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INVENTION
Russian Federation Patent RU2212430
METHOD FOR PROCESSING SOLID HYDROCARBONS AND INSTALLATION FOR PROCESSING SOLID HYDROCARBONS
Name of the inventor: Dautov I.F .; Ognev AN .; Ivanchuk AS .; Ivanchuk EA
The name of the patentee: Dautov Ilgiz Firvanovich; Ognev Aleksey Nikolayevich
Address for correspondence: 420111, Kazan, st. Karl Marx, 10, Kazan State Technical University. AN Tupolev, the patent department
Starting date of the patent: 2002.05.17
The invention relates to the field of processing and recycling hydrocarbon by its thermal decomposition and can be used for the pyrolysis of used tires as shredded and uncomminuted. The process consists in thermal decomposition of the solid hydrocarbon feedstock comprising feeding the same in a sealed pyrolysis chamber with its heating and maintenance of the thermal decomposition temperature of the selected chamber and hot gas by-pass it along a closed loop until the process is complete. The separation of the gas from the liquid vapor begin to exercise when the temperature in chamber of vapor light fractions of pyrolysis liquid. Solid residues selected from the chamber is cooled and the cooled gas bypass closed loop. Described and installation comprising a sealed pyrolysis chamber gas extraction and supply channels and the gas outlet duct to the atmosphere gas heating device, comprising series-connected fan, heat exchanger and the heat exchanger, the gas cooling device comprising a heat exchanger with a fan connected to the chamber initial heating disposition hydrocarbon raw material, a separator with a capacity for collecting liquid pyrolysis and compressor. All the elements of the installation with adjustable valves form a closed circuit system. pre-heating of the gas in the chamber Contour includes a gas channel selection from the chamber, reported through a valve to the inlet of the compressor, heat exchanger, the entrance is through a valve in communication with the outlet of the compressor, and the output of the heat exchanger - a gas inlet channel into the chamber. The contour of the pyrolysis process involves gas extraction duct from the chamber, reported through a valve to the input of the heat exchanger, separator tank, the output of which communicates through a valve to the inlet of the compressor, heat exchanger, whose input is communicated through the valve to the inlet of the compressor, and the output - to the gas supply channel into the chamber . The invention improves the efficiency of processing of hydrocarbon raw materials utilized: namely, to increase efficiency by reducing the power consumption of the installation, increase the yield of pyrolysis liquid while reducing the time of processing of raw materials, and installation and improve environmental performance.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to the field of processing and recycling of solid hydrocarbon material by its thermal decomposition and can be used for a pyrolysis recycling crushed and uncomminuted worn tires, waste wood, waste paper and other solid organic polymer and human waste.
A device for the pyrolysis furnace used tires and the method implemented in this device (Japanese Patent Application 58-24473, IPC C 10 J 3/02, publ. 21.05.83), which includes a vertical pyrolysis chamber mounted coaxially inside the chamber tubular heating source cooperating mechanism with its raising and lowering, the output pipes gaseous decomposition products separated from the output node wire tire carcasses and slag, wherein the package has a tire from the outside of the tubular heating source.
Known apparatus for the pyrolysis furnace a hydrocarbon feedstock, in particular scrap tires and a method implemented by this device (FRG Application 2949983, IPC C 10 B 53/00, 1981) containing the upper and lower parts connected to each other via a conical plug connection, installed in the cavity of the upper part of the furnace to form, with its side walls and common gap pyrolysis chamber ceiling, downwardly facing open end, branch pipes for supply and discharge of the heating gas and means for removing the pyrolysis products.
Disadvantages of the known device and method implemented in them, are the high energy costs due to intense exposure to high temperatures in the pyrolysis only on the inner diameter tires, construction complexity, the complexity of loading and unloading.
Known reactor for thermal processing of plastic waste (AS 1713921, IPC C 10 G 1/10, publ. 02.23.92. Bull. 7), which comprises a vertical cylindrical shell heated from the outside, provided with a charging port, fitting for the liquid yield and fitting to release gaseous products spiral stirrer, installed on the axis of the reactor in its lower part and above the stirrer separating grid which contains concentrically arranged rings, which are shifted in height with respect to each other and interconnected by radial plates and a cylinder with radial openings connected to the upper ring and provided with a spherical cap.
The closest to the technical nature and is accepted as a prototype furnace for pyrolysis of hydrocarbons and the method implemented in this device (RF Patent 2078111, IPC C 10 1/4, C 10 G 1/10, C 10 B 53/08, publ. Bull. 12 of 04.27.97), comprising a pyrolysis chamber sealed with gas samples from channels pyrolysis chamber and the feed coolant in the jacket of the pyrolysis chamber, means for selecting the pyrolysis products, the heating device and cooling the pyrolysis gas.
The inventive method of processing the hydrocarbon feed, realized in the prior art is the following: hydrocarbon processing is performed in the following sequence: loading the furnace recyclable raw material, such as a package of whole tires is fed coolant, this is accompanied by heating raw material, its thermal decomposition to form inside the pyrolysis chamber gas, vapor and liquid pyrolysis solid carbonaceous residue with metal cords. pyrolysis liquid vapors are condensed and the pyrolysis liquid is supplied in a container for collecting the pyrolysis liquid and the gas of the pyrolysis products enters the gas collector.
In pyrolysis chamber cavity is a gradual heating of the raw materials to the thermal decomposition temperature. At relatively low temperatures, depending on kinds of raw material (for automobile tires 320 ... 400 o C) is released first vapor light fractions of pyrolysis liquid that only by increasing the partial pressure of expelled from the pyrolysis chamber. Prolonged residence time pyrolysis liquid vapor in high temperature zone causes secondary cracking, wherein the non-condensable vapors are decomposed to gases under normal conditions. On the secondary cracking spent more heat and decomposition of pyrolysis liquid vapors into gases leads to a decrease in the yield of pyrolysis liquid. These gases and increase the partial pressure and facilitate the displacement of the pyrolysis chamber as a vapor pyrolysis liquid and of themselves. Due to the fact that the reaction takes place at atmospheric pressure, displacement of the product gas (vapor and liquid pyrolysis pyrolysis gas) of the pyrolysis chamber is caused only by changing their partial pressures. Saturation vapor pyrolysis liquid in the reaction leads to a decrease of intensity of evaporation, which reduces the rate of increase in the partial pressures and hence reduces the intensity of the displacement vapors. This occurs when the dynamic equilibrium is determined on the one hand and secondary cracking of the pyrolysis liquid by steam, on the other hand the displacement of these products from the pyrolysis chamber, and maintaining the overpressure therein equal to the pressure drop discharge channel gaseous products of pyrolysis reactions. As shown by experiments carried out on the installation, taken as a prototype, the initial moment of the pyrolysis reaction allocated gas sharply increases the concentration of hydrogen, after some time, the hydrogen concentration decreases and increases the concentration of methane. Such a change in the composition and availability of allocated pyrolysis gases light ends vapor, but also its low pressure and cyclical nature of education do not allow its use for technological purposes without further treatment (cleaning, storage, increasing its pressure to the values necessary for combustion in gas technology burners) . Qualitative additional processing pyrolysis gas is technically difficult, very expensive and economically unprofitable. Therefore, a pyrolysis gas is burnt in the utilizing flares. Inconstancy of composition and pyrolysis gas pulsation pressure at the torch head causes him to frequent extinction and thus to the outlet together with the pyrolysis gas of pyrolysis liquid vapors into the atmosphere. This fact speaks about the degree of ecological purity of the technology used in the prototype.
A further disadvantage in the prior art technology is the poor quality of the solid residue (carbon black). This is due to the following reasons. End time of the pyrolysis process is determined at the end of the pyrolysis fluid intake, and therefore, by the end of the intensive allocation of its vapors. However, some pyrolysis liquid vapors, particularly the heavy ends remains in the pyrolysis chamber. The solid pyrolysis residue is a highly porous carbon material in the disposal of tires and active carbon for disposal timber. Upon cooling, the solid residue of pyrolysis pyrolysis chamber due to the high adsorption capacity of saturated steam, which in turn is condensed at low temperatures. Therefore, the solid residue obtained by not have a high quality prior art technology.
All this leads to low efficiency of the installation work, its increased power consumption and therefore high costs in hydrocarbon processing, moreover, when the installation occurs pollution due to incomplete combustion and poor pyrolysis gas to flare.
The technical result to achieve is directed to the proposed invention is to increase processing efficiency disposition solid hydrocarbon: namely increase efficiency by reducing energy installation, increase the yield of pyrolysis liquid while reducing the processing time of raw material, but also no need to dispose of the combustible gas by burning it in flares, which improves its environmental performance.
The technical result is achieved in that the method of processing solid hydrocarbonaceous raw materials by thermal decomposition of oxygen-free, comprising feeding of disposition of solid hydrocarbon material in a sealed pyrolysis chamber, heating it to a temperature of thermal decomposition, the separation of vapor pyrolysis liquid formed during thermal decomposition, cooling, solid residues of thermal decomposition and removal of the pyrolysis chamber product heating disposition solid hydrocarbons and maintain in the chamber the temperature of its thermal decomposition are selected from the chamber and the hot gas by-pass it along a closed loop until the completion of pyrolytic decomposition process, and the separation of vapor pyrolysis liquid begin exercise when the chamber temperature vapor emission light fractions of pyrolysis liquid, solid residues of thermal decomposition process is cooled selected from the pyrolysis chamber and the cooled gas through its bypass in a closed circuit, wherein the final cooling of the solid residues of the process of thermal decomposition are atmospheric air and the heat generated by during the cooling gas selected from the pyrolysis chamber is used for the initial heating of the pyrolysis chamber is a subsequent batch disposition solid hydrocarbons. Furthermore, in the pyrolytic decomposition of a solid hydrocarbon material are bypass portion of the gas to the atmosphere due to excess pressure as a result of heating and expansion.
In the apparatus for processing solid hydrocarbonaceous feedstock comprising a sealed pyrolysis chamber with a gas sampling channel from the pyrolysis chamber and the gas feed channel in the pyrolysis chamber, a separator tank for collecting the pyrolysis fluid compressor, cooling and heating device, the gas sampling channel from the pyrolysis chamber coupled to compressor input directly through a cooling apparatus heat exchanger and through the separator, sequentially installed behind the heat exchanger of the cooling device and the gas supply channel to the pyrolysis chamber is connected to the compressor outlet directly and through the heating apparatus heat exchanger forming a system of closed switching means operated valves contours while pyrolysis chamber It communicates with the atmosphere through a compressor controlled by a valve, moreover, it has a gas discharge duct from the chamber to the atmosphere. The apparatus further is provided with a heating chamber for subsequent initial batch disposition solid hydrocarbon communicated with the heat exchanger of the cooling device.
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The invention is illustrated in the drawing, where: |
The essence of the proposed method of processing solid hydrocarbonaceous feedstock is as follows.
Unlike the prior art in the present method of pyrolysis liquid vapors are not a long time in high temperature zone, and continuously evacuated gas pumped in a closed circuit, and together with it are cooled in a heat exchanger. This leads to the elimination of the secondary effect, and accordingly absence of cracking under normal conditions of non-condensable gaseous products of pyrolysis. Therefore, as shown by the experiments, the implementation of the technology of the process there is no need for removal of the pyrolysis gases and flaring. Due to the fact that the thermal energy is not wasted on secondary cracking, the energy costs of the reaction is reduced. Constant vapor pyrolysis liquid evacuation reduces (nearly zeroing) of their partial pressures, causing clouds of steam and a more intense decrease in the thermal decomposition time. Reducing the reaction time accordingly leads to a reduction of energy consumption for conducting the reaction. Thus, the pilot reactor during the reaction pyrolysis recycling used tires, but also wood (time excluding heating time prior to pyrolysis) decreased by more than 2-fold compared with the time of the reaction according to the technology proposed in the prior art, for a given loading the raw material. Pyrolysis liquid yield was 63% of the original weight of tires, 24% carbon black and 13% of steel cord. For wood pyrolysis liquids 72% and 28% of high quality charcoal. By using the technology described in the prior art, when the reaction pyrolysis of tires at the same temperature conditions pyrolysis liquid yield was 32%, carbon black - 31%, steel - 13%. The non-condensable gas, flaring, passed 24% of the weight of tires. Thus, the method enabled to increase the yield of valuable pyrolysis liquid by 31%. Increasing the weight of the solid residue from 24% to 31% with prototype technology compared with the method explained by saturation of carbon vapor condensed pyrolysis liquid heavy fraction.
Besides the above-mentioned reduction of energy consumption in the method provided by the raw material preheating heat energy obtained by cooling the circulating gas in a closed circuit constantly evacuate pyrolysis liquid vapors from the reaction zone. Thus, when the raw material is heated to 120 o C in the heating chamber disposition initial product and the pyrolysis temperature of 500 o C heat savings on raw materials only heat (eliminating energy of vaporization and pyrolysis reaction) is 24%.
Installation for recycling solid hydrocarbon pyrolysis comprises a sealed insulated chamber 1 is hermetically closable door 2. In the chamber there are channels 3 and 4 respectively and gas feed selection, the bypass valve 14 and the gas discharge duct 15 to the atmosphere with a controllable valve 23.
The apparatus has the heating device and the cooling gas. Gas heating device comprises a fan 8 connected in series, heat source heat exchanger 6 and 7, the input of which is connected through valve 17 with the compressor output 5, and output - with the gas supply conduit 4 to the pyrolysis chamber 1. The gas cooling device 9 comprises a heat exchanger with a fan 10, connected a heating chamber 13 utilized solid initial hydrocarbon feedstock. The compressor 5 can be either reciprocating or turbine. Heat exchangers 6 and 9 of the regenerative type exchanger with finned tubes are designed for temperature and thermal power set (Handbook of heat exchangers. Translated from English. Edited by OG Martynenko et al. Volume 2, Publisher "Energoatomisdat", Moscow, 1987) and the fans 8 and 10 centrifugal.
Channel 3 selection gas from the chamber 1 through a valve 18 connected to the inlet of the heat exchanger 9, connected in series with a separator 11 having a container 12 for collecting the pyrolysis liquid, with the outlet of the heat exchanger 9 via a valve 20 and exit the separator 11 via a valve 19 connected to the inlet of compressor 5 . The output of the compressor 5 directly through the valve 22 is connected to gas feed duct 4 to the pyrolysis chamber 1 and the inlet 21 is connected via a valve with the atmosphere and through the valve 16 - a gas sampling passage 3 from the pyrolysis chamber 1. a separator 11 with a flow-type gas flow through pyrolysis liquid layer, and a tank for collecting the liquid 12 is similar to the pyrolysis oil storage tank.
All the elements with adjustable valves 16-23 form a system of closed circuits. Pipelines forming branch circuits are insulated metal pipes, and valves can be either manual or electric, can withstand the required temperatures of gas flows.
preliminary gas heating coil in the chamber 1 includes a gas sampling line 3 from the chamber 1, communicated through the valve 16 to the inlet of compressor 5, the heat exchanger 6, the input of which via a valve 17 communicates with the outlet of the compressor 5 and the outlet of the heat exchanger 6 - channel 4 Gassing in 1 camera.
The contour of the pyrolysis process involves gas extraction duct 3 of the chamber 1, reported through a valve 18 to the input of the heat exchanger 9, the separator 11 with a capacity of 12, the output of which communicates through a valve 19 to the inlet of the compressor 5, the heat exchanger 6, the input of which communicates through a valve 17 to the inlet of the compressor 5, and output - with the gas supply conduit 4 into the chamber 1.
Circuit pre-cooling the solid residue of pyrolysis products in the chamber 1 includes a channel 3 gas extraction from the chamber 1, reported through a valve 18 to the inlet of the heat exchanger 9, a compressor 5, the input of which communicates through a valve 20 to the output of the heat exchanger 9 and through the valve 22 with a channel 4 gas supply cell.
Final cooling to a solid residue of pyrolysis products in the chamber 1 of the compressor 5 through the input valve 21 communicates with the atmosphere and through the outlet valve 22 - with the gas supply conduit 4 into the chamber, moreover, by pyrolysis chamber 15 through valve channel 23 communicates with the atmosphere.
INSTALLATION WORKS AS FOLLOWS
The process of decomposition of the solid pyrolysis of hydrocarbons is carried out in four stages. The first stage comprises feeding of disposition of solid hydrocarbon material such as rubber tires or uncomminuted waste wood into the chamber 1, which is sealed by a door 2, and preheating to a temperature of 250 ... 270 o C. At this stage valves 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23 are closed and open valves 17 and 16. Start the heat source 7, which receives air from the atmosphere through the blowing fan 8. hot air at a temperature of 750 ... 800 o C from the heat source 7 is supplied to the hot heat exchanger circuit 6 in which gives off heat and heat exchange surfaces, cooling down, it goes into the atmosphere. They include a compressor 5. The air in the pyrolysis chamber 1 through the gas sampling line 3 and the valve 16 enters the compressor inlet compressor 5. 5 through the air outlet valve 17 of the pyrolysis chamber 1 enters the cold heat exchanger circuit 6 where it is heated to a temperature of 550 ... 650 o C and is returned to the pyrolysis chamber 1 through the gas inlet channel 4. The heated air gives off heat the solid recyclable raw materials and re-passed in a closed circuit. Excessive pressure due to the heating and expansion of the air is removed by entering its part through the relief valve 14, which is set to operate at a pressure of 2 kPa. Thus, the heating of the solid raw materials, utilized up to the temperature at which become prominent pair of light fractions of pyrolysis liquid (for rubber tires, this temperature is 250 ... 270 o C). The hot air in the pyrolysis chamber 1 due to chemical reaction of pyrolysis liquid vapors obeskislorazhivaetsya that does not lead to a fire disposition of hydrocarbons.
In the second phase when the temperature in the chamber 1 discharge light fractions of pyrolysis liquid vapor valve 16 is closed. The valves 18, 19 and 17, wherein the circuit starts pyrolysis. The hot loop heat exchanger 9 from the chamber 1 through the selection of channel 3 is supplied de-oxygenated air with vapors of liquid pyrolysis. Cold air is supplied to the heat exchanger 9 of the fan 10. A de-oxygenated gas with vapors of liquid pyrolysis cools in heat exchanger 9 to a temperature of 120 ... 130 o C. After gas heat exchanger 9 flows into separator 11 where the vapors condense the pyrolysis liquid and the liquid drained into a container collecting pyrolysis liquid from vapor 12. The purified liquid pyrolysis gas through the valve 19 enters the compressor inlet compressor outlet 5. 5 gas enters the heat exchanger 6 where it is heated to a temperature of 550 ... 650 o C and is returned to the pyrolysis chamber 1. Thus , the process allows constant heat and maintain the temperature in the pyrolysis chamber 1 at 400 ... 450 o C with a constant (in the course of the pyrolysis reaction) evacuating vapors from pyrolysis liquid pyrolysis reaction region. Reducing the gas temperature of 550 ... 650 o C to 400 o C ... 450 occurs due to the absorption of heat during heating of utilized raw materials, as well as due to the consumption of thermal energy during the evaporation and pyrolysis reactions of pyrolysis liquid.
Evacuation pyrolysis liquid vapors from pyrolysis chamber 1 increases the rate of steam in pairs and prevents liquid within the pyrolysis chamber 1 is decomposed into hydrogen, methane and other gases. Such evacuation of vapors leads to a significant increase in the yield of pyrolysis liquid and reducing the time of the pyrolysis reaction. In addition, eliminating the need for disposal of combustible gases generated by the decomposition of vapors of liquid pyrolysis, such as the use of gas as a fuel is problematic due to variability composition, low pressure and the presence of impurities.
During the cooling gas from the pyrolysis chamber 1 in the heat exchanger 9, fresh air fan 10 is pumped through the cold heat exchanger circuit 9 is heated to a temperature of 150 ... 170 o C and is supplied to the chamber 13 for the initial heating of the solid materials utilized. Initial raw material heating to a temperature of 120 ... 130 o C can significantly reduce the time of heating it in the pyrolysis chamber 1, save thermal energy and raw materials to prepare quality for the pyrolysis reaction by evaporation from the surface of the solid raw water utilized, while in winter prevents hitting snow and ice in chamber 1. The initial display is performed in the pyrolysis process and does not require additional energy. At the end of pyrolysis reaction in the pyrolysis chamber 1 subsequent batch of raw material is ready to be transported to the reaction zone - the pyrolysis chamber 1. The chamber 13 clean and heated air to the atmosphere or industrial premises.
The end of the pyrolysis reaction is determined to end the separation of pyrolysis liquid vapors in the separator 11.
At the third stage, pre-cooling the pyrolysis chamber and the solid residue of pyrolysis reaction (carbon black and metal cord when disposing of used tires). Thus valves 18, 20 and 22 are open and valves 19, 16, 17 and 23 are closed. Gas from the pyrolysis chamber 1 is pumped through a heat exchanger 9 which is cooled by cold air coming from the heat exchanger 9 and the fan 10, bypassing the separator 11 enters the compressor inlet 5, further passing a heat exchanger 6 is returned to the pyrolysis chamber 1. Cooling produced to a temperature of 250 ... 270 o C, at which the presence of oxygen does not allow the ignition of the solid residue of pyrolysis reactions. At this stage, the heat generator 7 and the fan 8 are off (the heat exchanger 6 does not work).
At the fourth stage the final cooling of the solid residue of pyrolysis in the pyrolysis chamber 1. Valves 18, 16, 19, 20 and 17 are closed and valves 21, 22 and 23 are open. Atmospheric air is pumped into the chamber 1 by the compressor 5. The air pyrolysis chamber 1 cools the solid pyrolysis residues and discharged to the atmosphere through the channel 15 and open valve 23. The cooling is performed to a temperature of 120 ... 130 o C at which the camera 1 can be discharged and stored the solid residue. Deeper cooling irrational, since it leads to heat losses, the stored structural elements of the chamber 1 and therefore increase the time of the pyrolysis reaction. At this stage the heat source turned off and the fan 7, 8, and 10, and a fan (not work exchangers 6 and 9).
Once loaded into pyrolysis chamber 1 initially heated in the chamber 13 of another batch of solid raw materials utilized pyrolysis chamber door 2 1 sealed and again carried out the pyrolysis process.
CLAIM
1. A method of processing solid hydrocarbonaceous raw materials by thermal decomposition of oxygen-free, comprising feeding a solid hydrocarbon utilized in a sealed pyrolysis chamber, heating it to a temperature of thermal decomposition, pyrolysis liquid vapor separation is formed during the thermal decomposition of solid residue cooling thermal decomposition products, and their removal from the pyrolysis chamber, characterized in that the heat utilized hydrocarbon and maintaining the chamber temperature, its thermal expansion are selected from the chamber and the hot gas by-pass it along a closed loop until the completion of pyrolytic decomposition process, and the separation of gas from the vapor pyrolysis liquid begin carried out at a temperature in the chamber reaches vapor emission light fractions of pyrolysis liquid, solid residues cooled thermal decomposition process selected from the pyrolysis chamber, and the cooled gas, by its bypass closed loop.
2. A method of processing solid hydrocarbonaceous feedstock according to Claim. 1, characterized in that the final cooling fixed residues of thermal decomposition process are atmospheric air.
3. A method of processing solid hydrocarbonaceous feedstock according to Claim. 1 or 2, characterized in that the heat generated in the cooling process gas selected from the pyrolysis chamber is used for the initial heating of the pyrolysis chamber is a subsequent batch disposition hydrocarbons.
4. Apparatus for processing a hydrocarbon feedstock comprising a sealed pyrolysis chamber gas with channel selection from the pyrolysis chamber and the gas inlet channel to the pyrolysis chamber, a separator tank for collecting the pyrolysis liquid, a compressor, a heating and cooling device, characterized in that the gas discharge duct from the pyrolysis chamber coupled to the inlet of the compressor directly, through the cooling apparatus heat exchanger and through the separator, sequentially installed behind the heat exchanger of the cooling device and the gas supply channel to the pyrolysis chamber is connected to the compressor outlet directly and through the heating apparatus heat exchanger forming a system of closed switching means operated valves circuits.
5. Installation for the processing of hydrocarbons according to claim. 4, wherein the pyrolysis chamber communicates with the atmosphere through a compressor controlled by a valve, moreover, it has a gas discharge duct from the chamber to the atmosphere.
6. Installation for the processing of hydrocarbons according to claim. 4 or 5, characterized in that it is further provided with a heating chamber for subsequent initial batch disposition hydrocarbon communicated with the heat exchanger of the cooling device.
print version
Publication date 19.02.2007gg
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