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Home Electric Here you will find a large number of electronic circuits, amateur designs, information on the meter, and more.

Here you will find a large number of electronic circuits, amateur designs, information on the meter, and more.

  • The principle of operation of the induction meter.
  • Circuit connection of electricity and testing, a description of schemes.
  • Basic definitions (nominal voltage and current meter, the sensitivity of the counter, and a constant ratio meter, the error counter)


  • The operating principle of a single-phase induction meter of active energy.

    The counter is a wattmeter measuring system and is integrating (summing) an electrical appliance. The operating principle of inductive devices is based on the interaction between alternating magnetic fluxes with currents induced in the moving parts of the device (the disk). Electromechanical interaction forces cause the movement of the movable part. Schematic of single-phase meter is shown in Fig.
    Schematic of single-phase meter

    Its main hubs are electromagnets 1 and 2, an aluminum disk 3 is fastened to the axis 4, axis bearings - thrust bearing 5 and the bearing 6, the permanent magnet 7. On the axis associated with the gear 8 counting mechanism (not shown), 9 - protivopolyus an electromagnet. The electromagnet includes an S - shaped magnetic core, on average, a rod which is located multiturn coil of fine wire that is included on the voltage U in parallel with H. This winding in accordance with a scheme called parallel turn or coil winding voltage. At nominal voltage of 220 V parallel windings is usually 8-12 thousand turns of wire of diameter 0.1 - 0.15 mm.Elektromagnit 2 is located under the magnetic system voltage circuit and has a U - shaped magnetic core with a coil placed on it a thick wire with a small number of turns. This winding is connected in series with the load and, therefore, is consistent or current winding. Through it runs the full load current /. Typically, the number of ampere-turns of the coil is in the range 70 - 150, ie at rated current 5 A winding comprises from 14 to 30 vitkov.Kompleks parts, consisting of series and parallel windings with their magnetic circuits, called the rotating element of the counter.
    The current flowing through the coil creates a common AC voltage matnitny flow circuit voltage, a small portion of which (work flow) prevents aluminum disk located in the gap between the two electromagnets. Most of a magnetic flux through a closed circuit voltage shunts and side bars of the magnetic (non-working stream), which is divided into two parts and is essential for creating the desired phase angle between the magnetic flow circuit voltage and the load circuit (a circuit). The magnetic flux circuit voltage is directly proportional to the applied voltage (mains voltage).

    The load current is flowing through the current carrying coil creates an alternating magnetic flux, which also crosses the aluminum disk and closes the magnetic shunt magnetic core and the upper part through the side bars. A small part (non-working stream) is closed through protivopolyus to drive across. Since the magnetic core of the current coil has a U-shaped structure, its magnetic flux crosses the disk twice.
    Thus, only a meter drive through three alternating magnetic flux. According to the law of electromagnetic induction, alternating magnetic fluxes of both windings at the intersection of the disk, suggest it EMF (ie everyone the two), under the influence of which in the disk around the traces of these streams flow corresponding to the eddy currents (typically "corkscrew" remember). The interaction of the magnetic potka winding voltage and eddy current on the magnetic flux and winding current from the other side of the magnetic flux and winding current of the eddy current coil voltage, there is the electromechanical forces that create the torque acting on the disk. This moment is proportional to the product of magnetic flux, and the sine of the phase angle between them.
    Active power consumption is defined as the product of the load current on the applied voltage and the cosine of the angle between them. Since both windings of a magnetic fluxes are proportional to the voltage and current, it can be a constructive way achieving equality sine of the angle between the flow and the cosine of the angle between the vector current and the voltage proportional to implement a torque meter with a ratio of the measured active power. The sine of the angle of one equals the cosine of the angle of another if the shift between 90 deg. Thing and reach in the construction of the counters (the use of short-circuited turns, additional windings on closed adjustable resistance, moving the clamp screw, etc.) The torque is proportional to the power network drive causes the counter in rotation, the rotational speed which is set when the torque is balanced by the braking torque. To create a braking torque in the counter has a permanent magnet that their poles covers CD. The magnetic field lines crossing the disk, suggest it extra EMF is proportional to the frequency of rotation of the disk. This voltage in turn causes the flow of eddy current in the disk, whose interaction with the permanent magnet flux leads to the electromechanical power naprvlennoy against the movement of the disc, ie results in a braking torque. Adjustment of the braking torque, and hence the frequency of rotation of the disk produced by moving a permanent magnet in the radial direction. When approaching a magnet to the center of the disk rotation speed is reduced.
    Thus, achieving a constant speed drive counter we find that the measured count the amount of energy obtained from the product of the number of revolutions of the disk count and C-coefficients. proportionality constant counter.

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    The operating principle of a single-phase electronic active energy meter.

    The counter is an analog-digital device with a preliminary transformation of power to an analog signal and then converting the analog signal into a pulse repetition frequency, the summation of which gives the amount of energy consumed.
    Structurally, the counter consists of a body, measuring current transformer, and performed on converter circuit board and module pricing. Structurally, the counter consists of the following sites:

    • LCD driver
    • a source of secondary supply
    • Microcontroller
    • optical port
    • Memory
    • Converter
    • supervisor
    • telemetry output
    • Real-time clock

    The converter is an analog-digital device with a preliminary transformation of power to an analog signal by the method of PWM-PAM with subsequent conversion of the analog signal into a pulse signal proportional to the electricity consumed. The source of the secondary power supply converts the AC input voltage to a value required to supply all the nodes count. The microcontroller counts the input pulses, the calculation of energy consumption, management and exchange information with other nodes and counter circuits. Supervisor generates a reset signal when you turn on and turn off the power, and generates a signal failure at lower power input voltage. Memory stores data on energy consumption and other parameters. Real-time clock are for reference the current time and date. LCD driver receives information from the microcontroller and outputs control signals to the LCD. LCD is a multi-digit display and is designed to display modes, information on energy consumption and time parameters. Optical port for reading and programming of the counter. On the microcontroller receives signals from the buttons on the counter, and the signals from the transducer are proportional to the consumption of electricity. The microcontroller stores the information in memory and outputs a pulse signal of energy consumption at the remote output.

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    PATTERNS ON METERS AND TESTING. DESCRIPTION OF SCHEMES

    The counter is a device which responds not only to the energy, but also on the direction of transmission. Property counter responsive to the direction of energy leads to the need to include the obligatory counter current circuit and the circuit voltage coordinated so that when the positive direction of energy spinning disk in accordance with the arrow. Before considering specific schemes enable the counters list some general provisions
    Clips of the current coil count and coil voltage plug from the power source, conventionally called unipolar. At the conclusion of winding single-ended circuits counter (start winding) indicate with an asterisk. Unipolar voltage clamp circuit is always located next to the winding current clamp meter and direct connection is connected to the current clamp removable jumper.
    Earlier, when describing the meter, it was noted that the current terminals of the windings denoted by the letters T (generator) and H (load). In this case the generator terminal corresponds to the start winding and the load - its close. When you connect the meter to ensure that the current through the coil current passed from their beginning to the end. To do this, the wires from the power supply must be connected to the generator terminals (terminal D) coils and wires extending from the meter to the side loads must be connected to the load terminals (terminal H). For the counters included with the instrument transformers, should be considered as the polarity of the CTs and VTs. This is especially important for three-phase meters with complex schemes including when incorrect polarity of current transformers are not always immediately show up on the counter is running schetchike.Esli included a CT, then to the beginning of the current coil is connected to a wire from the terminal secondary CT, which is unipolar with the conclusion of the primary windings connected to the supply side. At the same time turn the direction of current in the coil current is the same as with the direct three-phase meters vklyuchenii.Dlya circuit voltage input terminals, with a unipolar generator current terminals of the windings are indicated by numbers 1, 2, 3. This determines the order of a given phase 1-2-3 to connect meters. Note that when you connect interconnect scheme should not cause any doubt or ambiguity, since all the required internal connections are made in the manufacture of counters. It is important to follow only the correctness of the external connections. At ris.a.6.v templates are included counters of active and reactive power as the direct inclusion of the power grid, and with the instrument transformers. In the figure, b, c shows the schematic diagrams of the inclusion of single-phase active energy meter, indicating the polarity of instrument transformers. The secondary winding of CTs and PTs are grounded for safety reasons. In principle, does not matter what ground - the beginning or ends of the windings of instrument transformers.
    Wiring a single-phase active energy meter

    Wiring a single-phase active energy meter

    In Fig. Wiring a single-phase active energy meter: a - with the direct inclusion of b - polukosvennom for inclusion in the - in an indirect connection;

    Schematic diagrams of three-phase three-wire two-element inclusion of active energy meter type SAZ (SAZU) are shown in Fig. a, b, c. It does mention that to the terminal with a 2 must be connected middle phase, ie is the phase current is not supplied to the counter. When you turn on the counter with the ascender of the HS phase is grounded. In the diagram at T1 ris.v grounded terminals of the power source (ie clamps. And 1), but it could be ground terminals and the load side. Counters such as the SAZ are used mainly to instrument transformers, and therefore the scheme presented in Fig. in is a major consideration when the active power in networks of 6 kV and above.

    Three-phase three-wire connection scheme two-element active energy meter type SAZ (SAZU)

    Three-phase three-wire connection scheme two-element active energy meter type SAZ (SAZU)


    In Fig. Three-phase three-wire connection scheme two-element active energy meter type SAZ (SAZU):
    and - with the direct inclusion;
    b - at polukosvennom inclusion;
    in the - in the inclusion of indirect

    The principal electrical circuit including a three-phase three-element active energy meter type CA4 (SA4U) are shown in ris.d, while in Fig. a, b, c are diagrams of the three-wire, as shown in Fig. d, e, four-meter.

    Wiring a three-phase three-element active energy meter type CA4 (SA4U)

    Wiring a three-phase three-element active energy meter type CA4 (SA4U)

    Wiring a three-phase three-element active energy meter type CA4 (SA4U)


    In Fig. Wiring a three-phase three-element active energy meter type CA4 (SA4U):
    and - with the inclusion in polukosvennom three-wire network;
    b - the indirect inclusion of three-wire network;
    in - with the direct inclusion in the four-wire network;
    d - at polukosvennom inclusion vchetyrehnrovodnuyu Network

    In Fig. shows the circuit for the three single-phase TN, primary and secondary windings are connected in a star. The overall point of the secondary winding is grounded for safety reasons. The same applies to the secondary windings of the CTs. In Fig. c, d, note the presence of necessary connection of the neutral conductor terminal network with a zero (0) count. As noted above, the absence of such a connection can cause an additional error in the accounting of energy in the networks with the asymmetry stress. Diagrams of the reactive energy meter with a 90-m shear-type CP4 (SR4U) in chetyrskhprovodnuyu network shown in Fig. a, b, c. The order of summing up the voltage and current to the meter is the same as that of the active energy meter. The scheme of the indirect inclusion of the same three-wire meter in the network shown in Fig. Since the city in the middle phase of the network is not TT, instead of the current Ib to the coil current meter placed upon the second element of the geometric sum of the currents Ia + Ic, which, as we know, is equal-Ib.

    Diagrams of the three-element counter reactive power with a 90 °-m shear-type CP4 (SR4U)


    In Fig. Diagrams of the three-element counter reactive power with a 90 °-m shear-type CP4 (SR4U):
    and - with the direct inclusion in the four-wire network;
    b - for inclusion in a four-polukosvennom network;
    in - the indirect inclusion of four-wire network;
    g - the indirect inclusion of three-wire network

    shows a diagram of two-element polukosvennogo include reactive energy meter with separate windings of successive type CP4 (SR4U) in chetyrehprovonuyu Network

    In Fig. приведена схема полукосвенного включения двухэлементного счетчика реактивной энергии с разделенными последовательными обмотками типа СР4 (СР4У) в четырехпровоную сеть.
    В трехпроводных сетях, где имеются лишь два ТТ, этот счетчик может быть включен по схеме с использованием геометрической суммы токов двух фаз аналогично схеме на рис. г. На рис. представлены схемы включения счетчика реактивной энергии типа СРЗ (СРЗУ) с 60°-м сдвигом в трехпроводную сеть.

    Рис.Схема полукосвенного включения двухэлементного счетчика реактивной энергии с разделенными последовательными обмотками тина СР4 (СР4У) в четырехпроводную сеть

    Схема включения двухэлементного счетчика реактивной энергии типа СРЗ (СРЗУ) с 60-м сдвигом в трехпроводную сеть


    In Fig. Схема включения двухэлементного счетчика реактивной энергии типа СРЗ (СРЗУ) с 60-м сдвигом в трехпроводную сеть:
    а - при непосредственном включении;
    б -при полукосвснном включении;
    в - при косвенном включении

    Ввиду того, что счетчики активной и реактивной энергии обычно используются вместе, на рис. в качестве примера приведены схемы их совместного включения. In Fig. приведены схемы полукосвснного включения счетчиков в четырехпроводную сеть (380/220 В). Схема на рис.требует для монтажа меньшего
    Схема полукосвенного включения трехэлементных счетчиков активной и реактивной энергии в четырехпроводную сеть с совмещенными цепями тока и

напряжения

    In Fig. The scheme included three-element counter polukosvennogo active and reactive energy in four-wire network with a combined current and voltage circuits.

    controlling the number of wires or cables. At its assembly significantly reduces the risk of misuse include counters, since the phase mismatch is excluded (A, B, C) current and voltage. Check that the circuit can be simplified ways without removing the vector diagram. For this purpose it is sufficient phase voltage measurement, determination of the order of the phases and validation including current circuits with alternating output of two elements from the work of the counters and fixation with the regular rotation diska.Nedostatok scheme is that the validation of current circuits include calls for three disabled customers and take special measures for safety in production work, as the CT secondary circuits are at potentials of phases of the primary network. Another serious drawback of this circuit is that its use runs counter to SEP (1.7 .. 46), which refers to the need for vanishing or grounding the secondary windings of current transformers. Unlike the previous scheme in Fig. has a separate circuit voltage and current, so it allows the validation of the inclusion of meters and replacement without shutting down the consumer, because in this scheme, the voltage circuit can be disconnected. In addition, it complied with the requirements of SEP and the vanishing of the secondary windings ground CT.

    The scheme included three-element counter polukosvennogo active and reactive energy in four-wire network with a separate current and voltage circuits


    In Fig. Схема полукосвенного включения трехэлементных счетчиков активной и реактивной энергии в четырехпроводную сеть с раздельными цепями тока и напряжения.

    In Fig. изображена схема косвенного включения счетчиков в сети свыше 1 кВ. На этой схеме в качестве счетчика реактивной энергии принят двухэлементный четырехпроводный счетчик с разделенными последовательными обмотками. Выше указывалось, что так как в средней фазе сети отсутствует ТТ, то вместо тока Ib к



    In Fig. The scheme of the indirect inclusion of two-element meter and reactive energy in three-wire network of more than 1 kV.

    соответствующим токовым обмоткам этого счетчика подведена геометрическая сумма токов Ia +Ic равная - Id. Вместо указанного счетчика реактивной энергии в данной схеме может использоваться счетчик с 90-градусным сдвигом. В этом случае к токовой обмотке второго элемента также подводится геометрическая сумма токов Ia + Ic . In Fig. показана схема включения с использованием трехфазного ТН типа НТМИ, у которого заземлена вторичной обмотки. На практике может применяться трехфазный ТН и с заземлением вторичной обмотки фазы В. Вместо трехфазного ТН также могут применяться два однофазных ТН, включенных по схеме открытого треугольника. В заключение отметим, что схема включения счетчика обычно нанесена на крышке зажимной коробки. Однако в условиях эксплуатации крышка может оказаться снятой со счетчика другого типа. Поэтому необходимо всегда убедиться в достоверности схемы путем ее сверки с типовой схемой и с разметкой зажимов.

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    Основные понятия и определения связанные с устройством и обслуживанием цепей учета электроэнергии.

    Основной целью учета электроэнергии является получение достоверной информации о количестве произведенной электрической энергии и мощности, о ее передаче, распределении и потреблении на оптовом рынке и розничном рынке потребления для решения следующих технико-экономических задач на всех уровнях управления в энергетике:

    • финансовых расчетов за электроэнергию и мощность между субъектами оптового и розничного рынка потребления
    • управления режимами электропотребления
    • определения и прогонозирования всех составляющих баланса электроэнергии (выработка, отпуск с шин, потери и т.д.)
    • определения стоимости и себестоимости производства, передачи, распределения электроэнергии и мощности
    • контроля техническогосостояния и соответствия требованиям нормативно-технических документов систем учета электроэнергии в установках

    Номинальное напряжение и номинальный ток у трехфазных счетчиков указывается в виде произведения числа фаз на номинальные значения напряжения и тока, причем напряжение подразумевается линейное, например: 3*5 ; 3*380 В. У трехфазных четырехпроводных счетчиков указывается линейные и фазные напряжения, отделяемые друг от друга косой чертой, например: 3*5 А; 3*380/220 В. У трансформаторных счетчиков указываются номинальные коэффициенты трансформации: 3*6000/100 В; 3*200/5 А. На лицевых панелях счетчиков непосредственного включения, кроме номинального тока указывается значение максимального тока (обычно в скобках): 5-20 А или 5(20) А.
    К счетчику, кроме требования отсутствия самохода, одновременно предъявляется также требование наличия чувствительности , которое определяется наименьшим значением тока , выраженное в процентах к номинальному, при номинальном напряжении и cos f=1, который вызывает вращение диска без остановки. При этом допускается одновременное перемещение не более двух роликов счетного механизма. Порог чувствительности на должен превышать: 0.3 % для счетчиков класса точности 0.5; 0.4 % для класса точности 1.0; 0.46 % для однофазных счетчиков класса точности 2.0; 0.5 % для трехфазных счетчиков классов точности 1.5 и 2.0. Порог чувствительности счетчиков класса точности 0.5, снабженных стопором обратного хода, не должен составлять более 0.4 % номинального тока.
    Передаточным числом счетчика называют число оборотов его диска, соответствующее единице измеряемой энергии. Передаточное число указывается на лицевой панели счетчика надписью, например: 1 kWh=1280 оборотов диска.
    Постоянная счетчика показывает количество единиц электроэнергии, которое счетчик учитывает за один оборот диска. Принято определять постоянную счетчика как количество ватт-секунд, приходящиеся на один оборот диска. То есть постоянная счетчика равна 36000000 деленное на передаточное число счетчика.
    На практике в силу ряда причин, специфичных для счетчиков определенного типа, а иногда и случайных факторов, счетчик фактически учитывает значение энергии отличное от того значения которое он должен был учесть. Это и есть абсолютная погрешность счетчика и выражается она в тех же величинах, что и измеряемая, т.е. кВт.ч. Отношение абсолютной погрешности счетчика к действительному значению измеряемой энергии, называется относительной погрешностью счетчика. Измеряется она в процентах.
    Наибольшая допустимая относительная погрешность, выраженная в процентах, называется классом точности. В соответствии с ГОСТ счетчики активной энергии должны изготавливаться классов точности: 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, и 2.5. Счетчики реактивной энергии - 1.5, 2.0 и 3.0. Класс точности счетчика указывается на его лицевой панели в виде числа, заключенного в кружок. Следует учесть, что класс точности устанавливается для нормальных условий работы счетчика, а именно:

    • прямое чередование фаз
    • равномерность и симметричность нагрузки
    • синусоидальность тока и напряжения
    • номинальная частота (50 Гц и 0.5%)
    • номинальное напряжение ( отклонение до 1%)
    • номинальная нагрузка
    • косинус или синус угла между током и напряжением (должен быть равен 1(для счетчиков активной или реактивной энергии соответственно))
    • температура окружающего воздуха
    • отсутствие внешних магнитных полей ( не более 0.5 мТл)
    • вертикальное расположение счетчика ( от вертикали не более 1%)

    Все перечисленные условия работы пр-разному влияют на погрешность счетчика и пренебрегать ими нельзя. Данный вопрос рассмотрен подробно в разделе

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    Как не платить за электроэнергию??? Схемы тут...


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