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INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2275961

METHOD OF OBTAINING A CATALYST FOR FUEL INJECTION (OPTIONS)

The name of the inventor: Bevz Anatoly Pavlovich (RU); Molchanov Kirill Vladimirovich (RU); Molchanov Artem Vladimirovich (RU); Minsker Felix Efimovich (RU); Polivoda Anatoly Ivanovich (RU); Polivoda Vladimir Anatolyevich (RU); Polyodor Fyodor Anatolievich (RU); Tsoi German Alekseevich (RU); Tsoy Alexey Danilovich
The name of the patent owner: Closed Joint Stock Company "GIDROMASHSERVIS"
Address for correspondence: 129347, Moscow, ul. Проходчиков, 17, кв.338, пат.пов. N.N. Polyakova
Date of commencement of the patent: 2004.10.06

A process for the preparation of a fuel combustion catalyst comprises the production of a porous support, the formation of a catalyst bed by impregnating the support with an aqueous solution of transition metal salts of salts, followed by drying and calcination. For the preparation of the carrier, a substrate is used from a porous polymeric organic material: polyurethane or polypropylene, which is immersed in an aqueous suspension of a metal powder selected from metals with a magnetic susceptibility c of 3.6 × 10 ⁶ G · E / g to 150 × 10 ⁶ G · E / G: iron, cobalt, chromium, nickel or their alloys, or vanadium and glue of organic PVA as a binder, until the air leaves the substrate, then drying the carrier blank at room temperature, burning the substrate at 750 ° C in a vacuum oven And sintering is carried out at a temperature of 900 to 1300 ° C., and then the workpiece is molded and the external surface of the carrier blank is formed to obtain a variable density of the carrier structure with a density maximum at the radiating surface, wherein the catalyst layer is formed by repeatedly impregnating the support with an aqueous solution of acetates or Sulfates of metals of transition groups: cobalt, chromium, vanadium, iron, nickel or their alloys, alternating with drying at room temperature and calcining to obtain a catalyst layer 50-80 μm thick. In a second embodiment, the formation of the supported catalyst layer is carried out by placing the carrier in an oven, followed by pumping metal carbonates of transition groups into the furnace space for 60-120 minutes, with gradual raising of the temperature in the furnace to 850 ° C, to build up a catalyst bed 50-80 μm thick . The technical result is an improvement in the quality of the catalyst and a decrease in its gas-dynamic resistance.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of catalytic combustion of fuels, namely to methods for preparing catalysts for use in catalytic heat sources (heaters) operating on gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, liquefied gas, necessary for a number of branches of the national economy, and in everyday life.

Various catalysts of honeycomb and fibrous structure of diamagnetic materials with low or negative magnetic susceptibility are known, which are obtained by high-temperature solid-phase synthesis of the corresponding oxides or by low-temperature liquid-phase deposition of transition metal oxides or nitrates on a diamagnetic carrier followed by drying and high-temperature calcination.

A method for the preparation of a fuel combustion catalyst containing iron and aluminum oxides is known, which comprises mixing the catalytically active metal oxides with inorganic binding materials, grinding to obtain a homogeneous mixture, forming the preform in the desired shape and calcining. As the catalytically active components, slurry iron containing waste is galvanized, and as a binder is a mixture of natural materials containing alumina: clay, kaolin, and inorganic additives: talc, wollastonite or tremolite, and pore-forming additive - charcoal (RU Patent No. 205890 , B 01 J 23/745, 1996). The known method makes it possible to use recycled oxide materials to produce an iron oxide catalyst.

The disadvantage of this method is the low specific power of the radiation-convective heat release of the catalyst: no more than 3-5 kW / m ² when burning, for example, a propane-butane gaseous mixture, a and incomplete catalytic oxidation accompanied by increased emission of toxic carbon monoxide and nitrogen in flue gases , Exceeding their maximum permissible concentration (MPC). In addition, this catalyst has a high (more than 10 mm of water column) gas-dynamic resistance, which requires significant energy consumption for the drive of the gas-air circulation compressor. These disadvantages are due to the properties of the carrier, its microstructure and physico-chemical composition.

A method for the preparation of a catalyst for deep oxidation of hydrocarbons is known, comprising forming a carrier-silica fiber on a gas-distributing unit and fixing it by means of a mesh, impregnating the carrier by immersing the carrier in an aqueous solution of the starting components, until the carrier is completely impregnated, drying the radiant heat flux from the catalytic heaters and calcining the running Flame of gas supplied to the unit, to a natural transition to flameless catalytic combustion (RU Patent No. 2053019, B 01 J 37/02, 1996). The known method provides an increase in the service life of the catalyst by increasing its strength: placing the carrier on the gas-distributing unit and placing it in a metal mesh. In addition, the known method makes it possible to shorten the duration of the catalyst preparation process relative to methods where convective heat is used.

The disadvantages of the known method are the high cost and complexity in technical execution, For drying and calcination it is necessary to use a plant in which the heat is generated by two catalytic heating elements between which the catalyst to be prepared is placed, and a metal gas distribution unit as an intermediate substrate is used to prepare a special design carrier.

The closest technical solution to the present invention is a method for the preparation of catalysts for fuel combustion, comprising the manufacture of a porous support, the formation of a catalyst by impregnating the support with an aqueous solution of transition metal salts of salts, followed by drying and calcination (RU Patent No. 2039601, B 01 J 37/02, 1995 G.). As transition metal salts, metal nitrates are used which are selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel, chromium, iron, and an inorganic fibrous material, for example quartz, silica, kaolin or basalt fiber, is used as the carrier. In this case, the impregnation of the carrier is carried out in an aqueous solution of salts of nitrates of transition metals with the addition of urea and a water-soluble polyhydric alcohol or carbohydrate in an amount of 0.25-1.5% by weight. The resulting billet is dried in a stream of air at a temperature of no higher than 90-100 ° C to a residual moisture content of 5-10%, and then calcined by a traveling thermal wave at a temperature of 500-600 ° C, using the heat of the exothermic reaction. Calcination of the preform is provided by the intrinsic heat of the exothermic reaction of urea with nitrate ions and combustion of the introduced organic matter (polyhydric alcohol or carbohydrate), whose presence ensures continuity and stability of the heat wave motion. The speed of the wave is regulated by the residual moisture of the billet. The process of self-calcination of the catalyst preform allows to prevent mechanical destruction of the catalyst and, consequently, to improve the quality of the catalyst, as well as to increase its service life.

However, it should be noted that the above methods for preparing the fuel combustion catalyst have common drawbacks.

A common feature of the above-mentioned known methods for the preparation of a fuel combustion catalyst is the use of materials with diamagnetic properties having a low magnetic susceptibility c less than 4 × 10 ⁶ G · Э / g as the support. The low or negative diamagnetic susceptibility of the catalyst is accompanied by the absence of magneto-gaselective inclusion of magnetic O ₂ oxygen molecules (the only magnetic gas of the atmosphere with a unique high magnetic susceptibility c = 103 · 10 ⁶ G · E / g) into the catalytic oxidation of gaseous fuel. A consequence of this is the low specific radiation-convective thermal power of catalysts with a diamagnetic carrier. Another common disadvantage of known catalysts with a diamagnetic carrier is the low gas selectivity of the catalytic reaction of diamagnetic combustion products from microzones (clusters): water vapor, carbon dioxide CO ₂ molecules and neutral nitrogen N. As a consequence of this process, in addition to low radiation-convective heat capacity, a high level Emission of carbon monoxide CO and nitrogen NO _x and other toxic substances in flue gases.

The technical object of the invention is to improve the quality of the catalyst and reduce its gas-dynamic resistance.

The technical result of the invention is to reduce the dimensions of the catalytic heating element, to improve the environmental purity of the catalytic combustion process by reducing the emission of nitrogen oxides and carbon, and to increase the temperature range of heat supply.

Said technical result in the method for producing a fuel combustion catalyst according to the first embodiment, comprising the manufacture of a porous support, the formation of a catalyst layer by impregnating the support with an aqueous solution of transition metal salts of salts followed by drying and calcination is achieved in that, in the manufacture of the support, a porous polymer Organic material: polyurethane or polypropylene, which is immersed in an aqueous suspension of metal powder selected from metals with a magnetic susceptibility c of from 3.6 × 10 ⁶ to 150 × 10 ⁶ G · E / g: iron, cobalt, chromium, nickel or their alloys , Or vanadium and glue of organic PVA as a binder until the air is completely discharged from the substrate, then the drying of the carrier blank is carried out at room temperature, the substrate is burned at a temperature of 750 ° C in a vacuum oven and sintering is carried out at a temperature of 900 to 1300 ° C, Forming a preform and rolling the outer surface of the carrier to obtain a variable density of the carrier structure with a maximum density on the radiating surface of the support, wherein the formation of the catalyst layer is carried out by repeatedly impregnating the support with an aqueous solution of acetate groups or metal sulfates of transition groups: cobalt, chromium, vanadium, iron, nickel Or their alloys, alternating with drying at room temperature and calcining to obtain a catalyst layer 50-80 μm thick.

Furthermore, in the invention, in the first embodiment, the calcination to form the catalyst layer is carried out by single or multiple heating at a temperature of 400 to 1100 ° C. in air for 30 to 120 minutes with or without additives of oxidation promoter vapors.

Furthermore, in the invention, in the first embodiment, the calcination to form the catalyst bed is carried out by one or more heating at a temperature of 750 ° C. in an inert medium for 30-90 minutes.

Furthermore, in the invention, in the first embodiment, the variable density of the support structure is obtained by surface compression to a depth of 1-3 mm by means of a rolling roller.

In addition, according to the first embodiment, a substrate made of a porous polymeric organic material having a mesh size of 0.4-1 mm with a bulk porosity of 95-97% is used for manufacturing the metal-porous support structure in the first embodiment.

Said technical result in the method for producing a fuel combustion catalyst according to a second embodiment, comprising the manufacture of a porous support, the formation of a catalyst bed followed by calcination, is achieved in that a substrate is used for manufacturing a carrier from a porous polymeric organic material: polyurethane or polypropylene, which is immersed in an aqueous suspension A powder of a metal selected from metals with a magnetic susceptibility c from 3.6 × 10 ⁶ to 150 × 10 ⁶ G · E / g: iron, cobalt, chromium, nickel or their alloys, or vanadium and an organic PVA glue as a binder until complete And then drying the carrier blank at room temperature, the substrate is burnt at a temperature of 750 ° C. in a vacuum oven and sintering is carried out at a temperature of 900-1300 ° C., and the blank is formed and the outer surface of the carrier blank is produced to obtain a variable density Structure of the carrier with a maximum density on the radiating surface, wherein the formation of the catalyst layer is carried out by placing the carrier in the furnace, followed by pumping metal carbonates of transition groups into the furnace space for 60-120 minutes, gradually increasing the temperature in the furnace to 850 ° C until the layer is increased Catalyst thickness of 50-80 microns.

In addition, according to the invention according to the second embodiment, the variable density of the support structure is obtained by surface compression to a depth of 1-3 mm by means of a rolling roller.

In addition, according to the invention according to the second embodiment, in the manufacture of the metal-porous structure of the carrier blank, a substrate of a porous polymer material with a mesh size of 0.4-1 mm with a bulk porosity of 95-97% is used.

The method for producing a fuel combustion catalyst is carried out as follows.

In order to carry out the process for preparing the catalyst according to the first embodiment, the process starts with the production of a highly porous support with predetermined magnetic properties with a magnetic susceptibility c = 3.6 × 10 ⁶ to 150 × 10 ⁶ G Э E / g using a temporary (removable) substrate of an open-pored organic polymeric Material: porous polyurethane or polypropylene (foam rubber) having a mesh size of 0.4-1 mm and a pore volume of 95-97%, which is placed in an aqueous suspension of a metal powder selected from the group of transition metals: iron, cobalt, chromium, nickel or their alloys , Or vanadium and an organic glue as a binder until the substrate is completely impregnated, i. E. Out of it air bubbles. The ratio of the mass of the powder to the liquid in the slurry is selected so that the impregnated support blank has a predetermined density. The pressed carrier blank is air dried according to known technology, then the temporary substrate is removed by burning it in an oven, for example, muffle in a vacuum at a temperature of 750 ° C., after which the sintering process is carried out at a temperature of 900-1300 ° C.

To increase the efficiency of the catalyst, a variable density of the porous structure of the carrier with a maximum density on the outer (one) side of the wearer is created by rolling. The rolling process is carried out by means of known technical means, for example by a rolling roller to a depth of 1-3 mm. Then, the formation of a catalyst layer with a thickness of 50-80 μm in the form of oxides or spinels is carried out on the support. The indicated thickness of the catalyst bed was determined during the experiment. The thickness of the catalyst bed is selected based on the properties of the selected active metal salts of the transition groups.

To obtain a catalyst bed of a given thickness, the carrier is immersed in an aqueous solution of acetate or metal sulfate of transition groups: cobalt, chromium, vanadium, iron, nickel or their alloys alternating with drying at room temperature and calcining in an oven to obtain a catalyst bed of 50-80 μm. In this case, the calcination is carried out by single or multiple heating at a temperature of 400 to 1100 ° C in the air for 30-120 minutes with or without activator additives. Lanthanum salts are used as activators: La ₂ (SO ₄ ) ₃ , LaF ₃ , LaCl ₃ . Calcination can also be carried out by heating at a temperature of 750 ° C in an inert medium, for example in argon for 30-90 min. The use of an inert medium makes it possible to prevent scale formation and the destruction of the structure of the catalyst bed.

The process for the preparation of the catalyst of the second embodiment includes a process for producing a porous support similar to the manufacturing process of the carrier as described in the first embodiment, namely using a substrate of an open-cell polymer organic material, a porous polyurethane or polypropylene having a mesh size of 0.4-1 mm with a bulk porosity of 95 -97%, which is placed in an aqueous suspension of a powder of a metal selected from the group of transition metals: iron, cobalt, chromium, nickel or their alloys, or vanadium with an additive as a binder organic glue PVA until the substrate is completely impregnated, i.e. Out of it air bubbles. As indicated above, the ratio of the weight of powder and liquid in the slurry is selected so that the impregnated support blank has a predetermined density. The billet is dried in air, then the temporary substrate is removed by burning it in an oven in a vacuum at a temperature of 750 ° C, after which sintering is carried out at a temperature of 900-1300 ° C. Then, the process of rolling (compressing) the outer side of the carrier to a depth of 1-3 mm is carried out using known techniques, for example a rolling roller to create a variable density of a metal-porous support structure with a maximum density on the outer side of the carrier. After that, the formation of a microlayer of a catalyst with a thickness of 50-80 μm in the form of oxides is carried out. In this embodiment of the gas phase preparation method, the manufactured carrier is placed inside the furnace where a pair of metal carbonate selected from the group of transition metals is pumped for 60-120 minutes, with simultaneous calcination, which is carried out by gradually raising the temperature in the furnace from room temperature to 850 ° C FROM. The process is carried out until the catalyst bed is thickened with a thickness of 50-80 μm.

It should be noted that a microlayer of a catalyst of a given thickness can also be obtained by repeatedly heating (calcining) the carrier at a temperature of 400-1100 ° C in the air due to air oxygen (in an open furnace) for 30-120 minutes with the addition of activators - lanthanum salts: La ₂ (SO ₄ ) ₃ , LaF ₃ , LaCl ₃ , or without them. This variant of the formation of the catalyst micro-layer allows to significantly reduce the financial costs in the implementation of the entire technological process by reducing the amount of expensive equipment.

The catalytic activity of the catalysts prepared according to the present invention was evaluated on a laboratory bench simulating the operation of a catalytic heater. The costs of natural gas in a mixture with air were 50 and 500 l / h, respectively. Through a sampler installed at a height of 5 mm above the surface of the heater, the oxidation products were fed to the TESTO gas analyzer, by which the NO, NO _x and CO content in the off-gas was determined.

The table shows the test results. As can be seen from the data given in the table, the preparation of the highly porous catalyst according to the invention with respect to the prototype makes it possible to significantly reduce the yields of carbon oxides and nitrogen, increase the temperature range and increase the specific radiation-convective capacity of the catalyst.

EXAMPLE 1 In order to obtain a fuel combustion catalyst according to the first embodiment, a blank of a metal-porous magnetic carrier made of cobalt, made in the form of a plate having a size of 250 × 125 × 12 mm and having a bulk porosity of 95%, is made on a substrate made of a porous polyurethane foam Of the above size with a mesh size of 0.9 mm, which is immersed at room temperature in an aqueous solution of a metallic cobalt powder having a particle size of 1-7 μm of the following composition, by weight.

The PVA glue is used to prepare a creamy aqueous suspension of said composition as a binder. To do this, it is previously dissolved in water at room temperature. The impregnated plate of the carrier blank is pressed in rolls and air dried at room temperature to a residual moisture of 2%. The dried plate is placed in a vacuum oven to remove (burn out) the substrate, which is carried out at a temperature of 750 ° C for 15 minutes. Then, within 30-55 minutes, the temperature in the furnace is raised to 1150 ° C and the metal-porous structure of the carrier blank is sintered. The resulting blank of a 12 mm thick carrier is molded with a compact to a thickness of 6 mm, and then an anisotropic structure is obtained at a depth of 1 ÷ 3 mm, i.e., using a rolling roll of 10 mm in diameter on a magnetic table. Structure of the carrier with a variable density in thickness, the thickness of the plate being reduced to 5 mm.

To form the active micro-layer of the supported catalyst, the plate is impregnated for 30 minutes with an aqueous solution of metal salts of the following composition, by weight:

After that, drying is carried out in air at room temperature to a residual moisture content of 5%, followed by calcination for 90 minutes at 750 ° C in argon. The catalyst is heated in a special container or in a muffle furnace, where argon is fed. The process is repeated until a microlayer of 60 μm thick catalyst is formed.

EXAMPLE 2 In order to obtain a fuel combustion catalyst according to the second embodiment, a blank of a metal-porous magnetic carrier from chromium, followed by forming into a plate having a size of 250 × 125 × 5 mm, with the required volume porosity and anisotropy, i.e. By varying the density of the structure along the thickness of the support, is prepared in a manner similar to Example 1, using an aqueous suspension of chromium powder with a particle size of 1-7 μm, in the following ratio, by weight:

The formation of a microlayer of catalytically active chromium Cr ₂ O ₃ with a thickness of 70 μm on a metal-porous support structure is carried out by calcination in a muffle furnace for 150 minutes with a gradual rise in temperature from room temperature to 850 ° C in an air atmosphere with the injection of fumes of cobalt carbonate CoCO ₃ at a concentration of 10 ^-2 -10 ^-3 %. The process of formation of the supported catalyst is conducted prior to the formation of an active layer of chromium oxide with a thickness of 70 μm.

EXAMPLE 3 A blank of a metal-porous, heat-resistant magnetic carrier of a cobalt-chromium vanadium alloy in the form of a 250 × 250 × 12 mm plate with 95% volume porosity is produced on a temporary (burnt out) substrate made of foam rubber, similar to Example 1, using an aqueous mixture of metallic powders With a particle size of 1 to 7 μm (to form a creamy suspension) with the following ratio, by weight:

Impregnated in the aqueous solution of metal powders of cobalt, chromium and vanadium, the substrate is pressed in rolls and air dried at room temperature to a residual moisture of 2%, then the process of removing (burning out) the substrate in a vacuum oven at a temperature of 750 ° C for 15 minutes , After which the metal-porous structure of the billet is sintered at a temperature of 1150 ° C. The obtained carrier blank is molded and the outer surface is rolled to obtain an anisotropic structure to a depth of 1-3 mm.

To form a microlayer of a V ₂ O ₅ catalyst on a support, the support plate is repeatedly impregnated, followed by air drying to a residual moisture content of 5% and calcination in an aqueous solution of vanadium sulfate of the following composition, by weight:

Calcination is carried out at a temperature of 900 ° C in air for 60 min with additives of oxidation promoter vapors: La ₂ (SO ₄ ) ₃ , LaF ₃ , LaCl ₃ . The process is carried out until a catalyst layer thickness of 80 μm is obtained. Similarly to the proposed method for producing a fuel combustion catalyst, plates made of iron, nickel or from their alloys, for example chromale, fecral, etc., can be made.

The advantages of the proposed method for the preparation of a fuel combustion catalyst are due to the use of materials with magnetic properties having a high magnetic susceptibility from c = 4 × 10 ⁶ G · E / g to 150 × 10 ⁶ G · E / g. The high magnetic susceptibility of the catalyst is accompanied by the effect of magneto-gaselective engagement of magnetic O ₂ oxygen molecules (the only magnetic gas of the atmosphere with a unique high magnetic susceptibility c = 103 · 10 ⁶ G · E / g) into the catalytic oxidation of gaseous fuel. A consequence of this is the correspondingly high specific radiation-convective thermal power of catalysts with a magnetic carrier - up to 600 and more kW / m ² . This is more than 2 orders of magnitude higher than the achieved radiation-convective power for catalysts obtained by known methods. Accordingly, the dimensions, the material consumption and the price of the catalytic heater are reduced.

Another advantage of the magnetically supported catalysts obtained in accordance with the invention is the high gas selectivity of removing catalytic oxidation reaction of diamagnetic combustion products from microzones (clusters): water vapor, carbon dioxide CO ₂ molecules and neutral nitrogen N. The consequence of this process, besides high radiation -convective heat power, low emission of carbon oxides CO and nitrogen NO _x and other toxic substances in flue gases is provided - less than 4 ppm. This is an order of magnitude lower in comparison with the operation of catalysts obtained by known methods, which leads to an increase in the ecological purity of the process of catalytic combustion of fuel.

CLAIM

A process for the preparation of a fuel combustion catalyst comprising the manufacture of a porous support, forming a catalyst bed by impregnating the support with an aqueous solution of transition metal salts of salts, followed by drying and calcination, characterized in that a carrier is made of a porous polymeric organic material: polyurethane or polypropylene , Which is immersed in an aqueous suspension of a powder of a metal selected from metals with a magnetic susceptibility c of 3.6 × 10 ⁶ G · E / g to 150 × 10 ⁶ G · E / g: iron, cobalt, chromium, nickel or their alloys, Or vanadium and glue of organic PVA as a binder until the air is completely discharged from the substrate, then drying of the carrier blank at room temperature is carried out, the substrate is burned at a temperature of 750 ° C in a vacuum oven and sintering is carried out at a temperature of 900 to 1300 ° C, Forming a blank and rolling an outer surface of the carrier blank to obtain a variable density of the carrier structure with a maximum density on the radiating surface, wherein the catalyst layer is formed by repeatedly impregnating the support with an aqueous solution of acetate or metal sulfate of transition groups: cobalt, chromium, vanadium, iron, nickel Or their alloys, alternating with drying at room temperature and calcining to obtain a catalyst layer 50-80 μm thick.

2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the calcination to form the catalyst layer is carried out by one or more heating at a temperature of 400 to 1100 ° C in the air for 30 to 120 minutes with or without additives of the oxidation promoter vapors.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the calcination to form the catalyst layer is carried out by one or more heating at a temperature of 750 ° C. in an inert medium for 30-90 minutes.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the variable density of the support structure is obtained by surface compression to a depth of 1-3 mm by means of a rolling roller.

5. The method of claim 1, characterized in that a substrate made of a porous polymeric organic material having a mesh size of 0.4-1 mm with a bulk porosity of 95-97% is used to manufacture the metal-porous support structure.

6. A process for the preparation of a fuel combustion catalyst comprising the manufacture of a porous support, the formation of a catalyst bed followed by calcination, characterized in that the substrate is made of a porous polymeric organic material: polyurethane or polypropylene, which is immersed in an aqueous suspension of a metal powder selected from Metals with a magnetic permeability c from 3.6 · 10 ⁶ G · E / g to 150 · 10 ⁶ G · E / g: iron, cobalt, chromium, nickel or their alloys, or vanadium and glue of organic PVA as a binder to the full Of the air outlet from the substrate, then the drying of the carrier blank is carried out at room temperature, the substrate is burnt at a temperature of 750 ° C. in a vacuum oven and sintering is carried out at a temperature of 900-1300 ° C., after which the blank is formed and the outer surface of the support is rolled to obtain a variable density of the structure Carrier with a maximum density on the outer surface, wherein the formation of the supported catalyst layer is carried out by placing the carrier in the furnace followed by pumping metal carbonates of transition groups into the furnace space for 60-120 minutes, with gradual raising of the temperature in the furnace to 850 ° C, Layer of catalyst with a thickness of 50-80 μm.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the variable density of the support structure is obtained by surface compression to a depth of 1 to 3 mm by means of a rolling roller.

8. The method of claim 6, characterized in that a substrate made of a porous polymeric organic material having a mesh size of 0.4-1 mm with a bulk porosity of 95-97% is used to make the metal-porous support structure.

print version
Date of publication 09.04.2007гг

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