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skin Physiology


The protective function. Provided the mechanical strength of the skin, its elasticity elektrosoprotivlyaemostyu high and low permeability to various substances. Important is the skin's ability to neutralize the microorganisms is achieved due to the density of the stratum corneum, an acid reaction, physiological peeling, as well as the chemical composition of sebum. On the protective properties of the skin indicates its structural similarity to the thymus (thymus) - the body's immune system. Genes that control its development, identical genes responsible for the formation of hair. It is found that the skin like thymus, is the place where certain types of mature immune cells.
Thermoregulation of the body is manifested in mutual combination of processes of formation and heat output, controlled by nervnoendokrinnym. In a state of relative calm adult releases into the environment by 15% of the heat teploprovedeniya (convection), about b% by heat radiation (radiation), and 19% due to water evaporation. The degree of heat transfer depends on the subcutaneous tissue (due to the low thermal conductivity of fat) and the volume of blood circulating in vessels. Thus, at low temperature, when the arterioles and capillaries constrict and thus decreases the amount of blood flowing through it, the skin turns white. Simultaneously decreasing the heat transfer to the external environment, providing heat retention in the body. This process has significance and thickening of sebum. The constancy of human body temperature in the heat and physical overload is supported by the evaporation of sweat from the skin surface. The average person loses per day of about 0.8 liters of sweat, and 500 kcal of heat with it. If hard work in hot shops sweat excretion can reach 15 liters. Some of the water evaporates and light. Thermoregulation is carried out as a result of reflex irritation temperature receptors (skin, mucous membranes of the mouth and nose) and teploreguliruyuschih centers of the brain.
The receptor function. Specific end-nerve structures of the skin - are receptors for the perception of sensations: pain, itching, temperature, pressure. On average, 1 square centimeter of the skin accounts for up to 5,000 sensory endings, pain 200, 12 points of cold, heat 2 and 25 points, pressure sensitive. Nerve receptors in the skin unevenly distributed. They are particularly abundant in the skin of the face, hands and fingers, the external genitalia. The nerves of the autonomic system, innerviruya glands, blood and lymph vessels, regulate the physiological processes in the skin. Thus, the skin is a great receptor field, millions of sensitive nerve endings which are constantly carried forward and feedback to the central nervous system. On the field, it has an office and each internal organ. Acting on specific areas of the skin and the point you can get a therapeutic effect. This is the basis of individual application of physiotherapy and acupuncture method of treatment.
The exchange function (excretory, suction, respiratory) actively provides superior skin problem: to be the body's protective barrier, fat and water depots, capacious reservoir of blood, maintain homeostasis constancy of its composition. Skin is involved in respiration, produces vitamin D and stores vitamin A plays an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins. The intensity of the water, minerals and carbon exchange of the skin is only slightly inferior to the liver and muscles.
The skin also - a kind of mirror image of emotions: fear and joy, shame and anxiety. Everyone is familiar with their symptoms - sudden pallor, perspiration, "goose bumps", spotty erythema (flush of shame or embarrassment), etc. You should always remember that skin is a certain degree of influence on social and sexual relations between people (appearance, smell and so on.).
With age, the skin is reduced in the process of regeneration of the epidermis, increased susceptibility to damaging factors (particularly sunlight). In old age, decreased sweating, production of fatty substances by the sebaceous glands. Immune function of the skin is also reduced. Increased loss of vitamin D, which leads to frequent bone fractures. Decreases with age in the dermis water content, and cell components. Reduced skin hydrophilic and hardening (induration) vessels lead to atrophy of the outer shell of a person. Final loss of elasticity manifests itself in pronounced folding and wrinkling of the epidermis relief.