The revolutionary role of the motor system in cars

The process of displacement steam electricity was accomplished in parallel with the progress of methods of generation and transmission of electricity at a distance, with the successes in the creation of electric motors and the development of rational electric drive systems.

The main technical issue, which was in the early 900s the engineers of electrical equipment industry, was to clarify the advantages of group and single-drive systems. The relevance of this issue stemmed from the need to find the most cost-effective way of mechanical power transmission and distribution.

Originally we thought that only a single drive required additional costs of new motors and power transmission. On older plants single hampered krupnogruppovogo replacement drive or simply was not possible due to lack of accommodation for the electric motors. Therefore, the transition to a single electric drive at the enterprises with well-developed production has been accompanied by a radical reconstruction of the shops.

To judge the cost-effectiveness of different drive systems, we studied the operational experience and put special experiments. These studies were conducted in Germany, France, Russia and other countries. In the first decade of the XX century. We began to emerge quite clearly the advantages and disadvantages of both systems. A single drive is more hygienic and safer, reduces the time of processing of raw materials and increased productivity. Its often used in cases where the machines were located in a large area, and during their work did not coincide. Group drives still prevailed at short transmissions and when it was necessary to set in motion a series of machines, the power does not exceed 3 - 5 liters. from.

The first decade of the XX century. marked by significant improvements of electric cars. In the years unfolded scientific studies of the physical processes in electromagnetic mechanisms. Quality electric cars could significantly increase the production of new ferromagnetic alloys for the manufacture of walking skeleton. For example, in Germany alloys were prepared, differing high magnetic permeability and low coercive force, provided that minor energy losses in the iron. Refined calculation methods, the development of rational technology of processing parts and the development of effective structural forms also contributed to the success.

All these measures led to a reduction in weight and reduction in cost of the engine. Especially much cheaper small engines. According to the German professor. Kubler, the engine price AC capacity of 1 liter. from. fell from 450 marks in 1900 to 160 marks in 1908. Lower prices directly depend on the improvement of electric motors for the same time expenditure of materials for the manufacture of induction motors has decreased more than twice. Markedly reduced weight and DC machines ..

Along with the mass production of the most running engines the world's leading electrical companies ( «AEG», «General Electric», «Westinghouse», «Siemens & Halske», «Brown, Boveri & GG» et al.) Absorbed special electric motors for driving most responsible actuators:.. rolling mills (. capacity of 10, 15 and even 17 MW), the mining equipment, including lifts, fans, etc. The development of special electric motors is increasingly developing as how to implement a new form of organization production - mass production, a feature which is becoming specialized machines and tools.

The spread of a single electric facilitated advances in the creation of electrical control means speed. built single drive has been created, in which the engine and the working machine is a single structure. Greatly simplifies machine kinematics, improved their performance, reduced power consumption. This type of drive was a higher level of energy transmission systems, and eventually got the name of the individual drive. His appearance was a prerequisite for the creation of automated electric drives. However, its use in the early XX. It was of more sporadic.

On increasing the efficiency of the electric influence the success of general mechanical engineering and metallurgy. Along with improving the quality of steel rose allowable rotation speed machines, allowing to bring together the electric motor and machine-gun, refusing to intermediate mechanical gears. Increased cutting speed the introduction of new tools, more resistant materials also forced designers to approach the motor to the actuator.

These and other factors have contributed to the spread of a single drive, the original finder most widely used in the US industry. Statistical data showed a rapid decrease in average power unreleased American motor industry: in 1907 g.- 3.71 liters. s, and in 1908 g.- 3.26 liters. from. These motors are used in progress at that time a single drive. The massive use of a single drive abroad and in Russia began in the textile industry.

By the early 900s is the emergence of yet another link in the evolution of drive systems - the emergence of multi-motor units. First of all, we have been used electrified overhead cranes with a separate motor for each of the labor movement. In 1905, the US was patented multimotor actuator for a paper machine; soon gained the recognition of large multi-motor drive grinding machines produced by the plant "Reyneker" (Germany).

Despite the emergence of progressive forms of drive, it remained the dominant group and at least - with a single belt drive from the motor to the machine-gun. Nevertheless revolutionize electric manifested fully in the industrial production in the early 900s. None of the newly introduced large enterprise is not orientated to the old, the transmission method of transmitting mechanical energy.

Another technical problem with the electrification of the power process is the rational choice of a system of currents: AC or three-phase. DC motors kept superiority where convenient and cost required speed control over a wide range, and also the frequent reversal. The choice of engines of one or another kind of power needed in the individual decision.

Gradually the practice convinced more reliable asynchronous motors with mass electrification-machines guns. According to US statistics for 1905, the share of collectors and brush holders DC machines accounted for 28% of all injuries in the electrical installations. According to German data for 1912, the failure of the DC motors was 11.5%, and for AC motors - 9%.

The penetration of electric energy in the industry has been a major stimulus to the development and consolidation of power plants - factories for the production of electrical energy.

Shukhardin S. "Technology in its historical development"