Installation and adaptation linux mandrake 10 (1) of the operating system

Installation and adaptation linux mandrake 10 (1) of the operating system


The Generation Hackers Group is the Next | Written by Rel4nium | 06/05/2005

The purpose of the article to talk about installing Linux on the screw detail, examining and analyzing all the nuances of the errors, their remedies. Familiarity with basic commands, software installation methods with different extensions, compilation, alternative programs. Raising network in Linux, basic terms, mounting, Russification, etc. ...
______________________________________________________________________________________________Table of contents_________________
1 | Installing Linux on the screw
2 | Errors after installation and troubleshooting
3 | Russification (problemmy)
4 | Compilation, installation (software exploits problemmy)
5 | ADSL, dial-up Internet connection setting
6 | Basic commands in Linux
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Installing Linux on the screw


With the installation on your computer of the family linux operating system you acquire it is really what can be called without
share doubts operating system. A bunch of useful programs already included in the distribution linuksa.Esli you really decided to install it yourself for some specific needs, whether it's music creation, imaging, hacking, dare, buy and distribution sets. "Download a Linux from the Internet Needless to even try, because the Linux partitions can scare (4-6 discs, so that with a simple dial-up is not so easy this is to do)."

Linux distributions from a great many mounted on the screw to run with the disc, or directly from windose (colinux).
Run from disk (liveCD) course you can buy, but it is not serious and uncomfortable, as this kind of work, no OS
with sections of the screw, and a RAM. Of course, it is convenient in case if you need a Linus, and access to the car there.
(Known on the OS kernel Linux RTK, knopix) So all of course depends on the case, I suggest you just put a normal Linux on the screw. Proceed directly to the installation itself mandrayka Linux on the screw.
the main installer window

-Zagruzhaemsya Mandrayk from the first disk,
-Vysvechivaetsya Selection system installation window click on Press enter to, the wizard checks the integrity of the files on the disk,
-See instalerra main window (as in the picture): "Let us examine all the points"
(1) selection of language: I think with the selection problems will not (just in case "Europe-> Russian")
(2) License: agree to the license terms.
(3) the choice of keyboard layouts: choose more convenient for you.
(4) Security: Select the desired level of security, it is not necessary to choose the paranoid :)
(5) Partitioning: perhaps the most important and "difficult" (on top) para Linux installation requires special attention when setting the "choice without hesitation, can result in the loss table of the hard drive."
First break the disc menu will ask you how to do it, "describe only 2 of the marking methods, as they are the best"
1 automatically
2 -
3 manual
-----------1
Not in any way does not automatically select the disk layout, if the drive is installed in addition to Linux and more lives of windows,
because Linux is cool for this OS, after a successful how-to install Linux on the screw, to win you have not uploaded
(This happens because of the uncertainty boundaries win of the file system, and Linux sly windose wipe up files after windose
because of not finding the right files to it, and the necessary working file does not want to boot the system).
----------- 3
It is the best way to partitioning.
To windose and Linux and quietly lived in the 1 screw, perform the following steps:
-> Remember by how many gigs you have a partition that does not confuse win's profile, so that puts on Linux.
-> Disk Wizard markup Drak X Select the disk layout manually, your screw in front of you, and its sections. In my case, their 2, 1 GB 17, 2-19, 17 I windose => 19 bet line.
-> Select a partition to install Linux, PUSH on the ready, but the installer nenravitsya that is not created the desired section and not selected a mount point.
-> In order to create the appropriate Linux to choose the section in which you have to put it, then click Delete section (menu on the left side of the window) .Razdel staёt gray, again choose it, and push in the familiar menu to create. In the drop down box, select the place the partition in megabytes (!! choose not all, leave a little to 200 megabytes of swap !!) Select the file system type (Journalised FS: ext 32). .After Choose a mount point in /. After this operation you have created the desired section with the desired file system, but you still need to create a swap.
-> After the operations to create osovnom partition for Linux, you need to create a swap (swap needed for proper loading and determination of operating systems). We perform the same operation on the creation of this section, but for swap (before you drive partitioning menu with intact section windose and newly established section for the Linux file system required to Linux + untouched empty part left us for the swap), choose an empty section -> click on the create, and create a full allotted to swap place (about 200 mB) partition, select the partition type linux swap.
All operations with the broken disk zakoncheny.nazhimaem further agree with the fallen window (partition table will be written to the disk), wait until the desired format the partitions.
(6) is followed by the Package Selection Wizard, I personally chose all :) , Obyazatelno installs all libraries. For everything it took about 2 gigabytes, but I do not feel sorry for them, because under the line I highlighted 19 :) .Nazhimaem On. We are waiting until the selected packages will be installed.
(7) Setting up the system after the installation: Choose a password root (Root - root, which has the highest law in the system, ie almost the same as the administrator in win :) In the next window, enter the user name and password, select a picture :) Select the desired window manager, I advise you to leave until KDE.
(8) Installing the boot: at this point you do not have nothing to do, the installer will do everything himself.
(9) Summary: The summary shows all your selected packages, keyboard and t.d.nastraivat Linux installation can be started directly from the report (for example: the screen resolution, the download process, Internet connection, etc.), the mood of need.
(10) Installation of updates: Linux will ask whether to install the update, there is no need to answer. All installation is complete, and if you do everything right, (as I said) after the reboot (and fixes boot from a CD, on a normal boot) you will see the boot loader screen, try to run linux (to boot into Linux Dial your username, password, and then startx command, and you are in the system) windows, if it works, congratulations, if not also congratulate, about the errors after the installation of Linux can be found in the section of the error after installing and troubleshooting.

error after installing and troubleshooting


Typically, problems with the installation of Linux does not occur, they occur at the end of it :) if you put, for example mandray top of an already installed Linux, problems can not be avoided. As is known to no problems on the screw there are several operating systems, Linux is already a built-in boot loader (lilo, grub) is loaded after the BIOS, so not a single operating system installed on the screw can not be fired. In order to perform all loading operations (determination of installed operating systems, etc.) loader required a special section on the screw-called swap (no right-minded swap, or none at all do not try to put your take out in linuhovy loader, since you have no swap nothing Georgia will not, how would you not tried). Duck's when you install mandrayk on mandrayk, then there is a joint or incorrect definition of swap space, this may result in the loss of a hard drive or tables or a simple correction effects. Effects of naturally take nestrashnye and is such as shown in the image.
small problemmy after installing Linux on each other <img src = "Border =" 0 ">

Afraid it is not necessary (at least for the operation of the screw) but of course with the data on the screw you can say good-bye, as it would not be sad. To no longer see such a terrible picture looking for the nearest, working OS (for beginners is better to do everything naturally ye not) Duck's konekt a screw other, and begin to format only if you dare you to format all in a simple way (ie just click on your screw format) nothing is still not correct. And do not fix it because you only formatiruesh section vyni and Linux remains untouched (in fact take out can not even define what else apart from its close on the hard drive) .A to format Linux through Windows, you just need to go to
Control Panel - Administrative Tools - Computer Management - Disk Management.

It says everything about what is and how much weight OS, Linux duck here naturally can not see, but we see an unknown section + 200-100 meters below (depending on how much you are allocated swap) is also near a busy area, it is Linux. Duck here to format it is necessary that the file system has been known for windsurfing, and to do this just create a logical drive with the file system or ntfs, fat16, fat32 on your choice, after formatting you no longer see any swap, do not shed, rejoice :) ! (This is done by clicking on the section Linux right click -> delete a logical drive -> see the void, create a logical drive with the file system vynyu necessary, wait until finish formatting, and produce the same action only with respect to Linux swap)
but that's nothing more unfinished even though Linux
otformatirovan.Vyn still will not boot. So it is necessary to format the partition Windows and put it on the new one. To avoid this problem, do not put a line on top of each other, and hold up to as something to put the familiar operation to rework sections.

Russification (potential problems)


I think that Linux mandrayk 10.0 after installation does not require Russification, I advise to leave everything as it is. But those who want to experiment, to straight to:
www.linuxshop.ru/redhat/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=22
Problems:
After transformations narrated in the article I am having trouble with fonts: incorrect display of Russian words, fonts can be seen only with a magnifying glass, in order to avoid this "work in Linux with a magnifying glass :) " go to:
System -> Settings -> KDE -> LookNfill -> Fonts. Select more comfortable for you.
If this does not work, then go and the right font configuration file:
/ Etc / sysconfig /
Here you need to correct i18n file, such as some missing:
LANG = "ru_RU.UTF-8"
SUPPORTED = "ru_RU.UTF-8: ru_RU: ru"
SYSFONT = "latarcyrheb-sun16"
conclusion :
If you have a i18n file of this type, the system boots you will have English + Russian name you will still be displayed incorrectly, this happens due to the fact that the font latarcyrheb-sun16 can not be found.
If you like, experiment with configs in the i18n file, but I advise you to experiment just copy faylaik i18n for deflot, ie no change, and only then to carry out experiments.
In this situation, the one who wins the lazier :) , Ie just leave configs deflotovymi not do the conversion referred to in Article. A simple example here is the mood of the program as it is done in these:
config xmms'a:
Properties -> Fonts -> list of songs:
-microsoft-tahoma-medium-r-normal - * - * - 140 - * - * - p - * - koi8-ru
Properties -> Fonts -> main window:
Simply remove the checkmark from the checkbox, and copy the same configuration:
-microsoft-tahoma-medium-r-normal - * - * - 140 - * - * - p - * - koi8-ru
konqeror settings:
Settings -> Configure konqeror -> Appearance:
Select the font that will be displayed in the file name.
Settings -> Configure konqeror -> Font:
Choose fonts that will be displayed in the document is viewed through konqeror.
In all other programs it is as simple as these, so do not focus on the Russification, and move on to more useful things.

compilation, installation (software exploits problemmy)


Installing programs ye not happening by clicking on ekzeshnomu file, and then where vizord lead in linuske is not so simple. Mounted so only rmp packages, ie those that are unpacked themselves are established. In order to install a file, or just "folder with scripts" Conventionally, people are seeing that in the place of one of the program files have a simple folder contents are lost naturally, so I advise people to read more about Linux, and can be manah (directly in the Line: man "any team", this command will display information about the command you typed after the word man).
To install the software in Linux you need to have the appropriate for this library (this is what I said in the section on installation) to install any software you need to go to the console, go to the directory of the program (to change directories command: cd ../ ../ path to the program, or a directory dir) and fill the team:
-------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------
./configure (general configuration)
(--prefix to choose not deflotny installation directory)
make
make install (installation program)
The program can be archived to open the file fills:
tar -xvzf pack.tgz (tgz- resolution file, it can be bgz, gz, so that the command is converted, if
other) file format
The program can be .sh extension, in order to install it is necessary to fill:
sh prog.sh
dpkg -i name fayla.deb (Debian packages)
rpm -ivh name fayla.rpm (rmp packages)
With the installation of all ...
To compile the file you need to fill:
gcc file.c -o file (compiled file with .c and receive binary)
In order to run it:
file (parameters)
perl file.pl (compiled Perlovskiy file)
file.pl (start)
-------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------
Nothing complicated, but the problems still arise without Winsock2.h file in the directory with the program, or to exploit nothing will be established and it can not skompilitsya.Vzyat with ngh.void.ru

An example of the installation program, using the above commands:


Let us examine the example of the installation pogramma player MPlayer installation points by using the above commands:
- Go to the directory with the program (you can do this by typing cd ../../put to the program, or simply by going to the directory through the schedule, press the left mouse button: action -> open a terminal here)
- Being in the program folder (if you have in the archive is unpacked, how to do it is written above, in order to extract through the schedule you need: press the left mouse button on the file -> select the action -> unpack into and select the directory decompression) Dial by command line:
./configure (Wait until the program configure itself)
make
make install
(After this command may fail and the installation program to crash, but it can happen because of the lack of rights to create a folder to install the program you need to type in a terminal: su, since you will be asked to enter the root password is entered, after the performance of this team you root rights) everything is installed in order to run it you need to go to the folder with the program and type mplayer (go to the console in the folder and typing mplayer all starts) .Vsё program is running in the terminal.

Installing the software packages included in this distribution:

When you install Linux does not attempt a complete list of packages and programs for you to pick your packages:
System -> Preferences -> Packages -> install software
I advise you to put Licq, XMMS, Mplayer (their presence: Workstation -> multimidiynaya station -> more).
xmms setting:
About Russification in language, read the section.
To use a skin, choose:
Settings -> Browser skins.
In order to solve problemmu with sound in inukse need to type the command:
alsaconf - configuration sound karty.Posle entering this command you will see a table, select it in your sound card and everything.
alsactl store - saving changes.

ADSL, dial-up Internet connection setting


To set up an Internet connection in Linux (graphical environment) need to go to:
System -> Settings-> Setup -> new connection
If you have a dial-up:
modem connection -> choose your modem (determined he has to) -> Account settings (configurable) -> settings the ip (receive automatically) -> the DNS automatically -> gateway automatically -> wizard prompts you to insert the disk for the installation necessary for the connection packages ( kde-kppp package) -> wait until the package install -> Select whether you want to boot the system establishes a connection to the internet -> Do you want to connect to the internet right now. All connection sozdano.Dlya to further connect to the Internet go to:
"start" :) -> Internet -> Remote Access -> KPPP
2) If you have adsl, the installation a bit more complicated than the simple dialapnogo modem.
-First you need to create a connection on a local network:
System -> Settings-> Settings Computer -> New Connection -> LAN connection -> Select the network card (I have it eth0 Realtek | RTL-8139) -> automatically obtain the ip (agree) -> Setup Network Device (Select checkbox what suits you) -name host (nothing will pierce if you do not know) -> hostname zerconf (also nothing not to drive in if you do not know) -> the installer will ask you need to restart the network? answer yes and await a response. Connection Setup is complete, restart the graphical environment.
-after you need to create a connection ADSL:
System -> Settings-> Settings Computer -> New Connection -> Connect the ADSL -> Setup ADSL, the master will tell you what kind of network card -> put the check in PPoE -> Preferences, select the connection in the name of the provider, enter your username and password online map (in DNS field do not enter nothing) -> Insert the disc to install the necessary packages for ADSL, restart the network. Restart the environment and all can connect to the Internet, as follows:
System -> Settings-> Setup -> there & Internet -> Network Connection Monitoring -> Select Connect to eth0.

To set up a connection with adsl internet in Linux (in the console) must be:
1) Dial command adsl-setup
- Enter username, CSN (optional), type firewall, parol.Soedinenie created.
2) In order to connect to the internet just call adsl-start, to turn off the connection, dial the adsl-stop.
3) In order to view the status, dial adsl-status.
To set up the ppp connection to the Internet in Linux (in the console) must be:
1) dial kppp (despite the fact that you have the kppp package), then sledvovat Instructions (manah :)
2) dial pppsetup (despite the fact that you have a ppp scripts)

Basic commands in linux


Listing basic linux commands:
Command: Description:
"Information (system disks ..)"
df find free disk space
uname -a will give the full name of your Linux
": Write me: Linux localhost 2.6.3-7mdk # 1 Wed Mar 17 15:56:42 CET 2004 i686 unknown unknown GNU / Linux"
who information about other users of the system.
uptime average system load
": Write me: 23: 03: 12 up 33 min, 0 users, load average: 0.12, 0.17, 0.13"
"Working with directories, files (create, delete ..)"
mkdir create a directory
rmdir directory deletion (empty)
rm -rf deletes empty folders do not even
cd cd
pwd current directory name
cp copy files
find search for files
ls -al to list directories
mc file manager such as FAR.
chmod access to the file.

Example of changing the file permissions:

Syntax:
chmod {a, u, g, o} {+/-} {r, w, x} file
Let us examine pogrupno:
{a, u, g, o }
all (all)
user (user)
group (group)
other (other)
{+/-} + Add rights
- deprive
{r, w, x} -rwx - read, write, execute. For example:
chmod a + w file where a - all (all) + (add), w - zapis.T.e all add write permission to this folder.

Working with the process:

ps -aux process list
kill kill a process
kill PID-Trial Number kill the process under the number ...
killall name of the process to kill the process (is more convenient if the program has its clones) poweroff shutdown computing system
reboot reboot
shutdown -h off time off and send the message that komyuter bydet off in a while. at the command at a specified time.

Example of completion, termination and vozabnovleniya work program:

To view the workflows, issue:
ps -aux
In order to finalize such a xmms program we seek it in the list and see the number of PID (ie the figure that we see in the derivation ps -aux command results in the first column) .For example I have PID xmms'a was 3213, in order to complete it just introduce:
kill 3213
xmms and work program is completed.
Stopping the program:
xmms (run)
the program is running, and in order to stop her naberёm: You can type on the keyboard ctrl + C (it is not necessary to drive it into the terminal :) In order to suspend the work, you have to press ctrl + Z. And stopped by pressing ctrl + Z, fg naberёm in the terminal and everything will return to normal operation to restore the program.

Mounting CDs:

Mounting - opreratsii to join drives to Linux is used for data stored on another hard drive, floppy drive.
! The commands are executed only if you are root!
# Mount / dev / hda1 / mnt / hd " to mount the drive to Linux"
# Umount / mnt / hd "unmount disk"
where / dev / hda1 - mountable unit, / mnt / hd - the destination directory to which the Linux will work.
the list of devices:
/ mnt / floppy - to mount a floppy disk;
/ mnt / cdrom - to mount the CD media;
/ mnt / hd - to mount the hard drive.
a list of drives:
/ dev / hda - Primary Master
/ dev / hdb - Secondary Master
/ dev / hdc - Primary Slave
/ dev / hdd - Secondary Slave
Problem may occur due to non-existence ../hda folder if it does not exist create it in the correct directory.

The file system and mount:

File sistimy play a big role in the mounting screws in Linux, for example, if your file system is fat 16 or 32, then Linux can read and write to this screw and copy of nego.V while from ntfs he can only read and kopirovat.Mozhno when mounting the disk indicate the type of file system, even though the mount command should do it for yourself:
mount vfat / dev / hda1 / mnt / hd codepage = 866, iocharset = koi8-r
codepage = 866, iocharset = koi8-r - encoding
vfat - file system type
"Team in Linux a great many, but all of them at once not overpower so enjoy it while these and others read about in manah"

ps some of the issues in this article are not fully disclosed the correct configuration for example fonts, and generally not reviewed prolemy with internetom.A as they are taking place about them, I will tell in the appendix to this article.

>> Read part 2