History of Instrument Development

The development of military technology, metallurgy, oil industry, mechanical engineering, power engineering, transport equipment - also places new demands on instrumentation.

In the second half of the XIX century. extend the practical use of electricity and optics. It took the decision of a number of measurement tasks. Great demands on the quantity and quality of output of electric power is presented, industries, urban and mainline electric railways. Scientific research institutions and laboratories required new, more accurate and sensitive instruments. In 80-ies of XIX century. there was a big revolution in the development of electrical appliances. Since that time, devices with moving magnet devices start being replaced with a movable frame.

Up to 80-ies of XIX century. questions of science and practice is quite satisfied with moving magnet galvanometers. However, with the development of industrial electrical picture has changed dramatically. There is a need to shield and laptop pointer instruments, always-on, and devices whose testimony would not be dependent on external magnetic fields and disturbance. Galvanometers moving magnet on the suspension did not satisfy neither the first nor the second requirement. They were in need of pre-installation and preparation for work and therefore could not be used as a shield or portable devices. In addition, they have been very sensitive to external magnetic fields.

In 1880. M. Despres made an attempt to eliminate the main drawbacks of the galvanometer with movable magnets used for this purpose an ordinary magnetic needle placed in the coil to the measured current. To protect the device from external magnetic fields, the entire system was placed in the interpolar space horseshoe magnet. In 1881 D'Arsonval Despres modified the device by typing the movable coil and replacing the previously used movable part hollow cylindrical core. Indications of this unit is not dependent on the external magnetic field, but it was a non-uniform scale. In 1884, for the transmission line Crail Paris French scientist Despres has designed a new device, free of this shortcoming.

In 1899, for electrophysiology French explorer Jacques A. D'Arsonval built a sensitive mirror galvanometer with a horseshoe magnet, positioned vertically, and with bifilar suspension. Devices of this type were produced workshops Carpani in two versions: with a mirror and pointer count. D'Arsonval galvanometer mirror

Despite the fact that D'Arsonval galvanometer were sensitive and accurate, they can only be used under laboratory conditions. Meanwhile, industry and transport were in need of non-stationary (panel-mounted and portable) devices. To create these devices had to give up the hangers and stretch and move to an entirely new mobile mounting of the unit. It did in 1888 g.amerikansky engineer E. Weston. His device axis motion system was installed on the cores, and to create a counter-torque and current supply to the frame using two spiral springs. This instrument of this design can work in any position, ie. E. Can be portable, shield, used for installation on ships, cars and so on. D. The concept of it with the appropriate design changes, and preserved in modern devices.

By the early 90-ies of XIX century. It has accumulated considerable experience in designing magnetoelectric galvanometer. It was found that the sensitivity depends on many factors and is determined by the electrical and mehanicheskimiparametrami device, the external circuit impedance and m. P.

In 1890, W. E. Ayrton, Mather and Saminer Physical Society of London presented a report in which the results of a large number of different types of galvanometers studies were presented. Based on the theoretical findings, Ayrton and Mather constructed galvanometer with a narrow frame and long, located in the air gap of the horizontal magnet (air core).

With the development in the 80-ies of XIX century. Industrial Electrical appeared the need for measuring instruments that are suitable for use in alternating current circuits. Numerous designs of instruments for measuring voltage (electromagnetic devices, electrodynamic, ferrodynamic system and so on. d.) have been established. At first glance coil instrument we had to move into the background and give way to other systems. However, this did not happen, as the magnetoelectric devices have significant advantages: high sensitivity, low own energy consumption, uniform scale, high accuracy and so on..

Benefits coil instrument was so obvious that to abandon them was impossible, therefore, become very successful attempt to adapt them for use in alternating current circuits. This was achieved by pre-measured AC rectification. The first attempts to use rectifiers are schemes ammeter and voltmeter. The most widespread full-wave rectifier circuit, proposed by L. Graetz in 1897 ..

Due to the large demand for electric devices in the second half of the XIX century. there are new firms engaged in the production of electrical appliances: French - «Carpentier», German - «Siemens und Halske», American - «Weston Electric Instr. Company », and others.

For the period under review is characterized by the growing role of measurement technology for scientific and engineering purposes associated with the penetration of quantitative analysis methods in all areas of physics. These areas require precise measurements and calculations. Physical discoveries made it possible to build new instruments, and practical needs of their stimulated the rapid development and improvement.

Since the beginning of the XX century. a clear trend of increasing the role of science in technical progress. This became possible due to the fact that science has been enriched by the experience, research methods. A special role is played by electronics success - a new field of science and technology.

History of Instrument Development shows that in the future during the XX century. The role of research in developing new measurement and observation devices is increasing steadily.

Shukhardin S. "Technology in its historical development"