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INTERRELATION BETWEEN QUANTUM AND CLASSICAL PHYSICS
Mirgorodsky Alexander Illarionovich
INTERRELATION BETWEEN QUANTUM AND CLASSICAL PHYSICS
The discovery of diffraction of microparticles showed that the movement of microparticles corresponds to the motion of waves and does not correspond to the movement of microparticles along trajectories. The need to explain the phenomenon of diffraction became the source of the emergence of the principles of quantum mechanics, which, as it became clear later, contradicted the principles of classical mechanics.
The existence of the Planck constant, the uncertainty principle, the limiting speed of mechanical motion and other discoveries in the field of atomic phenomena did not correspond to the principles of classical mechanics. The existing circumstances led to the fact that some physicists, who lacked dialectical thinking, abandoned the principles and laws of classical mechanics as completely unsuitable for analysis and description of the motion of elementary particles and atomic phenomena.
The rejection of the principles and laws of classical mechanics as unfit for analysis of the mechanical motion of microparticles and the rejection of the principles of quantum mechanics as unsuitable for analyzing the mechanical motion of macroscopic bodies were in essence the negation of the unity of the world and the juxtaposition of quantum mechanics and classical mechanics. The consequence of their opposition was the acceptance by some physicists of the conclusion that in the physics of the microworld and quantum mechanics - their own regularities, in the physics of the macrocosm and classical mechanics - their patterns.
In the relationship between quantum mechanics and classical mechanics, the same physicists seek and find examples of their opposite and, on their basis, take more and more experimentally verified conclusions.
" All this shows," concludes DI Blokhintsev , "that it would be methodologically incorrect to consider microparticles in the image and likeness of macroscopic bodies." Even the material point of classical mechanics is an abstract, idealized image, not a microparticle, but a macroscopic body whose dimensions are small in Comparison with the distances encountered in the problem.
... The discovery of Planck's constant was the first serious warning about the inconsistency of the mechanical transfer of regularities from the region of the large to the region of the small " Bibliotech " / " Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics", 3rd edition, M-1961, p .
The mechanical transfer of regularities from the large to the small region is indeed insolvent, but not because in general the laws of atomic phenomena differ significantly from the laws of macroscopic phenomena. Conclusion D.I. Blokhintsev does not take into account the fact that the set of essential properties of macroscopic bodies contains as its subset all the essential properties of microparticles. The known properties and features of microparticles detected with the help of solutions of mathematical equations are recognized by physicists who do not have classical analogs, although in reality their essential properties and characteristics can not but have analogs in classical mechanics.
The theoretical basis of quantum and classical mechanics should be the same universal laws, which, no matter how and wherever, is absolutely impossible, unnecessary and irrelevant . They act for the necessary proper time and in the necessary proper space of any physical system, that is, they are in their place in their place. The existence of universal laws of mechanical motion and the scope of their action are due to the existence of the unity of the microcosm and the macrocosm.
In the field of the microworld and the macrocosm, in addition to universal regularities, separate and special patterns are present and act. And they are in their time in their place and cause a difference in the properties of atomic phenomena and elementary particles from the macroscopic phenomena and properties of macroscopic bodies. And in any way and nowhere intolerable. Universal, special and individual patterns of a single micro-macrocosm are a unity of opposites. On the one hand, quantum and classical mechanics and their two areas are one and the same are their common patterns. On the other hand, quantum and classical mechanics and their both areas are opposite.
They refer to each other as the front and back of the medal. In one and the other area of the objective world, separate and special principles and laws of quantum and classical mechanics operate and interact
Unfortunately, DI Blokhintsev In the Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics, he observes in the interrelation between quantum and classical mechanics, in fact, basically their difference without their unity. As a result, the relationship between them is presented to him in a one-sided and abstract form, devoid of real content.
How to methodologically incorrectly consider microparticles and macroscopic bodies only as identical, without taking into account their differences, so it is methodologically incorrect to treat them only as different, without regard for their identity and unity .
In his views on the relationship between quantum and classical mechanics Blokhintsev DI not alone. His "Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics" are highly appreciated by the most authoritative physicists and are widely known. But the point is not in his book, but in the metaphysical methodology that has found its practical application in it, and in contrasting the phenomena of the region of small scales with phenomena to a region of large scale bases for recording their unity.
There is only one mechanical movement in both the small-scale and large-scale areas. What essential properties and attributes it has in one area, it has the same essential properties in another area. One can study the same essential properties and signs of mechanical motion in any of them, but it is preferable to study them in one and the other area.
It is methodologically correct to begin their study in the field in which their manifestation is more detailed, more precise and complete. Which of the two areas is preferable to the other? This question can be formulated differently: which properties and signs of mechanical motion are preferable to study in the field of large scales, and which ones - in the region of small scales?
Unfortunately, in this formulation, he has no place in the modern theory of quantum mechanics, which believes that in the small-scale region, there are certain regularities, properties and signs of mechanical motion, and in the larger scale other regularities, properties and signs of mechanical motion.
For example, it is asserted with some justification that the Planck constant is an absolute measure of mechanical motion, which is quite suitable in the field of small scales and unsuitable in the large scale.
First, it is constant primarily in its dimension and proportionality of the physical quantities contained in it. It includes the dimension of strength, length and time. Therefore, it has the character of a formula in which the numerical value of strength, length and time does not play a primary role.
Secondly, the dimensions of length and time dimension included in it are the length and time values that are directly related to the real physical system. According to the general relationship between the uncertainties of space and time of the physical system, for the first time I established it (the Heisenberg principle is its particular case), any physical system can not be in states in which its length and its time simultaneously assume quite definite, exact values.
The product of factors, one of which does not have a definite exact value, can not have a definite, exact value. From this point of view, the numerical value of the Planck constant is a relative constant numerical value. Therefore, in the region of large scales the Planck constant can have a different, suitable numerical value, in which the two basic formulas of de Broglie
| E | = | H | and | P | = | H |
| T | Λ |
Will be applicable with equal success, both in the field of small scales, and in the field of large scales.
Indeed, in our conception, the motion of a material point along a trajectory in classical mechanics has no analog in quantum mechanics. But the reason for this is our erroneous idea of the motion of a material point.
In our erroneous conception, the movement of a material point does not exist in its own space, not within it. We consider its relative movement in the outer space. The motion of a material point, existing in itself, is not a movement along a trajectory. It has an analog in quantum mechanics.
" Classical mechanics can be regarded as the limiting case of quantum mechanics, as the first, the coarsest approximation to it, valid, provided that the potential energy changes slightly at the wavelength of de Broglie" / Little Encyclopedia. Physics of the microworld, "the editor-in-chief of the corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, DV Shirkov, Soviet Encyclopedia Publishing House, Moscow 1980, p .
In fact, classical mechanics can not be regarded as the limiting case of quantum mechanics. After all, the dimension of Planck's constant corresponds to quantum and classical mechanics. Classical mechanics only seems to be the limiting case of quantum mechanics and only because to consider their interrelations a dialectical way of thinking is required, the formation and development of which in the 20th century has not reached the level of development that is necessary for its practical use.
print version
Author: Mirgorodsky Alexander Illarionovich
Honored teacher of the school of the RSFSR
PS The material is protected.
Date of publication 17.11.2006гг
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