According to the materials of the journal "Electricity" at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries: the first switches

Since the time when a powerful and economical source of electric power was created in 1870, electrical devices went beyond the laboratories, and the time came, which historians call the "heroic period of the history of electrical engineering . "

At the end of the nineteenth century, the first samples of many basic types of devices were created and introduced, incl. Control and regulation apparatus: switches, switches, contactors, voltage regulators.

One of the founders of the magazine "Electricity" , the senior in the glorified galaxy of Russian inventors-electricians VN Chikolev created the first signal electromagnetic relays and automatic switches with remote control.

An outstanding scientist, who has the honor of introducing three-phase currents into electrical engineering, M.O. Dolivo - Dobrovolsky developed and first applied in 1893 an autotransformer for regulation, a switch-switch with spring contacts and an automatic device, in 1910 an arcing device made of insulating material with narrow slots and a metal grating, in 1914 - a deionic grating with special electromagnets for retraction Arc in the gap.

The magazine diligently acquainted readers not only with Russian inventions, posting on their pages ads on them and about "the publication of Russian original works", but also with the achievements of Western electrical engineering, including in the field of creating electrical apparatuses.

Automatic maximum switch connected With manual

The article by engineer Alexander Gofman "Exhibits of the Electric Joint Stock Company b. Schukkert in Nuremberg "at the Paris World Exhibition in 1900". "The exposed three-phase generator developed at 83 1/2 rpm, 850 kilowatts, corresponding to 98 amps at 5000 volts in each phase. (...) A new maximum circuit breaker was placed on the DC generator. This device is combined with a manual switch.

Kiosk for three-phase current

Their mechanical connection is such that the secondary activation of the circuit breaker after it has fallen out of the circuit is possible only when the cause that caused a short circuit or other damage is actually eliminated. The device is very sensitive. It always functions with the same current.

By means of a special screw, the device can be supplied for any number of amps up to 2000. Incorrect maintenance of the device, The inclusion of it, when the short circuit is not eliminated, is unthinkable. This protects the machine and the wires from damage.

All the necessary instruments were placed on two elegant kiosks. One of them (for DC) was equipped with a voltmeter of 500 volts and an ammeter of 1600 amperes, as well as a shunting rheostat. On the other side of the kiosk there were fuses, switches and automatons, and on the third side there were inscriptions of the company in French, German and English. The fourth side served as a door. "

The journal "Electricity", 1902, No. 7

Circuit breaker For high currents

"Circuit breaker for high currents, Hermann Müller." "Its peculiarity lies in the fact that between the lever of the handle and the movable closing parts of the automatic switch is placed a latching cat under the influence of a passing current, which is automatically released as soon as the current passing through the switch crosses the permissible maximum. The closing parts thus obtain free movement and return under the influence of gravity or spring to a disconnected position. The management of this device is very simple and convenient, and requires only some attention from the observer. (...) All the closing parts of this device are designed so that they can be easily replaced. With the increased operation of the device, it may happen that, due to the melting of some current-carrying parts, there can be so much friction between the contact arc and the contacts that the spring alone can not open. But even in this case, the correctness of the action of the apparatus is not violated, since the living force during the movement of the rod is transmitted to the tube with the rod and, as a result, the contact exits from its clamped position.

The board covering the contacts is easily unscrewed, which makes it possible to easily observe the device. The elongated shape of the device allows, when controlling the handle, to be away from the points of closing and opening, which eliminates the danger for the watcher. The devices are designed by Schuckert and Co. and are made for 200 to 3000 amperes. "

The journal "Electricity", 1901, No. 5

Vienna, Munich, Paris, London, Frankfurt, Brussels, Turin ... Already by the tenth years of the twentieth century, when technical and industrial exhibitions became a familiar, routine phenomenon, in the magazine reviews began complaining that "after all the exhibition is weak Was visited. " Passed fashion, euphoria ebbed, but it seems that the very samples of technology did not become less interesting.

"Methods and apparatus for actuating automatic oil circuit breakers." "The main advantages of the oil circuit breaker are that it interrupts the current circuit, preventing the formation of a large voltaic arc, and requires, in comparison with the switches of other designs, only a small space, especially if we take into account the amount of energy that is switched off. In addition, it is much easier to install the switch and connect it to the network. Especially advantageous is the use of an oil circuit breaker operated by relays in AC installations, because here, as experiments have shown, the current circuit is interrupted after several periods almost at the moment the current curve passes through the zero line. With direct current, there is no such benefit. In connection with the relay, the oil circuit breakers can easily perform the tasks of circuit breakers, whose reliable operation and safety are recognized by all in high voltage installations.

Switch with time delay relay (by means of a heating wire) Switch with two maximum splitters

As can be seen from Fig. (Switch with two maximum trip relays), the trip relay is equipped with a horseshoe-shaped magnetic frame, between which pole pieces there is a rotating armature. The anchor stays in a certain position by means of a spring. When the current flows beyond a known pre-determined limit, the reinforced magnetic field will pull the anchor against the action of the spring.

In this case, the rod, connected by means of a hinge with an anchor, will snap off the pawl that closes the switch. Tripping relays are attached to special insulators located on the brackets along the edge of the switch base. By means of such "high-speed tripping relays" the shutdown will occur immediately as soon as the current passes beyond a certain limit. This limiting value in certain limits is regulated by a spring which, against the action of magnetism, affects the anchor.

Joining, as suggested by Siemens and Halske , to this device a system with a heating wire or clockwork, it is possible to achieve deceleration deceleration, i.e. The switch is immediately opened only at particularly high overloads, whereas with a slight overload for opening, the availability of such an overload is required for some definite, adjustable period of time. "

The journal "Electricity", 1910, No. 6

Three-phase circuit breaker for voltages of 25.000 V

"Exhibition in Turin (1911) " "A very rich in quantity exhibition was represented by Vedovelli, Priestley & C-ie from Paris. Of the exhibited items of interest are low voltage switches, simple and automatic, as well as high-voltage oil circuit breakers. In Fig. A three-phase switch for voltages of 25,000 volts is shown. And a single-phase 45,000 c. And 10.000 kilos.-am. (...) In these switches, the oil for insulation is under some slight pressure, which according to the company allows to significantly reduce the size of the switches. Despite the fact that the change in pressure does not change the properties of the oil in relation to the breakdown, at the same time, oil compression is very advantageous due to the increased ability to extinguish the arc produced by shutting down the high-power plants. " The journal "Electricity", 1912, No. 1

And further. In 1890, for the first time in France, SF6 hexafluoride was synthesized (this gas is known all over the world under this name), which is called in Russia SF6 gas - electric gas. The name was given in 1947 by B. Gohberg, who, before the war, began to study the electrical properties of this amazing substance. He also first suggested that SF6 could be used as an insulating medium for high voltage equipment. And after another 50 years, the electrical community breaks spears, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of SF6 and vacuum circuit breakers. This is already our "non-heroic" period of development of electrical engineering.

Single-phase switch for voltages of 45,000 V and 10,000 kw.

The materials of the site are used http://www.news.elteh.ru/