The development of the electric power industry of Russia in 1917 - 1940.

The GOELRO plan in general is the first plan for the development of the economy of a large country based on new technologies that at that time were electrical engineering. Its basic provisions-the advance development of electrification based on the concentration of power and the centralization of electricity supply-have retained their significance for the country's energy sector to this day, it is from them that the "sparkle and poverty" of domestic electrification takes place.

But let us return to the plan of GOELRO, accepted for execution in December 1921. This plan provided for bringing the total capacity of power plants to 1,750 MW by 1935, and annual production of electricity to 8.8 billion kWh. To achieve these results, it was planned to put into operation 30 large power plants (including those already under construction), including 10 hydroelectric power stations. The first of them were commissioned already in the following year 1922, these were the Kashirskaya GRES already mentioned and the Krasny Oktyab power station in Petrograd. In 1924 Kizelovskaya GRES was put into operation, in 1925 - Nizhny Novgorod and Shaturskaya stations, working on local peat. In addition, in 1925 refers to the beginning of the use in Moscow of the household electricity voltage in 220 V. In December 1926 Volkhovskaya hydroelectric power station was finally commissioned. In the same year, the first dispatching energy service was created in Moscow.

In 1927 the construction of the largest hydroelectric power station in Europe - DnieproGES - was started . The idea of ​​building a hydroelectric station on the Dnieper rapids has been in the air since the beginning of the century. The first project for their flooding was created back in 1905 by engineers G.O. Graftio (mentioned above, as one of the developers of the later GOELRO plan) and S.P. Maksimov .

This project envisaged the construction of three hydroelectric power stations on a section from Dnepropetrovsk to modern Zaporozhye with a total capacity of up to 90,000 kW. Then this project was not implemented, but on August 10, 1921, ie. Even before the approval of the 9th Congress of Soviets for the implementation of the GOELRO plan, a resolution was adopted by the Council of People's Commissars "on the release of lands subject to flooding during the construction of a hydroelectric power station near the city of Aleksandrovsk (Zaporozhye)". Land for flooding was released in accordance with the project created by IG. Alexandrov on the assignment for design issued on March 5, 1921. The project was highly appreciated, used the experience of construction and operation of such HPPs as "Queenston" in Niagara and "La Gabel" on the St. Lawrence River. However, in the circumstances of 1922, it was impossible to proceed immediately with the implementation of this project.

Domestic industry did not produce power units of the required capacity, and the economic isolation of Soviet Russia had not yet been completely overcome. Negotiations on acceptable conditions for the supply of equipment were delayed. Nevertheless, in 1927 a mortgage plate lay in the foundation of the future hydroelectric power station. The impending economic crisis helped solve the problem with the delivery of equipment - the Americans proposed a full cycle of construction of the hydroelectric power station, up to delivery to the customer, but a palliative decision was taken - construction was conducted by domestic personnel, but under the supervision of American consultants.

The first block was launched on May 1, 1932 ; Already after in 1931 the GOELRO plan was executed on the basis of the main indicators. After the withdrawal of DneproGES for full design capacity, it became the most powerful hydroelectric power station in Europe - 560,000 kW.

In 1933, a 220 kV power transmission line was put into operation - Nizhnesvirskaya HPP - Leningrad . The unification of the Gorky and Ivanovo power stations into a unified network has begun.

In the late 20's - early thirties, electricity was increasingly included in everyday life, and curious experiments were conducted on the household use of electricity. Here, for example, that wrote in the evening issue of January 23, 1928, "Red Newspaper": "

"Otkomhoz began to consider the question of the use of electricity in domestic life ...

It is planned to install a number of electrical appliances in several apartments ... To accurately identify the profitability of the use of electricity, these apartments alternately one week will be heated by firewood, the second electricity. Weekly data will show whether electricity is cheaper for heating apartments than wood, what kind of tariff should be set for electricity supply for home consumption. "

So, the GOELRO plan was fulfilled ahead of schedule. By the planned date of its implementation, in 1935, the installed capacity of power plants was 6800 MW, electricity production in the corresponding year reached 26.3 billion kWh (for comparison, in 1920 this figure was 0.5 billion KWh).

In 1936, the USSR entered the third place in the world, after Germany and the United States, in power generation . In accordance with the principles underlying the GOELRO plan, domestic energy continued to develop at an accelerating rate, so in 1937, electricity generation reached 36.173 billion kWh at a capacity of all stations at 8235 MW, and in 1940 the corresponding figures were already 48.309 billion kWh and 11,193 MW.

At the same time, the efficiency of thermal power stations that formed the basis of energy was growing, so if in 1913 for the production of one kWh of electricity 1,060 g of equivalent fuel was spent, then by 1940 this figure had fallen to 598 g.

Electric power was distributed to the East of the country along with the development of eastern industrial regions. In the prewar and war years, the energy of the Urals, Siberia and Central Asia developed at a rapid pace. This made it possible to compensate for the destruction during the Great Patriotic War of 60 only large power plants with a total capacity of 6,000 MW, and to come out in 1945 almost to the level of pre-war indicators. This year, 43.257 billion kWh of electricity was generated at power plants with a total capacity of 11,124 MW.

Summarizing this period of Russia's electrification, it should be noted that this was the period of the "big leap" in the electric power industry of our country, which led the USSR to the leading roles in the world in the production of electric power, but at that time the negative features that were poured into the past In the deformation of the industry, caused by excessive centralization, gigantomania and focus on absolute figures at the expense of the environmental friendliness of energy and the interests of the small consumer.

The materials of the site are used: http://www.220.ru/

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