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Tumors


Pathological formation that evolved for no apparent reason by cell multiplication. Differ structure polymorphism and isolation of growth. True tumors have a number of features that distinguish them from similar formations by their appearance. Thus, they should be distinguished from swelling, which is a symptom of diseases such as a cyst, goiter et al., Are also at hematomas, edema, inflammation and various injuries.
Reactive swelling of tissues of the body after the elimination of the causes of fading. The beginning of the development of the tumor is always going on, as if coming from the regulatory actions of the body, because it has "autonomy" of growth.
Tumor quality may occur in the cells of any tissue of the body, capable of reproduction. Becoming a tumor, the source cell transmits new properties to its direct descendants of the cell, which are like her in their morphological and chemical characteristics, the manifestation of a number of laws.
The peculiarities of growth and clinical course distinguish benign and malignant tumors.
Benign tumors grow slowly, surrounded by a capsule, do not germinate, and pushing the surrounding tissue and organs. Depending on the location of such a tumor in some cases may exist throughout the life of the patient without causing any harm to him. In other cases, during its growth, it puts pressure on nearby organs, causes it to atrophy, compressing blood vessels and nerves. A benign tumor does not give metastases and after hiccuping glad nogoudaleniya recovery occurs (does not recur).
Malignant tumors are characterized by rapid infiltrative growth, they are not distinguished from surrounding tissue and capsule, germinating, destroy them.
Cells of malignant tumors, grow into the lymph and blood vessels, and can rip current fluids (blood, lymph) transferred to other organs, causing the development of new tumors - metastasis. The growth of cancerous tumor in the body alter metabolism, causing deterioration of the general condition, and the abrupt depletion dystrophy. Beginning its development is often asymptomatic, which leads to late treatment of patients and delay diagnosis. Infiltrating ability to spread creating difficulties in establishing the boundaries of lesions, necessitating during surgery to remove not only the tumor, but also to the surrounding healthy tissue, which may be cancer cells. However, after that on the same spot can cause relapse again.
The separation of tumors into benign and malignant and conditionally acceptable only if the clinical evaluation of the disease. Since benign but located close to vital organs and their function is violated, can lead to death of the patient (brain tumors, mediastinal et al.).
Examination of the patient with suspected tumor should respond primarily to the following questions: 1) the patient imeetsyaliudannogo true tumor or taken for her education is a symptom of another disease; 2) benign or malignant tumor, whether it has metastasized; 3) whether it is possible to remove the tumor, ie, whether technical (anatomical) and functional operability. Answers to these questions are obtained after detailed explanation of complaints, history of the development of the disease and the clinical, endoscopic, radiological, pathophysiological and other special examination methods.
Symptoms and over:
Benign tumors usually do not cause complaints and are often discovered by chance, on the internal organs, they are manifested only symptoms of mechanical disorders of their activities. The general condition of the patient, as a rule, does not suffer. In a study of superficial education attracts attention roundness of its form or lobed structure. The tumor is movable, not soldered to surrounding tissues, its texture may be different, the regional lymph nodes neuvelicheny, palpation painless.
Start of development of malignant tumors hidden flows for the patient, and in the meantime it is important early diagnosis. In this regard, the examination of persons, especially those older than 35 years, uncertain about the complaints that began weight loss, long-term continuous current and increasing symptoms for no apparent reason should be shown oncological alertness. This concept includes: 1) the suspicion of the presence of cancer, 2) careful history, 3) the use of general and special methods of research; 4) deep analysis and synthesis of submissions received for the diagnosis.
Often, patients with malignant neoplasms complain about the violation of general condition: the loss of the usual tone of the work, apathy, lack of appetite, morning sickness, weight loss, etc. To this may be joining and more local features - the presence of chronic diseases of the stomach, rectum, appearance seal. breast and other. at first, these phenomena can not be accompanied by pain, but then, when the tumor begins to grow in the nerve trunks, aching, taking more and more anguished character. The cancer is growing rapidly. Substances for cell power comes from the whole body, causing a lack of them in other tissues and organs. Moreover, despite the large number of blood vessels in cancerous tumors, their inferiority often leads to malnutrition in some of its sections and decay. necrosis products are absorbed into the body, leads to intoxication, progressive emaciation, exhaustion, cachexia.
Recognition:
The history of paying attention to chronic disease, the patient's profession, bad habits. After a general survey of the patient set the value of the feeling of the tumor (if it is available), its character, consistency and relation to surrounding tissues. Determine the presence of ulceration, distant metastases, increase in regional lymph nodes.
The examination of hollow organs (intestine, gall bladder, etc.). Endoscopy is widely used, which is manufactured endofibroskopami optical system and lighting. It enables not only the inspection of suspicious body site, "on and taking a piece for histological examination biopsy (excision) followed by microscopic examination -.. A very valuable method of cancer diagnosis in diseases of internal organs, when, despite all the applied research methods, the diagnosis of disease It remains unclear, and a suspicion of the tumor process is not lifted, resort to diagnostic surgery (laparotomy, thoraco-gomiya et al.) to determine the nature or extent of the process.
Prevention:
It is now established that some of the tumors developed various long pas soil and other inflammatory diseases. For example, in chronic anatsidnyh gastritis, chronic callous ulcer and gastric polyps may eventually develop gastric cancer. Chronic bronchitis and prolonged recurrent interstitial pneumonia is preceded by lung cancer. Nonhealing sores and cracks, increasing spots, growing warts, papillomas and hyperkeratoses precede skin cancer. All this has created the doctrine of the precancerous, precancerous diseases, detection and treatment of which is the basis for cancer prevention.
benign tumor surgical treatment: excision together with a capsule with subsequent histological examination. For small and superficial, without disturbing the patient, perhaps waiting. Absolute indications for its disposal are: 1) the presence of symptoms of compression of the body obstruction, the cause of which is a neoplasm; 2) permanent injury clothing superficial tumors; 3) accelerating growth and suspicion of malignant degeneration.
Treatment of malignant tumors is dependent on the developmental stage of the disease. Tumor growth hearth formed initially limited or body tissue, but further due to the sprouting surrounding tissues and metastasis of tumor cells occurs generalization process. In this connection distinguish four stages of development of the disease: Stage 1 - localized process; Stage II - the defeat of the nearby (organ) lymph nodes; Stage III - regional lymph nodes; Stage IV - the presence of distant metastases.
Malignant tumors are subject to immediate radical surgery. The operation consists in the total or partial excision of a tissue or organ, together with advanced tumors and fiber to regional lymph nodes.
However, the ability to perform a radical operation is represented only in patients with stage II and one development process, at least in patients with stage III by the presence of distant metastases in their germination and vital organs.
In recent years, the operational method is commonly combined with rentgene- and radium irradiation with hormone therapy. They began to use chemical and biological treatment methods.





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