Names of large numbers
Back in the fourth grade I was interested in the question: "And how are the numbers called more than a billion, and why?".
Since then, I have been searching for all the information on this issue for a long time and collecting it according to crumbs. But with the advent of Internet access, the search has significantly accelerated.
Now I represent all the information I found, so that others could answer the question: "How are large and very large numbers called?".
History
Southern and Eastern Slavic peoples used alphabetic numbering to write numbers. And for Russians the role of numbers was played not by all the letters, but only by those in the Greek alphabet. Above the letter denoting the figure, a special "titlo" badge was placed. The numerical values of the letters increased in the same order as the letters in the Greek alphabet followed (the order of the letters of the Slavic alphabet was somewhat different).
In Russia, the Slavic numbering was preserved until the end of the 17th century. Under Peter I the so-called "Arab numbering" prevailed, which we now use.
In the names of numbers, there have also been changes. For example, before the 15th century the number "twenty" was designated as "two ten" (two dozen), but then it was reduced for faster pronunciation. Until the 15th century, the number "forty" was denoted by the word "fourteen", and in the 15th and 16th centuries this word was replaced by the word "forty", which originally meant a sack containing 40 squirrel or sable pelts. On the origin of the word "thousand" there are two options: from the old name "fat hundred" or from the modification of the Latin word centum - "one hundred."
The name "million" first appeared in Italy in 1500 and was formed by adding a magnifying suffix to the number "millet" - a thousand (that is, denoting a "big thousand"), it penetrated into Russian later, and before that the same value in Russian language was designated by the number "leodr". The word "billion" came into use only from the time of the Franco-Prussian War (1871), when the French had to pay Germany an indemnity of 5,000,000,000 francs. Like the "million" word "billion" comes from the root "one thousand" with the addition of the Italian magnifying suffix. In Germany and America for a while, the word "billion" meant a number of 100,000,000; This explains that the word billionaire in America was used before any of the rich had 1000 000 000 dollars. In the ancient (XVIII century.) Arithmetics of Magnitsky, a table of the names of numbers, reduced to the "quadrillion" (10 ^ 24, is given in the system through 6 digits). Perelman Y.I. In the book "Entertaining arithmetic", the names of large numbers of that time differ somewhat from today: septillion (10 ^ 42), octalon (10 ^ 48), nonalon (10 ^ 54), decal (10 ^ 60), endecalon (10 ^ 66), dodecalon (10 ^ 72) and it is written that "there are no further names".
The principles of constructing names and a list of large numbers
All names of large numbers are constructed in a rather simple way: in the beginning there is a Latin ordinal numeral, and in the end to it the suffix -illion is added. The exception is the name "million" which is the name of the number of one thousand (mille) and the magnifying suffix -illion. In the world there are two main types of names for large numbers:
- System 3x + 3 (where x is the Latin ordinal number) - this system is used in Russia, France, USA, Canada, Italy, Turkey, Brazil, Greece
- System 6x (where x is the Latin ordinal number) - this system is the most common in the world (for example: Spain, Germany, Hungary, Portugal, Poland, Czech Republic, Sweden, Denmark, Finland). In it, the missing intermediate 6x + 3 ends with the suffix -illiard (from which we borrowed a billion, which is also called a billion).
Common list of numbers
Number | Name | Latin numerals | Incrementing SI prefix | Reducing the prefix SI | Practical meaning |
10 1 | ten | Deca- | deci- | Number of fingers on 2 hands | |
10 2 | hundred | hecto- | Centi- | Approximately half the number of all states on Earth | |
10 3 | one thousand | Kilo- | Milli- | Approximate number of days in 3 years | |
10 6 | million | Unus (I) | mega- | micro- | 5 times the number of drops in a 10 liter water bucket |
10 9 | Billion (billion) | Duo (II) | Giga- | Nano- | Approximate population of India |
10 12 | trillion | Tres (III) | Tera- | Pico- | 1/13 of the gross domestic product of Russia in rubles for 2003 |
10 15 | Quadrillion | Quattor (IV) | Peta- | Femto- | 1/30 length of parsec in meters |
10 18 | Quintillion | Quinque (V) | Exa- | Atto- | 1/18 of the number of grains from the legendary award to the inventor of chess |
10 21 | Sextillion | Sex (vi) | Zetta- | Cepto- | 1/6 of the Earth's mass in tons |
10 24 | Septillion | Septem (VII) | Jotta- | Yokto- | Number of molecules in 37.2 liters of air |
10 27 | Octillion | Octo (VIII) | Not- (not approved) | Sieve- (not approved) | Half the mass of Jupiter in kilograms |
10 30 | quintillion | Novem (IX) | Dea- (not approved) | Tredomo- (not approved) | 1/5 of the number of all microorganisms on the planet |
10 33 | Decillion | Decem (X) | Una- (not approved) | Revo- (not approved) | Half the mass of the Sun in grams |
The pronunciation of the numbers going on is often different.
Number | Name | Latin numerals | Practical meaning |
10 36 | Andecillion | Undecim (XI) | |
10 39 | Duodecillion | Duodecim (XII) | |
10 42 | Tredcillion | Tredecim (XIII) | 1/100 of the number of air molecules on Earth |
10 45 | Quattradicillon | Quattuordecim (XIV) | |
10 48 | Quintecillion | Quindecim (XV) | |
10 51 51 | Sexdecillion | Sedecim (XVI) | |
10 54 54 | Septemecillion | Septendecim (XVII) | |
10 57 | Octodecyline | So many elementary particles on the Sun. | |
10 60 | Novemecillion | ||
10 63 | Vigintillion | Viginti (XX) | |
10 66 | Anvigintillion | Unus et viginti (XXI) | |
10 69 | Duovigintillion | Duo et viginti (XXII) | |
10 72 72 | Trevigintillion | Tres et viginti (XXIII) | |
10 75 | Quattorgigintillion | ||
10 78 | Quinvigintillion | ||
10 81 | Seksvigitillion | So many elementary particles in the universe | |
10 84 | Septemigigillillion | ||
10 87 | Octovigilhillion | ||
10 90 | Novemvigintillion | ||
10 93 | Trigintillion | Triginta (XXX) | |
10 96 | Antiguintillion |
- ...
- 10 100 - googol (the figure was invented by the 9-year-old nephew of the American mathematician Edward Kasner)
- ...
- 10 123 - quadrigillillion (quadraginta, XL)
- 10,153 quinquiguintillion (quinquaginta, L)
- 10 183 - sexagintilla (sexaginta, LX)
- 10 213 - septuagintillion (septuaginta, LXX)
- 10 243 - octogynthione (octoginta, LXXX)
- 10 273 - nonagintillione (nonaginta, XC)
- 10 303 - Centillion (Centum, C)
Further names can be obtained either directly or in the reverse order of the Latin numerals (as correctly, it is not known):
- 10 306 - anthillillion or centunillion
- 10 309 - duocentillione or centuo-oneion
- 10 312 - trentillion or centrillion
- 10 315 - quattsortillion or centavridillion
- 10 402 - tri-tri-tintarcillione or centrate triglylione
I believe that the second variant of writing will be the most correct, since it more closely matches the construction of numerals in Latin and avoids ambiguities (for example, in the number of a trentillion, which, according to the first letter, is 10 903 and 10 312 ).
Numbers further:
- 10 603 - ducentillion (ducenti, CC)
- 10 903 - trecentillion (trecenti, CCC)
- 10 1203 - quadringentillione (quadringenti, CD)
- 10 1503 quingentillion (quingenti, D)
- 10 1803 - sestcentillion (sescenti, DC)
- 10 2103 - septingentión (DCC)
- 10 2403 - octingentillion (octingenti, DCCC)
- 10 2703 - nongenthyllione (nongenti, CM)
- 10 3003 - a million (or milillion) (mille, M)
- 10 6003 - duomilialillion (duo milia, MM)
- 10 9003 - Tremillion
- 10 15003 - quinque milia
- 10 308760 - ducentuyl- homo -nylanthenium-demidion
- 10 3000003 - miliamillionaion (decies centena milia)
- 10 6000003 - duomiliamiliiumillion
- 10 10 100 - gugolplex
Table of large numbers
Table of large numbers | |
One | 1 = 10 0 |
Ten | 10 = 10 1 |
Hundred | 100 = 10 2 |
One thousand | 1 000 = 10 3 |
10 000 = 10 4 | |
100 000 = 10 5 | |
Million | 1 000 000 = 10 6 |
10 000 000 = 10 7 | |
100 000 000 = 10 8 | |
Billion (billion) | 1 000 000 000 = 10 9 |
10 000 000 000 = 10 10 | |
100 000 000 000 = 10 11 | |
Trillion | 1 000 000 000 000 = 10 12 |
10 000 000 000 000 = 10 13 | |
100 000 000 000 000 = 10 14 | |
Quadrillion | 1 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 15 |
10,000,000,000,000,000,000 = 10,16 | |
100 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 17 | |
Quintillion | 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 18 |
10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 = 10,19 | |
100 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 20 | |
Sextillion | 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 21 |
10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 = 10,222 | |
100 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 23 | |
Seplillion | 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 24 |
10 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 25 | |
100 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 26 | |
Octillion | 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 27 |
10 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 28 | |
100 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 29 | |
Quintillion | 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 30 |
10 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 31 | |
100 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 32 | |
Decillion | 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 33 |
Literature
Perelman Ya.I. "Entertaining arithmetic." - Moscow: Triada-Litera, 1994, p. 134-140
Vygodsky M.Ya. "Handbook of elementary mathematics". - St.Petersburg, 1994, pp. 64-65
"Encyclopedia of knowledge." - comp. IN AND. Korotkevich. - St. Petersburg: Owl, 2006, p. 257
"Interestingly about physics and mathematics." - Kvant Library. Issue. 50. - Moscow: Nauka, 1988, p. 50
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