|
Start of section
Production, amateur Radio amateurs Aircraft model, rocket-model Useful, entertaining |
Stealth Master
Electronics Physics Technologies Inventions |
Secrets of the cosmos
Secrets of the Earth Secrets of the Ocean Tricks Map of section |
  |
| Use of the site materials is allowed subject to the link (for websites - hyperlinks) | |||
Navigation: => |
Home / Patent catalog / Catalog section / Back / |
|
INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2170509
PROTECTION OF PLANTS USING FISH FAT
The name of the inventor: KOHEN Yigal (IL)
The name of the patent holder: BAR-ILAN UNIVERSITY (IL)
Address for correspondence: 129010, Moscow, ul. Bolshaya Spasskaya 25, page 3, LLC "Gorodissky and Partners", Lebedeva NG.
Date of commencement of the patent: 1995.01.30
The invention relates to the protection of planting of potatoes or tomatoes from a fungus of the species Phytophthora infestants. The method involves the application of fish oil to the foliage or planting material. It is possible to use it in combination with an agriculturally acceptable diluent, preferably with a metal salt. Fish oil is applied in an amount sufficient to cause local and / or systematic resistance of the culture to a fungal disease. The method allows to protect the plant by 58-91%.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to the use of materials for protecting crops from pathogenic infection.
In particular, the present invention relates to the use of fish oils and new compositions containing fish oils that, when applied to a crop, protect this culture against fungal infections.
A variety of materials are known that protect plants and enhance their growth. For example, US Pat. No. 3,712,803 discloses the use of an aqueous mixture of protein materials and alkali metal lignosulfonate subjected to acid hydrolysis and subsequent oxidation, which, when applied to plants and trees as a spray liquid or when added to the soil in the root zone, imparts frost resistance to plants and trees.
No. 2013063 discloses the use of spraying a plant with an aqueous wax emulsion containing colloidal earth, an ammonium salt of a drying acid, for example unsaturated fatty acids such as those obtained from soy, fish or beans, thereby creating a permeable film that protects against dehydration.
No. 2,198,991 discloses a method for protecting living trees and plants from sunburn, woodworm and fungal injuries by treating trunks and branches with an aqueous emulsion containing paraffin, an ammonium salt of a drying acid, as described in US Pat. No. 2,013,063, colloidal earth and fine aluminum.
It is also known to use a variety of oils, including fish oils, as a useful physical component serving to optimize the stability of the plant protectant suspensions of the active ingredients. For example, US Pat . Nos . 4,826,863 and 4,734,432 disclose the use of various oils, including paraffinic, soybean, fish oil and mineral oils, among others, with an active ingredient such as a fungicide or herbicide, in order to provide a stabilized suspension of the plant protecting agent.
U.S. Patent No. 4,761,423 discloses the use of vegetable, animal or mineral oil together among others with a fungicide or insecticide to form an improved seed coating.
US Pat. Nos. 3,728,454, 3,725,557 and 3,728,453 disclose the use of turpentine (coniferous oil) or fish oil together among other things with an active ingredient, alloxan, alloxanthine or dialrolic acid, respectively, to inhibit the growth of plant-damaging bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms.
A serious limitation of the recommendations described above is that non-natural products are used to protect plants from fungal diseases.
Recently, there have been reports in the literature that some unsaturated fatty acids, which are natural products applied to the lower leaves of potato plants, protect the upper leaves from the threat of infection with potato rot (Phytophthorosis) caused by Phytophthora infestans (see Cohen et al. "Systematic resistance of potato plants against Phytophthora infestans caused by unsaturated fatty acids", "Physiology and molecular pathology of plants", 38, pp. 255-263, 1991). However, there is a serious disadvantage in using these unsaturated fatty acids: even when used with the application of small amounts, such as were highly effective in creating protection, these acids proved to be phytotoxic for the leaves of the potato.
For these and other reasons, there is a generally recognized need for effective natural products that can be sprayed on plants to protect them from fungal diseases, and these products should not be phytotoxic.
It is established that natural products, fish oils, effectively protect crops from fungal diseases, without being phytotoxic. This is an amazing result, and the mechanism of effective protection without phytotoxicity is difficult to understand. Thus, the present invention successfully overcomes the disadvantages of the known analogs by using a natural product that effectively protects plants from fungal diseases without being toxic to said plants.
The fish oils used in the present invention are fats derived from various fish and cephalopods, including cod, haddock, capelin, squid, shark, flounder, minheden, sardine, herring, saithe, cuttlefish, mackerel, gerbil, anchovy, salmon And various gadoids.
Such fats contain predominantly saturated and unsaturated fatty acids from C14 to C22 in the form of mono-, di- and triglycerides.
Of saturated fatty acids, palmitic (16: 0) is found in the largest amounts (about 15%), myristic acid (14: 0) follows it (about 5%), and stearic acid (18: 0) is the rarest (about 3%). Fish fats contain a wide variety of mono-, di-, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PNEZhK), with oleic acid (18: 1 n 9) - the most common (about 10-30%). Treated (refined) fish oils contain less oleic acid and increased proportions of PNEH, especially linoleic (18: 2), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) (20: 5 n 3) and docosahexaenic (DHA) (22: 6 n 3). Other unsaturated fatty acids are vaccine acid (18: 1 n 7), linolenic acid (18: 3 n 3), eicosanic acid (20: 1 n 9), octodecatetraenic acid (18: 4 n 3), eicosalic acid (20: 2 n 6), eicosatrienic acid (20: 3 n 3), arachidonic acid (20: 4 n 6), erucic or brassic acid (22: 1 n 9), docosapentaenoic acid (22: 5 n 3) and docosatetraenoic acid 22: 4n 6). The total content of omega-3 fatty acids reaches about 70% in some fats. Two types of emulsified fat from Nippon (Japan) contain 5% lecithin and 0.05% ethoxyquinoline. All fats contain antioxidants, vitamin A, vitamin D and traces of free fatty acids. Antioxidants, vitamin A and vitamin D were tested individually and did not show a protective effect against diseases.
The invention is described herein by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 - development of potato rot on potato plants (cultivar "Alpha"), processed with four fish fats. The plants were sprayed with a homogeneous mixture of fat and water (0.5, 1 and 2%) over the adaxial (upper) surface of the leaves and infected with Phytophthora infestans (culture MR-1, 5000 sporangia per milliliter) two days after. Estimates of the development of the disease (scale 0 to 4) were made four days after infection. Horizontal dashes represent standard deviations of the mean (n = 3).
FIG. 2 - comparison of fish oils and vegetable oils in the protection of potatoes (A) and tomatoes (B) from Phytophthora infestans. The plants were sprinkled on the upper surface of the leaves with jojoba oil: soybean oil, HL cod liver oil or capelin oil (1% in water) and infected on treated surfaces with fungus (culture MR-1, 5000 sporangia per 1 ml) two days after Spraying. Estimates of the development of the disease (scale 0 to 4) were made 5 days after infection. The horizontal dashes represent the standard deviation of the mean (n = 3).
FIG. 3 - the time dependence of the effectiveness of fish fats in controlling potato late blight (grade "Alpha"). Liver cod liver oil HL, cod liver oil G, cuttlefish fat and capelin grease were sprayed (0.5, 1 and 2% in water) onto the upper surface of the leaves, and the plants were infected on the treated surface with Phytophthora infestans (culture MR-1 , 2500 sporangia per ml) at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days after spraying. The incidence was recorded four days after infection (n = 3).
FIG. 4 - time dependence of the effectivity of cod liver oil HL (0.5 and 1% in water) in the fight against Phytophthorosis caused by the Phytophthora infestans fungus on tomato plants ("Florida Basket" sort). The plants were infected (2500 sporangia per 1 ml) through the different ones indicated in Fig. 4 time intervals after spraying with fish oil. Both the fish oil and the causative agent were applied to the adoxial (upper) surface of the leaves. The incidence was recorded four days after infection.
FIG. 5 - trans-laminar protection of untreated surfaces of potato leaves from blight of LF cod liver with various concentrations (1, 2 and 4% in water). The plants were sprayed with fish oil on the upper surface of the leaves and then infected with Phytophthora infestans (culture MR-1, 2500 sporangia per ml) at different time intervals, either with the top (A) or the lower (B) side of the leaves. The incidence was recorded four days after infection.
FIG. 6 - systematic protection of potato plants (grade "Alpha") with cod liver oil HL. The plants were sprayed with 2% fish oil on the three lower leaves and infected with the Phytophthora infestans (MR-1 culture, 2500 sporangia per ml) four days later. The incidence was recorded three days after infection. A - average values per plant (the shaded zone represents the standard deviation of the mean (n = 6)); B - average values per plant (horizontal bars represent the standard deviation of the mean (n = 6)).
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
Preferred fish fats are those containing from about 1% to about 40% by weight of one or a combination of several fatty acids selected from the following list: tetradecene, palmitic, linolenic, linoleic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenone, present as monoglyceride, diglyceride Or triglyceride, the free fatty acids being present as traces. Particularly preferred fish oils are those containing from about 5% to about 35% by weight of one or a combination of several fatty acids selected from the following list: palmitic, linoleic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenone, present as a monoglyceride, diglyceride, or triglyceride.
Fish oils will, as a rule, be applied to the surface of seeds, tubers or leaves of agricultural crops. When applied to leaves, they will be used before the onset of the disease or at the first signs of fungal attack. The amount of fish oil to be applied will be sufficient to cause local and / or systematic resistance of the crop to fight the fungal disease, and will vary depending on factors such as the type of culture, the type of fungus to be treated, the type of treatment ( For example, seed treatment, tuber treatment, spraying or leaf pollinating), the state of the crop and the specific type of fish oil used.
As a coating of tubers or seeds, acceptable results can be achieved by applying 0.1 to 1 kg of fish oil per 100 kg of tubers or seeds.
When applied to a plant or to an infection site, fish oil will be applied to plants or to soil with a dosage in the range of about 0.5 to about 10 kg per 1 ha, with repeated application as needed, usually every 1-3 weeks.
In practice, fish oils will be used in mixtures containing fish oil in combination with an agriculturally acceptable diluent, which will usually be water and / or acetone. Such mixtures for direct application to the culture will generally contain from about 0.05 to about 10 wt. % Of fish oil, preferably from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight. % With repeated application as necessary, as a rule, every 1-3 weeks.
Examples
Plants. Most experiments were carried out on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties "Alpha". Some experiments have been done with the "Bintji" sort. The plants were grown from whole tubers in a mixture of sand, peat and vermiculite (1: 1: 1 by weight) in a greenhouse (18-24 ° C) and fertilized twice a week with 1% NPK (20:20:20). In each pot, one tuber was planted (1: 1). Approximately four weeks after planting, plants having 3-5 stems per pot with approximately 10 complex leaves per stalk were taken for experiments.
Pathogen. The metalaxyl-resistant culture of MR-1 Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) De Bari fungi was mainly used. Some experiments were conducted with other Israeli cultures and the culture of S-49 from Switzerland (courtesy of U. Gizi of Sandoz Agro Resec, Basel).
Fish oils. Seven species of fish oil were obtained from Great Britain (Seven-Siz, Hull, Great Britain), nine from Japan (Nippon Chemical Food Co., Ltd., Hokkaido, Japan), one from Norway (Jares, Sandefjord , Norway), two from B. Cowena (National Institute of Oceanography, Eilat, Israel) and two purchased at local stores.
Spray liquid and material for infection. Water fish oil homogenates were prepared by homogenizing fish oil in water on a Kinematica homogenizer (Basel, Switzerland) operating at 27,000 rpm for 2 minutes. Acetone solutions were prepared by dissolving fish oil in acetone for analysis. Fats were applied by spraying on the adaxial (upper) surfaces of the leaves of potato or tomato plants (approximately 10 ml per plant) using a chromatographic glass atomizer at an air pressure of 0.05 MPa. Plants sprayed with water or acetone served as a control. The plants were placed in a growth chamber at 20 ° C (12 hour light day, 120 μE m -2 s -1 , CW fluorescent lamps supplemented with light from incandescent lamps) until the fungus was planted.
Fresh infestations of fungus P. infestans were grown in ice twice distilled water on slices of potato tubers (grade "Alpha"), infected a week earlier and stored at 13 ° C. The concentration of sporangia was adjusted to 2500 or 5000 per ml, and the liquid was sprayed onto the abaxial Or the adaxial surface of the leaves of a potato plant (about 15 ml per pot). Infected plants were placed in a "foggy" (wet) chamber in the dark at 18 ° C for 20 hours to ensure infection, and then transferred to a growth chamber at 20 ° C (no higher) for the development of symptoms.
The severity of the disease was assessed visually on a scale of 0 to 4 as follows: 0 - no disease; 0.05 - one or two lesions per pot; 0,1 - 3-10 lesions; 0.5 to 11-50 lesions, approximately 10% of the leaf area is occupied by affected areas; 0.75 - about 15-20% of the foliage is affected; 1, 2 and 3 - approximately 25, 50 and 75% of the leaf area is affected, respectively; 4 - the plant is completely damaged. In some experiments, the number of lesions and their size were recorded.
I. Local protection
Fish fats were sprayed (in the form of an aqueous homogenate) onto the adaxial (upper) surface of the leaves of potato plants ("Alpha"), which were infected with the P. infestans fungus on the treated adaxial leaf surface two days after. The results shown in Fig. 1, show that plants treated with fish oils were protected (by 68-99%) from infection of late blight (potato rot). Protection increased somewhat with an increase in fat concentration from 0.5 to 2%. Fat of cod liver G was most effective, providing protection of more than 95% at all used concentrations. Vegetable oils (from soybeans and johoba) had no noticeable effect on either the potato (Figure 2A) or the tomato (Fig. 2B). Fish oils created protection of 84-91% on potato and 75% on tomato (Figure 2).
The same four fish oils were similarly applied to potato plants, but then the plants were exposed to a provoking infection at different time intervals after spraying. Interestingly enough, fats had very little protective activity at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 2% on plants infected immediately after the sprayed liquid had dried (day 0, about two hours after spraying). Significant protection, however, was observed on plants infected one day or after, up to seven days after spraying (Figure 3). Residual protective activity depended on the fish oil used and its concentration. Gum liver oil G was best at 0.5 and 1% concentrations, cod liver oil HL at 2%, while capelin was the least effective at 0.5 and 1%, capelin fat was phytotoxic at 2%. The increase in fat concentration increased the protective efficacy of cod liver oil and cuttlefish fat (Figure 3). Similar experiments performed with 4% fat cod liver HL showed a degree of protection of about 20% on potato plants infected on day 0 and about 90% on plants infected 3-10 days after the application of fat.
Fat liver oil HL in water protected and tomato plants (sort "Florida basket") from late blight in the same way as described for potatoes. The degree of protection depended on the time interval between spraying and contamination, and on the concentration of fat (Figure 4).
The acetone solutions of cod liver oil HL, applied to the top surface of the leaves of potato plants three days before infection, provided a degree of protection of 67, 80, 88 and 96% at concentrations (w / v) of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2% respectively. EPAX GT 5500 grease, similarly applied, provided a degree of protection of 93, 93 and 99% at 0.25, 0.5 and 1%, respectively. It was slightly phytotoxic at 1%.
Sixteen other fish oils were tested for possible protective effects against late blight (potato rot). All were applied as 1% aqueous homogenates to the adaxial surface of the leaves of potato plants ("Alpha" or "Bintji" varieties) and tomato plants ("Baby" and "Florida Basket" varieties) and tested by infecting P. infestans (MR-1 or S-49) 1, 2 or 3 days after spraying.
The results ( Table 1 , Table 1a , Table 1b ) differ from experiment to experiment and from fat to fat. In general, all fats have proved effective in protecting plants from late blight. The average values of the degree of protection vary in the range from 67 to 91% for different fats. Fats rich in EPA (EPA 28 G from Nippon and EPAX GT 5500 from Jares) provided the highest degree of protection.
The above-mentioned fish oils were dissolved in acetone so as to contain the equivalent of 0.1% EPA, and applied to the adaxial surface of the leaves of potato plants ("Alpha"). Control plants were sprinkled with one acetone. All plants were infected with P. infestans MR-1 two days after spraying. The incidence rate was calculated after 4, 5 and 7 days after infection, and the percentage of protection for the sprayed plants with acetone solution was calculated. All fats proved to be highly effective protection against decay ( Table 2 ). Least effective were Nippon fats N 4 and N 6, which indicates that EPA is not the only ingredient in fish oil responsible for protection.
II.
Translaminar protection
Potato plants were sprayed with fish fats over the adaxial (upper) surface and infected with P. infestans either from the adaxial or from the abaxial (lower) surface. FIG. 5 represents experimental data in which the infection-provoking culture was performed on complex leaves separated from untreated plants and from plants treated with different concentrations of fat of HL cod liver in water. Fat treated surfaces had a high degree of protection (Figure 5A) from late blight at all concentrations used (1-4%). Protection prevailed throughout the days of the removal of indicators, except for day 0 after spraying (compare with Figure 3). Untreated leaf surfaces were protected, but to a lesser extent, and the maximum degree of protection was observed in leaves infected 3 days after spraying (Figure 5B). The degree of protection of untreated surfaces increased with increasing fat concentration.
Another experiment was similarly performed with potato leaves) separated and infected at different time intervals after spraying. The leaves were subjected to a provoking infection (2500 sporangia per 1 ml) on untreated surfaces. The percentage of protection (compared to the unprocessed leaves) on leaves infected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 days after spraying with one-percent fat of cod liver HL in water was 37, 52, 45, 80, 65, 52 and 47%, at 2% - 34, 37, 35, 85, 75, 67 and 57% and at 4% 39, 55, 77, 95, 90, 75 and 67% respectively.
The following experiments were carried out with whole potato plants. Plants ("Alpha" varieties) were sprinkled on the upper surface of the leaves or with LL cod liver oil (1% w / v) in water or acetone, or with grease EPAX GT 5500 (1% w / v). The plants were infected either on the upper or lower leaf surface after 1 or 5 days after spraying. The results given in Table. 3 , show that the upper treated leaf surfaces were reliably protected (82-99%) against late blight by both fats 1 day after treatment. The infection, performed after 5 days, almost doubled the efficacy of cod liver oil HL, but only slightly the effectiveness of EPAX GT 5500 fat. When applied in acetone solution, both fats were less effective (compared to their effectiveness in water) after 1 day, but not 5 days after treatment ( Table 3 ). The lower untreated leaf surfaces were protected to a degree of 69-85% after 1 day using an acetone solution, which is less effective than an aqueous emulsion. Five days after treatment, the fat of the cod liver HL lost its activity, while the EPAX GT 5500 retained 48-59% of the protective activity ( Table 3 ). Similar results were obtained with potato plants of the Bintji variety (data not shown).
III.
Systematic protection
Potato plants with eleven leaves (varieties "Alpha") were sprayed with a 2% homogenate of cod liver oil HL on the three lower leaves and infected for 4 days after. The incidence was registered 3 days after infection and is shown in Fig. 6. Leaves on plants treated with fat were significantly less affected than those of untreated and infected plants (Figure 6A). The average percent protection for all leaves was 74% (Figure 6B). Four days after infection, the severity of the disease reached 3.7 ± 0.21 and 1.4 ± 0.48 for control and treated plants (protection level 62%), respectively.
In a second experiment, one- or two-percent homogenates of cod liver oil HL were applied to the lower leaves of potato plants 5 days before infection. The incidence rate, determined 4 days after infection, was 2.03 ± 0.81 for untreated plants and 0.91 ± 0.60 and 0.94 ± 0.59 for plants treated with one- and two-percent fat (protection grade 55 And 54% respectively). Other experiments revealed that the application of either cod liver oil HL (1%) or EPAX GT 5500 (1%) on the three lower leaves of potato reduces the number of lesions on 4-11 leaves. On the control plants, 55 ± 15 lesions appeared against 23 ± 6 and 15 ± 1 on plants treated with cod liver oil and EPAX, respectively (protection level 58 and 73%).
The number of days between application of fish oil and infection is indicated. The MR-1 culture isolate was inoculated at a dose of 5000 and 2500 sporangia per ml to potatoes and tomatoes, respectively. Isolates of S-49 were applied at 7000 sporangia to 1 ml. The incidence rate was recorded 5 days after infection, when 80-90% of the leaves were infected on control plants (not processed with fish oil).
The plants were infected with the MR-1 isolate at 2500 sporangia per ml. Control plants treated with acetone showed a lesion degree of 56 ± 17, 93 ± 4 and 100 ± 0% on the 4th, 5th and 7th days after infection, respectively.
Example I. Emulsion concentrate
25 parts by weight of fish oil, 65 parts of xylene, 10 parts of a mixed reaction product of alkylphenol with xyloloxide and calcium dodecyl benzenesulfonate were thoroughly mixed until a homogeneous solution was obtained. The resulting emulsion concentrate is diluted with water before use.
Other formulations may include sustained-release emulsion formulations, conventional carriers, diluents and / or additives. Such formulations can be manufactured in a conventional manner, for example, by mixing the active ingredient with a carrier and other ingredients of the formula using "Polytron".
Concentrated formulations in the general case comprise about 2 to 80%, preferably about 5 to 70% by weight, of fish oil. The formulation to be applied may, for example, contain from 0.01 to 20% by weight, preferably from 0.01% to 5% by weight, of fish oil.
Depending on the circumstances, the formulations of this invention can be used in combination with metal salts, for example copper, zinc, manganese or pesticides such as fungicides, insecticides, acaricides, herbicides, or plant growth regulating substances, to enhance their action or Expand the spectrum of action.
Example II.
Seed or tuber coating
25 Weight parts of fish oil are absorbed on a carrier containing 15 parts of finely divided silica and 44 parts of finely divided kaolin, with a small amount of a volatile solvent such as acetone. The resultant powder is first allowed to dry and then mixed with 15 parts of dialkylphenoxypoly (ethyleneoxy) ethanol, 0.5 parts of a dye (eg, crystal violet), and 0.5 part of xanthan gum. All this is mixed and ground on a contraplex mill at a rotational speed of approximately 10,000 rpm to an average particle size of less than 20 microns. The resulting mixture is applied to seeds or tubers in the form of an aqueous emulsion or organic suspension in devices suitable for this purpose.
Fish oils according to the present invention are effective in combating a variety of phytopathogenic fungi belonging to the families Oomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Fungi imperfecti.
In Table. 4, a partial list of crops, corresponding diseases and organisms that can be combated according to the present invention is given.
Since the invention has been described with a limited number of embodiments, it should be appreciated that numerous variations, modifications, and other applications of this invention are possible.
CLAIM
A method for protecting planting of potatoes or tomatoes from Phytophthora infestants, comprising applying to the foliage of plants or planting material (seeds, tubers) an active substance, characterized in that the active substance is a non-phytotoxic fish oil in an amount sufficient to protect the plants.
The method of claim 1, wherein the fish oil is applied in combination with an acceptable diluent.
The method of claim 1, wherein the fish oil is applied in combination with a metal salt.
A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the fish oil obtained from cod, capelin, squid, sardine, saithe or cuttlefish.
The method according to claims 1 and 4, wherein said fish oil contains 1-40% by weight of at least one acid selected from the group consisting of tetradecenoic acid (C14: 1), palmitic acid (C16: 0), palmitoleic acid (C16: 1), linoleic acid (C18: 2), linolenic acid (C18: 3), arachidonic acid (C20: 4), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20: 5) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22: 6), present as mono -, di- or triglycerides.
The method of claim 5, wherein said fish oil contains 5-35% by weight of one or a combination of palmitic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid as mono-, di- or triglycerides.
print version
Date of publication 09.12.2006гг
Comments
When commenting on, remember that the content and tone of your message can hurt the feelings of real people, show respect and tolerance to your interlocutors even if you do not share their opinion, your behavior in the conditions of freedom of expression and anonymity provided by the Internet, changes Not only virtual, but also the real world. All comments are hidden from the index, spam is controlled.