Description of the medicine: Morphine (Morphinum)

MORPHINE (Morphinum).

Morphine hydrochloride (Morphini hydrochloridum) is used.

Synonyms: Morphine hydrochloride, Morphinum hydrochloricum

White needles or white crystalline powder; Slightly yellowing during storage. Slowly soluble in water, hardly soluble in alcohol (1:50). Incompatible with alkalis. The solutions are sterilized at + 100 ° C for 30 minutes, 0.1 N is added for stabilization. Solution of hydrochloric acid to pH 3, O - 3, 5.

Morphine is the main representative of a group of narcotic analgesics. It has a strong analgesic effect. Reducing the excitability of painful centers, it also has anti-shock effects in trauma. In large doses, it produces a hypnotic effect, which is more pronounced in sleep disorders associated with pain.

Morphine causes a marked euphoria, and with its repeated application, a painful predilection (morphine) develops rapidly.

Morphine exerts a retarding effect on conditioned reflexes, lowers the total ability of the central nervous system, enhances the effect of narcotic, hypnotics, and local anesthetics. It lowers the excitability of the cough center.

Morphine also causes excitation of the center of the vagus nerves with the appearance of a bradycardia. As a result of activation of neurons of the oculomotor nerves under the influence of morphine, miosis appears in people. These effects are removed by atropine or other anticholinergics.

Vomiting, which can occur when morphine is used, is associated with the excitation of chemoreceptor trigger zones of the medulla oblongata (see Emetics and antiemetics of central action). Morphine depresses the emetic center, so repeated doses of morphine and emetics, administered after morphine, do not cause vomiting.

Under the influence of morphine, the tone of the smooth muscles of the internal organs increases. There is an increase in the tone of the sphincter of the gastrointestinal tract, the tonus of the musculature of the antral part of the stomach, the thin and thick parts of the intestine rises, the peristalsis is weakened, the progress of the food masses slows down, which leads to the development of constipation. There is a spasm of musculature of the biliary tract and sphincter of Oddi. Increases the tone of the sphincter of the bladder. The tonus of the musculature of the bronchi may increase with the development of bronchiolospasm.

Under the influence of morphine inhibits the secretory activity of the gastrointestinal tract. In connection with the stimulation of the release of antidiuretic hormone, a decrease in urination is possible.

The main metabolism and body temperature under the influence of morphine are reduced.

A characteristic of the action of morphine is the inhibition of the respiratory center. Small doses cause a decrease and an increase in the depth of respiratory movements; Large doses provide further reduction and reduction of the depth of breathing with a decrease in pulmonary ventilation. Toxic doses cause periodic Cheyne-Stokes breathing and subsequent respiratory arrest.