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METHODS OF PRODUCING LIQUID AND SOLID FUEL FROM INDUSTRIAL AND DOMESTIC WASTES
INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2277119

METHOD AND SOLAR INSTALLATION FOR OBTAINING THE ARTIFICIAL
LIQUID FUEL FROM CARBON-CONTAINING MATERIALS

The name of the inventor: Ivancevskaya Emilia Sergeevna (RU); Rabbimov Rakhim Teshaevich (RU); Strebkov Dmitry Semenovich (RU); Trushevsky Stanislav Nikolaevich (RU)
The name of the patent holder: State Scientific Institution All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture Electrification (GNU VIESH) (RU)
Address for correspondence: 109456, Moscow, 1-st Veshnyakovskii pr-d, 2, GNU VIESKh, O.V. Golubevoy
Date of commencement of the patent: 2005.03.15

The invention relates to solar engineering, in particular to methods for processing and producing artificial fuel oil from carbonaceous materials of plant waste (wood pulp, plant agricultural waste, for example, sunflower husks, etc.) by photothermolysis in installations concentrating solar radiation. The method for producing artificial liquid fuels consists in preparing the charge by grinding vegetable waste, drying to a moisture content of 10%, calibrating, calcining the carbonaceous substance, pyrolyzing the charge, dehydrating and liquefying the vapor-gas mixture, in photothermal exposure - photothermolysis (photoactivation and photodissociation) of pyrolysis gaseous products At a temperature of 200-240 ° C and atmospheric pressure, followed by the passage of chemically active products - gases CH 4 , C 2 H 4 , C n H m , CO, H 2 , CO 2 , etc. through a paraffin layer with a catalyst of Fe at a temperature of 240 ° С and atmospheric pressure. An installation for implementing the method is also described. The invention allows expanding the raw material base for the production of liquid fuels.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to solar engineering, in particular to methods for processing and producing artificial fuel oil from carbonaceous materials of plant waste (wood pulp, plant agricultural waste, for example, sunflower husks, etc.) by photothermolysis in installations concentrating solar radiation.

A solar installation and a method for cracking petroleum hydrocarbons are known. For the processing of heavy petroleum products such as paraffins, a solar furnace was used in Odeillo, France, with a capacity of 6 kW with a vertical arrangement of the optical axis of the concentrator. It is assembled from 306 mirror facets of hexagonal shape, in which the reflecting surface has a spherical shape. The focal length of the concentrator is 7.6 m. The solar radiation is directed to the mirror of the concentrator by a heliostat of 4.5 · 6 m, assembled from 12 flat mirrors and located under the mirror of the concentrator. In the focal plane of the concentrator there is a reactor made in the form of a quartz vessel of cylindrical shape. The power of the radiant flux irradiating the surface of the reactor was regulated by an obturator located between the concentrator and the reactor and controlled by a system including temperature sensors in the form of thermocouples located at various locations in the reactor. The starting products are fed to the reactor from below. As an example, the composition of gases obtained as a result of heating the reactor by solar radiation to a temperature of 873 ° C is given in (%): H 2 - 5.4; CH 4 - 26.24; C 2 H 4 - 47.36; C 2 H 6 - 2.56; C 2 H 2 - 1.5; C 3 H 8 - 15.76; С 4 Н 6 - 1.13. The results of tests of the quartz reactor made it possible to develop a scheme of an industrial-type metal reactor for the pyrolysis of paraffins with a concentrator of solar radiation and with a concentrating mirror with a vertical axis of the optical axis (Blouri, V., Depeyre D., Sol. Therm, Center Receiver, Syst .: Proc 3 - Int. Workshop, Kanastas. June 23-27, 1986, "vol 2", Berlin ea, 1986, 703-717).

The disadvantage is the complexity of the design for the production of pyrolysis products and the high cost of installation.

A solar installation and a method for gasifying pyrolysis materials such as wood, paper, and coal are known. As a result, H 2 , CO and light hydrocarbons are obtained. A reactor design is described in which solar radiation is supplied by means of local light guides. The reactor is designed in the form of two coaxially located metal wheels with a height of 4 m, the diameters of which are 4 m and 6 m. The space between the rings is filled with heat absorbing material, and the inner surface of the ring of smaller diameter, which limits the working chamber of the reactor, has a mirror coating. Solar radiation is introduced into the reactor through a variety of optical fibers. Two variants of a fiber light guide are considered: 1 mm and 2 mm. With a concentration coefficient at the input end of a fiber waveguide equal to 3000, the power of the radiant flux transmitted through each fiber is 400 W at a diameter of 2 mm. The number of optical fibers introduced into the reactor is 1.23 × 10 8 or 3 × 10 5 , respectively. Each input end of the optical fibers is aligned with the output end of a monolithic focon, whose optical axis is directed toward the Sun. (Solar gasification of carbonaceous material, Anolujek JN, Romero N., Sol., Therm., Cent., Receiver Syst: Proc. 3 Int. Workshop, June 23 -27, 1986, vol.2. "Berlin ea 1986, 967-974).

Disadvantage of this design and gasification method is low efficiency, thermodynamic loading and dispersion, complexity of design and maintenance, high cost of installation are not taken into account.

The method closest to the claimed invention is a method for producing an artificial oil-like substance from plant raw materials and a device for carrying it out, the method comprising performing hydrogenation of the feedstock at a temperature of 450 ° C and a pressure of 150 atm with the chemically active vapor-gas-like products of its pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is subjected to peat batch, which is prepared from peat by drying it to 15% moisture, grinding and then calibrating on a sieve with a hole diameter of 2 mm and mixing with an iron catalyst - ground iron - at a component ratio, wt%: peat 90, iron 10 , With a heating rate of 6 deg / min until the temperature in the autoclave (pyrolyzator) reaches 450 ° C and a pressure of 150 at, and the hydrogenation is subjected to a peat paste preheated to 43 ° C, obtained by mixing crushed peat with kerosene, fuel oil and iron catalyst at a ratio Components, mass%: peat 23.8, iron catalyst 4.8, kerosene 4.8, fuel oil 23.8, followed by heating at a rate of 6 deg / min until autoclave temperature 450 ° C and 150 atm with subsequent Extraction of hydrogenated hydrogenate without forced cooling for 25-30 minutes. The process of obtaining an artificial petroleum-like substance is repeated several times, each subsequent process being carried out in the presence of residual pyrolysis vapor and hydrogenation of the previous process, the supply of which is made when they reach a temperature of 150 ° C in a peat batch and peat paste preheated in autoclaves to 47 ° C . A multi-autoclave reactor is used comprising at least three identical pairs of autoclaves, each containing a pyrolysis and hydrogenation unit with individual heating systems interconnected by means of a shut-off device, each pyrolyzer and hygrogenizer of each previous pair of autoclaves connected by means of communication locking devices. All the shut-off devices of the multi-autoclave reactor are of the same design and are made in the form of ball valves (Solar, gasification of carbonaceous material.) Anolujek JN, Romero N. Sol., Therm. Cent., Syst .: Proc. 3 INT workshop, June 23-27 , 1986, vol.2. "Berlin ea 1986, 967-974).

The disadvantage of this method and device is the large energy costs and complexity of the design.

The object of the present invention is to provide a method and method for producing an artificial liquid fuel from carbonaceous materials and raw materials by means of pyrolysis and photothermolysis, and to create an installation for its implementation based on solar radiation concentrators with a photothermolymer reactor , Shredder, dryer and calibrator for photothermal treatment with highly efficient use of solar energy, expansion of raw materials base, increase of yield of artificial liquid fuels and reduction of production costs.

The technical result of the proposed invention is the expansion of the raw material base.

The technical result of the proposed invention is achieved in that plant waste is selected - wood pulp or agricultural waste of vegetable origin, for example sunflower husk, straw, cleaned of mechanical impurities and contaminants, ground in a twin-screw mill to a size of 1 mm, calibrated on a sieve with a hole diameter of 1 Mm. The resulting plant mass is dried separately by a solar air heater or a doubler-electric heater at a temperature of 100 ÷ 120 ° C to a humidity of 10%. The dried plant mass is stored in a dry, warm room with a relative humidity of up to 70% due to the hygroscopicity of the dry mass. Carry out pyrolysis in an autoclave (or in a pyrolysis vessel in the form of a cylindrical vessel of stainless steel thermally insulated, equipped with a dispenser, an electric heater, temperature and pressure meters, and shut-off devices in the form of ball valves for discharging vapor-gas mixtures and liquid-solid slurries for subsequent processing in a condenser) At a rate of 5 deg./min. Before autoclaving in a 450 ° C autoclave and a pressure of 150 at, is maintained under these conditions for 25-30 minutes, then for 20 minutes the reactive vapor-gas products (CH 4 , C 2 H 4 , C N H m , CO, H 2 , CO 2 , etc.), which constitute more than 60% of the mass of the raw wood raw material, is sent to a condenser, cooled to a temperature of 50 ° C, the moisture is separated, after which the gaseous pyrolysis products are subjected to a light- Photothermolysis (photoactivation and photodissociation) at a temperature of 240 ° C and atmospheric pressure for 20-25 minutes in a photothermolator (in the form of a thermally insulated vessel with a translucent window of quartz glass) of a solar concentrator, photothermalized gas mixtures are passed through a slurry reactor (reactor, Filled with a paraffin layer of 1/3 of its volume, in which the catalyst Fe is placed) to produce an oil-like liquid fuel. Specific yield of fuel reaches 300 ± 60 g / m of paraffin wax for 2 min.

To increase the degree of conversion, the gas is recirculated 6 ÷ 8 times for 30 minutes. The resulting liquid-solid sludge is sent to treat the plant mass. The process of obtaining fuel is repeated by continuous cycles. On cloudy days and in case of insufficient solar radiation, the power supply of the plant is produced from an autonomous source or a central network. In the case of power supply, the reactor is equipped with an illuminator with a radiation spectrum close to solar (metal halide lamps). The autoclave, the condenser, the solar concentrator reactor and photothermolymer and the slurry reactor are connected via shut-off devices in the form of ball valves.

The inventive method for producing an artificial liquid fuel from carbonaceous materials is carried out by using vegetable waste, wood pulp or agricultural vegetable residues, for example sunflower husks, straw as a carbonaceous material, from which, after purification from mechanical impurities and impurities, the charge is prepared by grinding to a size 1 mm, dried at a temperature of 100-120 ° C to a humidity of 10%, calibrated to a size of 1 mm, treated with carbonaceous mud, heated (pyrolyzed) wood batch at a rate of 5 deg / min for 90 minutes to 450 ° C and pressure 150 atm and, under these conditions, are kept for 25-30 minutes, the vapor-gas mixture of pyrolysis products is cooled to a temperature of 50 ° C and atmospheric pressure, dehydrated and liquefied. Pyrolysis gaseous products undergo photothermal exposure - photothermolysis (photoactivation and photodissociation) at a temperature of 200 ÷ 240 ° C and atmospheric pressure. After photothermolysis, gaseous mixtures consisting of chemically active products - gases CH 4 , C 2 H 4 , C n H m , CO, H 2 , CO 2 , etc., are passed through a paraffin layer with a catalyst of Fe at a temperature of 240 ° C and atmospheric Pressure and receive liquid fuel. Specific yield of fuel reaches 300 ± 60 g / m 2 of paraffin wax for 2 min. To increase the degree of conversion, the gas is recirculated 6 ÷ 8 times for 30 minutes. The liquid-solid slurry obtained in the process is sent to treat the plant mass. The process of obtaining fuel is repeated by continuous cycles.

The inventive plant for carrying out the method for producing an artificial liquid fuel from carbonaceous materials of vegetable waste, wood pulp or agricultural waste of vegetable origin, for example sunflower husk, straw, consists of a twin-screw chopper, a solar (electric) air heater, an autoclave (pyrolyzator), a condenser, a reactor -photothermolator, solar radiation concentrator (artificial radiator-metal-halogen lamp), slurry reactor with solar (electro) heating.

The claimed method and apparatus for producing liquid fuel from carbonaceous materials of plant waste, wood pulp or agricultural vegetable residues, for example sunflower husk, straw, is illustrated by the drawings shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. FIG. 1 is a flow diagram for the production of liquid fuel from 2, a general view of an apparatus for producing a liquid fuel comprising a twin screw grinder 1, a dryer 2 with a solar (electric) heater 5, a calibrator 3, an autoclave (pyrolyzator) 4 with a solar (electric) heater 5, A condenser 6, a photothermal reactor 7 with a solar concentrator 8 (artificial-metal halide lamps) and a slurry reactor 9 with a solar (electric) heater 5 (duplicating devices in FIG. 2 are not shown) in the form of a cylindrical stainless steel vessel filled with paraffin , 3 of its volume with the catalyst Fe, conjugated by locking devices (not shown in FIG. 2) in the form of ball valves.

There is an installation for producing liquid fuel from carbonaceous materials of plant waste - wood pulp or agricultural waste of vegetable origin, for example, sunflower husk, straw, as follows.

From the plant mass, after purification from mechanical impurities and impurities, the charge is prepared by grinding to a size of 1 mm, dried at a temperature of 1004-120 ° C to a humidity of 10% (on a solar or electric air heater), calibrated on sieves with a hole diameter of 1 mm, filled with an autoclave of wood 1 mm thick, treated with coal sludge, and include heating (solar or electric), heated wood batch at a rate of 5 deg / min for 90 minutes to a temperature of 450 ° C and a pressure of 150 at and under these conditions are kept for 25 ÷ 30 min. The autoclave shut-off devices open a vapor-gas mixture, which exceeds 60% of the mass of the feedstock, and enters the condenser, where pyrolysis vapor-gas products are cooled to 50 ° C and at atmospheric pressure, moisture is separated and liquefied. At the same time, the shut-off devices of the autoclave are closed and the condenser closures are opened and pyrolysis gaseous products are fed to the photothermalizer of the solar concentrator (a reactor in the form of a thermally insulated vessel equipped with a quartz glass window for concentrated solar radiation and temperature and pressure sensors). Gaseous pyrolysis products undergo photothermolysis - photothermolysis (photoactivation and photodissociation) by concentrated solar beams (8 ÷ 10-fold concentration with total solar radiation 600 ÷ 800 W / m 2 ) or artificial radiation with a spectrum close to solar (for example, metal halide lamps) , Through the window of the photothermolymer reactor at a temperature of 200-240 ° C and atmospheric pressure, after which the shutter devices of the photothermolymer reactor are closed, the shut-off devices of the slurry reactor are opened and after photothermolysis, the gaseous mixtures enter the slurry reactor (a reactor in the form of a vessel filled with paraffin for 1 / 3 of its volume, in which the catalyst Fe is placed), where at a temperature of 240 ° C and atmospheric pressure, reactive photothermolysed products consisting of gases CH 4 , C 2 H 4 , C n H m , CO, H 2 , CO 2 and Etc., passed through a layer of paraffin with a catalyst of Fe, and a liquid fuel is obtained. Specific yield of fuel reaches 300 ± 60 g / m 2 of paraffin wax for 2 min. To increase the degree of conversion, the gas is recirculated 6 ÷ 8 times. The liquid-solid slurries that are formed in the process are sent to treat the plant mass. The process of obtaining fuel is repeated by continuous cycles. The locking devices at the end of the fuel production cycle are closed in an autoclave, a condenser, a photothermolymer reactor and a slurry reactor. To work on cloudy days and at night, the autoclave is equipped with an electric heater, a solar air heater - an electric air heater, a photothermolymer reactor - an artificial sun device (metal halide lamps), a slurry reactor - an electric heater.

CLAIM

1. A method for producing artificial fuel oil from carbonaceous materials by using vegetable waste, wood pulp or agricultural waste of vegetable origin, for example sunflower husk, straw, etc., as carbonaceous materials, consisting in the fact that the wood pulp is cleaned of mechanical impurities and contaminants, Batch by grinding, drying at a temperature of 100-120 ° C to a humidity of 10%, calibrating to a size of 1 mm, subjected to pyrolysis, characterized in that after the calibration the charge is treated with a sludge of carbonaceous material, the mixture is heated (pyrolyzed) at a rate of 5 deg / For 90 minutes to a temperature of 450 ° C and a pressure of 150 atm and, under these conditions, are held for 25-30 minutes, the vapor-gas mixture of pyrolysis products is cooled to 50 ° C and at atmospheric pressure, dehydrated and liquefied, gaseous pyrolysis products subjected to photothermal exposure-photothermolysis (Photoactivation and photodissociation) at a temperature of 200 ÷ 240 ° C and atmospheric pressure, photothermalized gaseous mixtures consisting of chemically active products - gases CH 4 , C 2 H 4 , C n H m , CO, H 2 , CO 2 , etc. , Pass through a paraffin layer with a catalyst of Fe at a temperature of 240 ° C and atmospheric pressure, and a liquid fuel is produced, and the liquid-solid slurry produced in the process is sent to treat the plant mass, the process of pyrolysis and photothermolysis of the production of liquid fuel and liquid-solid slurry is repeated cyclically Continuously.

2. Solar installation for the production of artificial fuel oil from carbonaceous materials - plant waste wood pulp or agricultural waste of vegetable origin, for example, sunflower husk, straw and others, including grinder, dryer, calibrator, pyrolyzator, condenser, locking devices, characterized in that it Contains a reactor-photothermolator in the form of a heat-insulated vessel with a translucent window, a solar concentrator, an artificial light emitter, a slurry reactor with a paraffin layer of 0.3 volume and an Fe catalyst, solar heaters.

3. Solar installation according to claim 2, characterized in that the reactor-photothermolator is made in the form of a cylindrical vessel made of quartz glass, the solar radiation concentrator is made in the form of a parabolic cylinder, and the artificial radiator is made of metal halide lamps.

print version
Date of publication 24.01.2007gg