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USEFUL ADDITIVES FOR PETROL AND OTHER MOTOR FUELS
INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2278283

METHOD FOR REDUCING THE TOXICITY OF EXHAUST GASES OF A INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

METHOD FOR REDUCING THE TOXICITY OF EXHAUST GASES
ENGINE OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION

The name of the inventor: Gerken Andrey Viktorovich (RU); Safronov Vladimir Gavrilovich (RU); Koshelev Alexander Grigorievich (RU); Gerken Viktor Veniaminovich (RU)
The name of the patent holder: Andrey V. Gerken (RU); Safronov Vladimir Gavrilovich (RU); Koshelev Alexander Grigorievich (RU); Gerken Viktor Veniaminovich (RU)
Address for correspondence: 117454, Moscow, ul. Udaltsova, 24, ap. 57, A.V. Gerken
Date of commencement of the patent: 2004.04.01

The invention relates to the field of engineering, in particular to methods for reducing the toxicity of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines (ICE). To improve the efficiency of reducing the toxicity of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines and reducing the material costs during operation, the catalytic additives intensifying the burning process of the fuel in the combustion chamber are introduced into the working chamber of the ICE chamber by fixing them in the microroughness of at least one rubbing surface in the working Volume combustion chamber ICE. The fastening of catalytic additives such as metals and metal oxides of Cr, Co, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn, in microroughness on rubbing surfaces is carried out by rubbing these surfaces with bars, which contain at least catalytic additives and materials that hold Additives in these microroughnesses (ligaments). The grinding is carried out by honing or superfinishing the surface in a final honing operation (superfinishing) or an additional operation after final honing (superfinishing). To enhance the effect in the working volume, it is also possible to add catalytic additives together with fuel.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of engineering, in particular to methods for reducing the toxicity of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines (ICE).

There are known methods for reducing the toxicity of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines by, for example, afterburning of unburned fuel residues or purification of exhaust gases (RF patents Nos. 2.125168, 2164298, cl. F 01 N 3/08). These methods of reducing the toxicity of exhaust gases are associated with significant material costs, because For their implementation, special devices should be provided at the engine development stage. In addition, there is a noticeable loss in the power of the internal combustion engine.

A method is known for reducing the toxicity of exhaust gases by catalytic effect on the burning of fuel in the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, in which catalytic additives are introduced into the fuel, for example, the oxide compounds of cheap metals: Fe 2 O 3 , ZnO, CuO, Cr 2 O 3 , MnO 2 , NiO (RF patent No. 2163677, F 02 B 47/04).

However, additives, catalytic effect on combustion processes, are consumable (along with fuel), which increases the cost of running the engine. In addition, the introduction of additives in the fuel does not fully contribute to its combustion, because At the walls of the cooled cylinders, the combustion slows down, and this does not help reduce the toxicity of the exhaust gases.

A method for reducing the toxicity of exhaust gases of a combustion engine is known in which a coating containing catalytic additives selected from a platinum group of metals is fixed on the surfaces of the walls of the combustion chamber formed by the walls of the cylinder, the cylinder head and the piston head, which are not friction surfaces. To cover the walls, a paste-like mixture of catalytic additives and a binder- -oxidized aluminum, applied to the surface of the walls and cured at elevated temperatures. This results in a porous coating repeating the relief of the wall surface, or various irregularities are performed on the surface of the coating (US Patent No. 4,577,611, cl. F 02 B 75/08, 1986)

A coating made according to a known technical solution facilitates a faster ignition of the fuel charge, however, as the piston moves toward the crankshaft, an increasing portion of the combustion chamber will be limited to the friction surface of the cylinder on which there is no coating, thereby reducing the effect of the catalytic substances deposited outside Slip zones, i.e. Covering the walls outside the sliding zone does not have an active effect on the combustion process of the fuel charge in the stage of active combustion and afterburning of the fuel charge.

Fixing a noticeable mass of catalytic and fixing materials with a protrusion above the surface or above the unevenness of the surface of the walls of the combustion chamber of internal combustion engines under conditions of extreme force and temperature cyclic loads can lead to delamination of dissimilar materials and thereby cause an emergency situation. In addition, it is very difficult to implement these processes of fastening catalysts on bulky parts (cylinder liners, cylinder blocks, block heads, pistons) with significant coating surfaces in technological production in mass production.

The presence of pores and unevenness in the coating provided for in the patent will inevitably lead to an increase in oil fouling, which is an essential component of the harmful effect of the exhaust gases.

The purpose of the invention is to increase the efficiency of reducing the toxicity of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines, avoiding emergency situations due to delamination of the coating from the surfaces and reducing the laboriousness of fixing the coating.

The aim is achieved in that in the method for reducing the toxicity of the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines by fixing the catalytic additives in the microroughness on at least one surface located in the working volume of the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine, fixing the additives in the microroughnesses by at least one rubbing The surfaces are rubbed with brusks, which contain at least catalytic additives and materials that retain additives in microroughness, and rubbing is carried out by honing (superfinishing) the surface or on an additional operation after final honing (superfinishing).

Microroughness is the roughness of the surface, obtained mainly as a result of machining the part. After machining, the surface is a set of protrusions and valleys, the dimensions of which, depending on the type of machining, can be different. For friction parts ICE microroughness is mainly formed during honing or superfinishing of these surfaces, depending on which operation is provided by the technology of manufacturing the part.

As catalyst additives, the metals and metal oxides of Cr, Co, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn known for these purposes can be used separately or in any combination.

Fixation of catalytic additives in microroughness on rubbing surfaces is carried out by rubbing these surfaces with brushes, which contain at least catalytic additives and materials that retain additives in these microroughnesses (ligaments).

The processing by rubbing at least one rubbing surface with bars containing catalytic additives is carried out by honing or superfinishing the surface in a final honing operation (superfinishing) or as an additional operation after final honing (superfinishing). As a result of this treatment, the cavities of the microroughness of the surface turn out to be filled with catalytic additives and the material retaining the catalytic additives without protruding above the surface.

As materials that retain the catalytic additives in the bar and in the surface microroughness, soft metals such as stranded, tin, nickel, or in the form of alloys are used. These materials easily enter the microroughness of the treated surface and do not have a negative effect on the ICE operation.

To enhance the effect in the working volume, it is also possible to add catalytic additives together with fuel.

The friction surfaces in the combustion chamber chamber which can be rubbed are cylinders, cylinder liners, piston rings and piston surfaces. The most appropriate is to rub the cylinders or cylinder liners.

THE METHOD IS PROVIDED AS FOLLOWS:

To fix the catalytic additives in the microroughness of the rubbing surface, for example, on the surface of the cylinder liner, bars were prepared that included catalytic additives and materials that retain additives, for example, a copper and tin alloy, which easily enters the microroughness of the cylinder liner surface and reliably retains in these microroughnesses Catalytic additives. Bars can also contain other substances, for example molybdenum disulphide, to provide a coating of antifriction properties, etc. The bars were prepared according to the traditional technology: cold pressing - sintering at a temperature of about 700 ° C - hot pressing at a pressure of about 2 t / cm 2 .

According to well-known technology, cylinder liners were treated with diamond honbrusks containing AC6 63/50 diamond and a copper-tin binder, with removal of the allowance of ~ 10 μm. Then the cylinder liners, the surfaces of which contained microroughness from diamond processing, were additionally honed with bars with catalytic additives. With additional honing, the size of the sleeve remained within the tolerance, a thin layer of bar material was applied on the surface of the sleeve, ie. There was fixing in the microroughness of the surface of the cartridge case of catalytic additives with soft metals that are part of the bars, and the treated surface acquired a characteristic flat-top microprofile. The set of the processed sleeves was completed with the corresponding parts of the crank-piston group.

In the study of samples cut from the cylinder liner, which had an operating time of 2000 hours with an appropriate wear on the rubbing surfaces by X-ray microanalysis, the substances contained in the bars, namely the catalytic additives, were recorded. As is known, for the intensification of chemical processes, quite a small number of active centers, catalysts, are sufficient to ensure the course of the process.

The amount of the bar material attached to the friction surface was regulated by the honing conditions and the ratio of the hardness of the bars and the material to be processed.

The catalyst, fixed on the working surface of the cylinder liner, operates under rather favorable conditions. The catalyst particles are in the active destructured state due to the constant deforming action of the rubbing pairs, while the surface of the catalyst is constantly cleaned.

In addition, the presence of a catalyst on the walls of constantly cooled cylinders makes it possible to accelerate the course of the combustion reaction and, due to the specific direction of their action, favorably influence their course.

As catalytic additives, substances which, in addition to having a catalytic effect, must be preserved both in the manufacture of bars and in the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine. Such requirements are meted out by metals and metal oxides exhibiting polyvalent properties and retaining sufficient chemical resistance in the atmosphere of the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine at temperatures up to ~ 1000 ° С. Metals exhibiting multivalent properties are contained in the following groups of the periodic table: IB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIIIB, and enter the 4, 5 and 6 periods. Most of these requirements are met by the following metals and their oxides: Cr, Co, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn.

When applying the method for reducing the toxicity of the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine by attaching catalytic additives to friction surfaces, additional addition of fuel additives is possible. This will greatly enhance the effect, especially after a significant run of transport, but will slightly increase material costs.

The tests of the method were carried out on a gasoline engine UZAM-331.

After running the car with the engine in the running-in mode about 500 km, the compression pressure in the cylinders was controlled, which differed no more than 10% of the average accepted value. After that, measurements of the parameters of the exhaust gases were carried out at idle. The measurements were carried out with the gas analyzer GAZTEST-Avesta 4.01 with the determination of the carbon monoxide CO and hydrocarbons CxHy. After that, the engine was dismantled, the sleeves were re-tied to the next repair size and the tests were repeated.

The test results showed that the relative CO content in the exhaust gases decreased by 20-40%, and CxHx - by 30-50% compared to the engines, whose cylinder liners were processed by traditional technology.

In addition to model tests, production tests were carried out on D10 UTS-180E 1 Ikarus buses. Four buses with serial engines and four buses with engines, cylinder liners of which were treated with bars with catalytic additives, were operated both on urban and intercity routes.

Bus tests were conducted throughout the year. Monthly indicators of the passed way, the expense of oil and fuel were removed. During this period, buses passed an average of more than 100,000 km each.

The fuel and oil consumption on internal combustion engines decreased compared to the serial engines, respectively: for fuel by 4.8%, for oil - 42.0%, which ensures a reduction in harmful emissions.

Reducing fuel consumption was due to more complete combustion of fuel under the catalytic effect of catalytic additives attached to the walls of the cylinders. More complete combustion of fuel allowed to reduce toxicity of exhaust gases, improve engine performance and reduce material costs.

CLAIM

1. A method for reducing the toxicity of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines by fixing catalytic additives in microroughness on at least one rubbing surface located in the working volume of the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, characterized in that fixing the additives in the microroughnesses of at least one Rubbing surface is done by rubbing this surface with a block consisting of at least catalytic additives and materials retaining additives in microroughness, and grinding is carried out by honing (superfinishing) the surface or on an additional operation after final honing (superfinishing).

2. A process according to claim 1, characterized in that metals selected from the group of Cr, Co, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn and the oxides of these metals are used as catalytic additives, separately or in any combination.

3. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that soft metals such as copper, tin, nickel and their alloys are used as materials retaining the catalytic additives in the microroughness of at least one rubbing surface.

4. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that further catalytic additives are introduced into the fuel supplied to the working volume of the combustion chamber.

print version
Date of publication 13.01.2007gg