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INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2270231

ADDITIVE FOR PETROLS AND DIESEL FUELS
AND ITS FUEL COMPOSITION

The name of the inventor: Usoltsev Alexander Alexandrovich (RU); Alikovsky Alexander Vladimirovich (RU); Ovsyannikov Victor Vasilievich
The name of the patent holder: Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service (VSUES) Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation Educational institution of higher professional education (RU); Usoltsev Alexander Alexandrovich
Address for correspondence: 690600, Vladivostok, ul. Gogolya, 41, A.A. Usoltsev
Date of commencement of the patent: 2004.11.22

The invention relates to the production and consumption of gasolines and diesel fuels, additives and additives thereto and fuel compositions containing a mixture thereof. The additive contains a mixture of nickel and zinc salts of monocarboxylic acids with the number of carbon atoms in the C ₃ -C ₉ molecule at a mass ratio of Ni: Zn from 1: 1.5 to 1: 5 in terms of metal. A fuel composition based on automobile fuel containing this additive in an amount providing an Ni concentration of 0.5-2.0 mg and a Zn of 1.5-2.5 mg per 1 liter of base fuel is described. The invention is aimed at expanding the range of gasolines and diesel fuels with improved consumer properties and increasing the uniformity and completeness of fuel combustion throughout the entire working cylinder of the engine.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the production and consumption of gasolines and diesel fuels, additives and additives thereto, and fuel compositions based on them, used in internal combustion engines, and can be used by manufacturers and consumers of these fuels, in particular in connection with the need to improve the performance properties Gasoline and diesel fuels and solving environmental problems.

A number of solid and liquid additives and additives are known that are capable of mixing with motor fuels, which include organometallic compounds with more or less pronounced catalytic properties. These additives and additives provide increased fuel combustion efficiency and reduced emissions of harmful substances with exhaust gases of internal combustion engines.

A multifunctional additive for gasoline "Extravit-F" [pat. RF No. 2064965, publ. 10.08.96], intended for use in internal combustion engines and improving the process of combustion of gasoline and detonation work of the engine, providing, in particular, a reduction in the CO content in the exhaust gases. The additive contains a 1-3% solution of ferrocene in dichloroethane. The disadvantage of the known additive is its inadequate efficiency with respect to reducing the toxicity of the exhaust gases. In addition, ferrocene, which is part of its composition, leads to the formation of a conductive deposit on the spark plugs, which prevents normal sparking, resulting in a missed ignition, reduces the life of the candles. The dichloroethane included in its composition is a poisonous substance and poses a danger to human health, both in the preparation of a solution including heating and filtration, and with exhaust (the decomposition of dichloroethane produces free chlorine).

A fuel additive is known for internal combustion engines [Pat. USA № 4892562, publ. 9.01.90], which includes fuel-soluble organometallic compounds of platinum-group metals in a solvent that is capable of mixing with fuel. As the solvent, octyl nitrate, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, methyl butyl ether or a mixture thereof are used. The additive is introduced in an amount that provides the metal content in the fuel from 0.01 to 1.0 ppm, and contributes to increasing the energy of the motor fuel used and reducing the content of harmful compounds in the engine exhaust. The disadvantage of the known additive is the high cost of its compounds, the production of which is technologically complex, requiring the use of advanced technologies, and the limited resources of the platinum group metals. In addition, the known additive does not provide an increase in the combustion efficiency of gasoline fuels.

The closest to the claimed technical solution is an additive that improves the environmental properties of gasolines and diesel fuels containing nickel salts of synthetic fatty acids of the general formula (C _n H _{2n + 1} COO) ₂ Ni, where n = 10-16 [ RF No. 2082751, publ. 27.06.97], and including its fuel composition described in the same patent.

The fuel composition, including a known additive in the amount of 0.5-1.0 mg per kg of gasoline and 1.0-2.0 mg per kg of diesel fuel, reduces the content of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and phenols in the exhaust gases of carburetor engines and oxides Nitrogen, hydrocarbons, phenols and soot in the exhaust gases of diesel engines.

A disadvantage of the known additive for gasolines and diesel fuels and the fuel composition containing it is the insufficient reduction of the toxicity and smoke of the exhaust gases due to the fact that the known fuel additive does not provide a sufficiently complete and uniform combustion engine of the combustion engine over the entire volume of the working cylinder.

The object of the present invention is to provide an additive for gasolines and diesel fuels and a fuel composition based on motor fuel that assists in the expansion of the range of gasolines and diesel fuels with improved performance properties and allows to reduce the toxicity and smokiness of the exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine due to more even and complete combustion Fuel for the entire volume of the working cylinder of the engine.

The above object is achieved by a dopant for gasolines and diesel fuels containing nickel salts of monocarboxylic acids having from 3 to 9 carbon atoms and additionally containing zinc salts of monocarboxylic acids having from 3 to 9 carbon atoms at a weight ratio of Ni: Zn of 1: 1.5 Up to 1: 5 in terms of metal.

This task is also solved by a fuel composition based on automobile fuel, preferably gasoline or diesel fuel, containing an additive comprising nickel salts of monocarboxylic acids having a carbon number of 3 to 9 and zinc salts of monocarboxylic acids having from 3 to 9 carbon atoms at a weight ratio Ni: Zn from 1: 1.5 to 1: 5 in terms of metal taken in an amount that provides a concentration of Ni of at least 0.5-1.0 mg and Zn is not 1.5-2.5 mg per 1 liter of base Fuel.

Nickel and zinc salts of monocarboxylic acids with the number of carbon atoms n = 3-9 are solids highly soluble in automotive fuel (gasoline, diesel fuel), but also in organic solvents that can be mixed with fuel.

The claimed additive is prepared by simply mixing one or more nickel salts of monocarboxylic acids and one or more zinc salts of monocarboxylic acids, including those mixed in an anion, in an amount providing the claimed ratio between Ni and Zn. In this case, both commercial commercial salts and salts prepared according to known standard techniques can be used immediately prior to use.

The fuel composition is obtained by applying the calculated amounts of nickel and zinc salts to the base fuel, which can be carried out in several ways.

In one embodiment of the invention, an appropriate amount of the previously obtained claimed additive is introduced into the base fuel, providing the claimed content in the composition of Ni and Zn in terms of metal.

In another embodiment of the invention for preparing the composition, the calculated amounts of nickel and zinc salts are alternately dissolved in the fuel with stirring.

In order to ensure an even distribution of the additive in the fuel composition, it is also possible to introduce it into the base fuel as a solution in one of the organic solvents capable of mixing with fuel, for example ethoxyethanol, N-butanol, benzene and the like.

Another possible way of carrying out the invention is to use two separate solutions to prepare the claimed fuel composition: one containing the calculated number of nickel salts of monocarboxylic acids and another containing the calculated amount of zinc salts of monocarboxylic acids in a solvent-miscible organic solvent.

In order to obtain a fuel composition in small volumes, for example directly in a fuel tank of a car, in view of the small amount of an additive in the composition of a fuel composition, it is expedient to use additive solutions or solutions of the calculated amounts of nickel and zinc salts of monocarboxylic acids in it in an organic solvent capable of mixing With fuel.

When using the claimed fuel composition, the nickel salts of monocarboxylic acids having from 3 to 9 carbon atoms, which are part of the claimed additive, decompose at the ignition temperature of the fuel, mainly forming atomic nickel having catalytic properties. In this case, the nickel atoms are evenly distributed throughout the working volume of the cylinder in the form of an atomic "fog", not settling on its walls and the bottom of the piston.

Metallic Ni has a high affinity for CO, and is a widely used hydrogenation catalyst. CO and H ₂ molecules, which come into temporary contact with the atomic "fog" of metallic Ni, are immobilized for some time, which facilitates their further interaction with oxygen, i.e. in this case the combustion process goes faster and fuller. Hydrocarbons of fuel are more evenly burned throughout the volume of the working cylinder.

Molecules of zinc salts of monocarboxylic acids with the number of carbon atoms from 3 to 9 in the composition of the claimed additive decompose at the ignition temperature of the working mixture with the predominant formation of atomic zinc, having the ability at a "cold flame" temperature (500 ° C) to give an impulse to ignition of the surrounding molecules, Which contributes to volumetric ignition of the fuel and ensures its uniform combustion throughout the working volume.

In addition, the presence of these zinc salts of monocarboxylic acids in diesel fuel provides a reduction in the autoignition temperature of the working mixture, which results in a shortening of the ignition delay period of the working mixture.

The predominant use of nickel and zinc salts of acetic and / or trimethylacetic and / or phenylacetic and / or valeric and / or oily and / or propionic and / or caproic and / or caprylic and / or pelargonic acids provides optimal Achievement of the task in view, since the decomposition of these salts at the ignition temperature of the working mixture leads to the formation of the maximum amount of free metals, which ensures the most efficient "afterburning" of the fuel.

When using the claimed additive in the composition of the fuel composition, despite the formation of additional energy due to a more complete combustion of the fuel, a decrease in the temperature of the exhaust gases is observed, indicating that this additional energy is converted into useful work, rather than into heat, thereby increasing the coefficient Useful action of the engine.

In addition, the conducted tests of the effect of the claimed fuel composition containing the claimed fuel additive, using different types of fuel, showed an increase in engine torque by an average of 15-20%, and fuel economy by 5-8%, which indicates an increase in engine power and Its efficiency.

Thus, the claimed additive and fuel composition contribute to optimizing the combustion process of the fuel mixture, ensuring the uniformity of this process in the entire volume and completeness of combustion, resulting in reduced toxicity and fumes of exhaust gases, and increases the efficiency of the engine and its power.

Exemplary Embodiments of the Invention

Example 1

To obtain an additive, 0.88 g of nickel salt of propionic acid (C ₃ H ₅ O ₂ ) ₂ Ni and 1.11 g of nickel salt of trimethylacetic acid (C ₅ H ₉ O ₂ ) ₂ Ni were mixed with 1.82 g of zinc salt of butyric acid (C ₄ H ₇ O ₂ ) ₂ Zn and 2.04 g of zinc salt of trimethylacetic acid (C ₅ H ₉ O ₂ ) ₂ Zn.

All the amount of the additive obtained was dissolved in 500 liters of AI-92 gasoline. In 1 liter of the obtained fuel composition contains 1 mg of Ni and 2 mg of Zn in the composition of monocarboxylic salts in terms of metal.

Example 2

To prepare the additive, 23.88 grams of a mixed nickel salt of propionic acid and trimethylacetic acid and 46.32 g of a mixed zinc salt of oily and trimethylacetic acid were mixed.

The entire amount of the obtained additive was dissolved in 1000 ml of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (ethyl cellosolve). The entire solution, containing 3000 mg of Ni and 6000 mg of Zn in terms of metal, is introduced into a container with 6,000 liters of A-92 gasoline (petrol). In 1 liter of the obtained fuel composition contains 1 mg of Ni and 2 mg of Zn in the composition of monocarboxylic salts in terms of metal.

Example 3

Solution A. 3.98 g of the mixed nickel salt of propionic acid and trimethylacetic acid were dissolved in 1000 ml of benzene containing 8% of dimethylformamide. The resulting solution contains 1 mg / ml Ni in terms of metal.

Solution B 3.86 g of the mixed zinc salt of butyric acid and trimethylacetic acid were dissolved in 1000 ml of a solvent containing 2 parts of ethoxyethanol and 1 part of n-butyl alcohol. The resulting solution contains 1 mg / ml Zn in terms of metal.

In a container containing 40 liters of diesel fuel, namely into the gasoline tank of the car, 20 ml of solution A and 100 ml of solution B were added.

In 1 liter of the obtained fuel composition contains 0.5 mg of Ni and 2.5 mg of Zn in the composition of monocarboxylic salts in terms of metal.

Example 4

To obtain the additive, 2.99 g of the mixed nickel salt of pelargonic acid (C ₉ H ₁₇ O ₂ ) ₂ Ni and phenylacetic acid (C ₈ H ₇ O ₂ ) ₂ Ni with 10.56 g of mixed zinc salt of phenylacetic acid (C ₈ H ₇ O ₂ ) ₂ Zn and caprylic acid (C ₈ H ₁₅ O ₂ ) ₂ Zn.

To obtain the fuel composition, the entire amount of the obtained additive is dissolved in 1000 ml of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether. The entire solution, containing 500 mg of Ni and 2000 mg of Zn in terms of metal, is introduced into a container with 1,000 liters of AI-80 gasoline. The resulting fuel composition contains 0.5 mg of Ni and 2.0 mg of Zn per liter of fuel, based on the metal.

Example 5

Solution A 1.58 g of the nickel salt of pelargonic acid and 1.41 g of nickel salt of phenylacetic acid were mixed to prepare the solution. The entire amount of the resulting mixture was dissolved in 500 ml of benzene containing 8% dimethylformamide. The resulting solution contains 1 mg / ml Ni in terms of metal.

Solution B To prepare the solution, 1.29 g of zinc salt of phenylacetic acid and 1.35 zinc salt of caprylic acid were mixed. The entire amount of the resulting mixture was dissolved in 500 ml of a solvent containing 2 parts of ethoxyethanol and 1 part of n-butyl alcohol. The resulting solution contains 1 mg / ml Zn in terms of metal.

In a container containing 40 liters of AI-95 gasoline, namely into the gasoline tank of the car, add 40 ml of solution A and 60 ml of solution B.

The obtained fuel composition contains 1.0 mg of Ni and 1.5 mg of Zn in terms of metal in 1 liter.

Fuel compositions according to the examples 1-5 were tested on a run-in stand of the brand KS276-04 (for passenger cars) on the following engines of domestic and Japanese production: AI-80 gasoline - engine ZMZ-4025.10, volume 2.5 liters; Gasoline AI-92 - engine 3AU, volume 1.5 liters; Petrol AI-95 - engine 4S-FE, the volume of 1.8 liters; Diesel fuel Л 0,2-40 - engine 2LT, volume 2,4 l, installed on the stand without catalytic converters.

At the same time, a fuel composition based on unleaded AI-92 gasoline containing a known additive (prototype) 1.0 mg of nickel salt of caprylic acid (C ₇ H ₁₅ COO) ₂ Ni per 1 kg of gasoline (Example 6) was tested and a fuel composition , Containing 3.0 mg of the same additive per 1 kg of diesel fuel L 0.2-40 (Example 7).

Exhaust values ​​were determined, regulated by GOST Р52033-2003 (introduced from 01.01.04).

During the test we used standard control devices manufactured by our industry:

For gasoline engines:

- gas analyzer "Infrakar M 1.02", issue of 2004. Measuring range of CO is 0-7%; CH - 0-3000 ppm (millionths of volume, related to the percentage content by approximate dependence 10,000 ppm = 1%); СО - 0-16%; O ₂ - 0-21%; Air redundancy factor l - 0 ... 2 (relative value);

For diesel engines:

- gas analyzer GIAM-27-02, issue of 2002. Measurement range of CO is 0-0.5%; CH = 0-5000 ppm;

- smoke meter DO-1, the 2002 edition. Smoke 0-100%.

The test results are given in the table.

The results of the tests showed no effect from the use of the known additive (prototype) for the measured emission values, while the claimed additive in the composition of the fuel composition reduces the toxic emissions of petrol and diesel engines by 5-16 times for CO, 3-4 times for CH And the smokiness of exhaust diesel engines by more than 50%.

Thus, the technical result of the claimed technical solution is to reduce the toxicity and smokiness of the exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine due to a more even and complete combustion of fuel throughout the engine's working cylinder, which ensures the expansion of the fuel base and assortment of automotive fuels with improved operational properties, including Including environmental characteristics. In addition, the claimed technical solution additionally provides an increase in the efficiency and power of the internal combustion engine.

CLAIM

1. An additive for gasolines and diesel fuels containing nickel salts of monocarboxylic acids, characterized in that, as nickel salts of monocarboxylic acids, it contains monocarboxylic acid salts with the number of carbon atoms in the C ₃ -C ₉ molecule and additionally contains zinc salts of monocarboxylic acids with a number Carbon atoms in the C ₃ -C ₉ molecule at a mass ratio of Ni: Zn from 1: 1.5 to 1: 5 in terms of metal.

2. An additive according to claim 1, characterized in that, as nickel and zinc salts of monocarboxylic acids, it contains nickel and zinc salts of acetic and / or trimethylacetic and / or phenylacetic and / or valeric and / or oily and / Or propionic, and / or caproic, and / or caprylic and / or pelargonic acids.

3. Топливная композиция, содержащая автомобильное топливо, преимущественно бензин или дизельное топливо, и присадку, отличающаяся тем, что в качестве присадки она содержит никелевые соли монокарбоновых кислот с числом атомов углерода в молекуле С ₃ -С ₉ и цинковые соли монокарбоновых кислот с числом атомов углерода в молекуле С ₃ -С ₉ при массовом соотношении Ni:Zn в составе солей от 1:1,5 до 1:5 в пересчете на металл, взятые в количествах, обеспечивающих концентрацию Ni 0,5-1,0 мг и Zn 1,5-2,5 мг на 1 л автомобильного топлива.

4. Топливная композиция по п.3, отличающаяся тем, что в качестве никелевых и цинковых солей монокарбоновых кислот она содержит никелевые и цинковые соли уксусной, и/или триметилуксусной, и/или фенилуксусной, и/или валериановой, и/или масляной, и/или пропионовой, и/или капроновой, и/или каприловой, и/или пеларгоновой кислот.

print version
Date of publication 07.04.2007gg

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