The first designs of DC motors

Alternative designs of electric motors

Some of the electric motors built in the 40's and 60's of the XIX century operated on the principle of drawing a steel core into a solenoid; The reciprocating motion thus obtained was transformed by means of a rocker or crank-crank mechanism into a rotational movement of the shaft provided for the uniform motion of the flywheels. These are, for example, the electric motor Page and Burbuz .

The Page Engine

1 - coil of electromagnets with retracting cores 2 and 3

Electric motor Burbuza

1, 2 - coils of electromagnets with retracting cores, 3 - switch

All the above-mentioned electric motors acted on the principle of mutual attraction and repulsion of magnets or electromagnets. They were equipped with anchors of the simplest form in the form of a rod with a winding; Such rod anchors are clearly pole-pole. These electric motors were characterized by significant drawbacks.

The most serious of them were the large dimensions of the machine at a relatively low power, large magnetic scattering and low efficiency. In addition, the torque on the shaft of such electric motors was variable and due to alternating attraction and repulsion of rod anchors, the action of such electric motors was in Greater or lesser degree of jerking. With such sharp and frequent changes in the torque on the motor shaft, the application of the latter in the electric drive system appeared to be of little promise.

Electric motor Pachinotti

The third stage in the development of electric motors was characterized by the development of designs of electric motors with a ring non-pole armature and a practically constant torque. The first step in this principally new direction was made by the Italian scientist, later the professor of physics at the Bologna and Pisa Universities, Antonio Pacinotti .

The Pachinotti electric motor (1860) consisted of an annular anchor rotating in the magnetic field of electromagnets. The main significance of Pachinotti's work lies in the fact that he made a further and very important step on the way to constructing a modern DC machine: the pole pole armature was replaced by an implicit pole. To this we should also add a convenient excitation scheme and a collector, in essence speaking, of a modern type.

The Pachinotti motor model

1 - electromagnets with pole pieces 2, 3 - annular toothed armature with coils

It is also interesting to note that Pacintotti pointed out the possibility of turning his engine into a generator. However, not knowing about the possibility of self-excitation of the machine, he recommended to use the machine as a generator to replace the electromagnets with permanent magnets.

In 1863 Pachinotti published information about the design of his electric motor, but this publication was not paid enough attention, and the invention was for the time forgotten.

Despite the great interest from the point of view of principle, it did not spread, as there was still no economical generator of electrical energy.

The idea of ​​the annular anchor was revived in about 10 years. 3. T. Gramm in the design of an electric machine generator.

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Source of information: LD Belkind, ON Veselovsky, I. Ya. Konfederatov, J. A. Schneiberg. History of power engineering . M., L .: Gosenergoizdat, 1960.