and entomopathogenic preparations in industrial conditions, improving the mineralization of the soil, which preserves and promotes the development of useful microflora, which ultimately positively influences the development of the root system and leaf apparatus of potatoes, positively influences On the accumulation of a crop free from impurities of pesticides, the structural state of the soil improves due to the normal development of soil microflora not destroyed by pesticides.

CLAIM

1. METHOD OF POTATO PRODUCTION, including potato placement according to the best predecessors, stubble plowing, application of organic fertilizers, autumn plowing of soil, harrowing or cultivation, followed by uncontaminated plowing, cutting of the ridges before planting, pre-planting tubers, planting in ridges, interrow cultivation, combating Weeds, protection from diseases and pests with the help of preparations, and pre-harvesting of the tops and harvesting of tubers, characterized in that organic fertilizers are introduced in a dose of 60-120 tons / ha, harrowing, loosening, cultivation and interrow cultivation are carried out when weeds are in the stage of " White stitching ", the planting is carried out with warmed seed tubers with the nesting eyes of resistant varieties of potato, microbiological and entomopathogenic preparations are used for pre-planting, after leveling the ridge surface is leveled by continuous loosening of the soil, and interrow cultivation begins after emergence of potato shoots with gradual build-up Ridges with a layer of soil of 3 4 cm with simultaneous loosening of the bottom of the furrow and slopes of the ridges, and subsequent 2 3 intercrops are carried out with an interval of 10 12 days before the potato tops are closed, and microbiological and entomopathogenic preparations are used to protect plants from diseases and pests.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein microbiological and entomopathogenic preparations for the treatment of replaceable tubers use trichodermine, or a rhizoplane, or a mixture thereof, or a mixture of trichodermine with pristionchus, or a mixture of trichodermine, rhizoplane and pristionchus.

3. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that for protecting potato from diseases, in particular late blight, microbiological preparations use a rhizoplane, or trichodermine, or a mixture thereof, which treat the tops during the potato growing season.

4. Method. According to claim 1, characterized in that for protecting the potato from pests, in particular the Colorado beetle, bitoksibacillin or virin-QL, or a mixture thereof, or mixture of bitoxybacillin and rhizoplane, or a mixture of virin-QL and rhizoplane, are used as entomopathogenic preparations, Or a mixture of virin-QL, bitoxybacillin and trichoderma, or a mixture of bitoxybacillin, virin-QL and risoplan, which treat the tops during the growing season of potatoes.

5. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the pre-harvesting of the tops is carried out mechanically.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein pristionchus or a mixture thereof with trichodermine is applied to the soil in the autumn after harvesting the potatoes for plowing together with organic fertilizers.

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Date of publication 06.03.2007гг