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INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2105459
METHOD OF SUBSTRATE PREPARATION FOR GROWING MUSHROOMS
The name of the inventor: GE Remnev; Puzyrevich AG; Mizina T.Yu.
The name of the patent holder: Engineering and Physics Center "Temp" of the Scientific Research Institute of Nuclear Physics at the Tomsk Polytechnic University
Address for correspondence:
Date of commencement of the patent: 1996.02.14
The invention relates to the preparation of a substrate for growing mushrooms and is intended for sterilizing a substrate. The cellulose-containing sbstrat is obtained by an energy flow, which is a beam of accelerated electrons or X-ray radiation with a dose of at least 8 Mrad. The treatment of the substrate by a beam of accelerated electrons enriches it with cellulose decomposition products, completely free of extraneous microflora, which increases the yield by 30% and extends the fruiting period, increasing the number of propagation waves to 5.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to the artificial cultivation of wood-destroying fungi.
At present, the interest in cultivating those higher fungi that are able to assimilate non-food sugars and polysaccharides of cellulose and even hemicellulose and lignin has grown significantly, which has made it possible to expand the possibilities of using a variety of cellulose-containing raw materials as a nutrient medium for their cultivation. The most promising in this respect was the oyster mushroom.
Existing intensive technologies for growing oyster mushrooms are generally similar to each other and differ only in interchangeable details. One of the main operations in the artificial cultivation of fungi is the preparation of the substrate (see Fomina, VI Gavrilova, L. Production of edible fungi in the USSR, Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1978).
As a raw material for the substrate, a compacted cellulose-containing material is used. This can be straw, corn cobs or corn stalks, sawdust, bran, etc. To enrich the substrate add various nutritional supplements: sucrose, starch or bone meal. Raw pasteurize and soften with hot water or steam. In this case, the substrate is partially sterilized from the competing microflora and becomes more accessible for feeding the fungus due to the partial destruction of the envelope of the plant cell. The substrate is then cooled and seeded with pre-grown mycelia of oyster mushrooms in an amount of 2-5 wt. In the next three weeks, the growth and maturation of the mycelium is proceeding. The optimum temperature is 22-25 ° C. At a lower temperature competitive microorganisms are rapidly developing which can stop the growth of oyster mushrooms and even destroy it. After the maturing phase, the temperature is lowered to 10-12 ° C, and the fungus begins to bear fruit. After the first collection of mushrooms, the second wave is coming, but its yield is half as much.
Output of the product is up to 1 kg of fresh mushrooms per 1 kg of dry substrate. However, the percentage of marriage is high (up to 46%) due to insufficient sterility of the substrate and the development of foreign microorganisms. Especially this effect increases in the case of raw materials of poor quality (raw, dirty, pre-straw).
A method for preparing a substrate is known, when the cellulose-containing raw material is sterilized by heating to a temperature above 100 ° C. at an elevated pressure in an autoclave. At the same time, a complete sterilization of the substrate takes place, however, this method multiplies the production costs by many times. The method of continuous sterilization of the mycelium [1] chosen by us for the prototype is also known. According to this method, partial sterilization of soil or cellulose-containing raw material is produced by irradiating it with electromagnetic radiation of a radio frequency range of 13-100 MHz with an energy flux density of up to 90 kW / m 2 . The irradiation is carried out in a pipe through which raw raw materials enter continuously and whose walls are made of a vapor-impermeable material that is transparent to radiation. Sterilization in this case occurs under the influence of heating to a temperature of 90-100 o C. Heating under the action of radiation occurs throughout the mass of the raw material in the tube and very quickly. Processing time is 1-2 minutes. The water vapor formed during heating heats the soil before and after the irradiation zone, which increases the degree of sterilization. This method is undoubtedly more economical, productive and less time-consuming than hot water treatment, but sterilization of raw materials and incomplete.
As was shown above, the percentage of rejects in the cultivation of fungi and the yield of fungi depends very strongly on the quality of the substrate, its sterility and nutrient enrichment.
Thus, in front of mushrooms, the task is to prepare a sterile substrate enriched with nutrients.
According to the invention, this problem is solved as follows. As in the prototype, cellulose-containing raw materials are moistened and irradiated with a flow of energy. In contrast to the prototype, irradiation is performed before the raw material is moistened and irradiated with a beam of accelerated electrons or X-ray radiation with a dose of at least 8 Mrad.
In general, the method is carried out as follows. Cellulose-containing raw materials (in a particular experiment it was straw from the field, damp, dirty and lying under snow) are irradiated on an electrostatic generator with a 1-2 electron beam of electrons with an energy of 1-2 MeV up to a set of absorbed dose of at least 8 Mrad. An X-ray treatment is possible, which is obtained by directing an electron beam with the above parameters to a tungsten target. Irradiation is carried out until the same dose is given (not less than 8 Mrad).
Then the raw material is moistened, for which 1 liter of dry straw is added with 2 liters of water. As shown by our studies, such treatment of the substrate not only makes it complete sterilization, but also produces partial destruction (destruction) of cellulose. The products of destruction of cellulose when the substrate is moistened dissolve in water. As a result, the substrate becomes better absorbed for the mycelium and, consequently, even without enrichment with nutritional supplements, the yield of fungi increases.
The upper limit of the radiation dose is of no fundamental importance. However, increasing it above 20 Mrad is economically impractical, because Excessively prolongs the processing time when the same results are achieved. At a dose of 8 Mrad, complete sterilization takes place with any quality of raw materials. The substrate thus prepared is placed in molds and inoculated with mycelium. In view of the complete sterilization of the substrate, a reduction in the rate of seeding of the mycelium is possible from 5 to 0.5%. The growth of the mycelium is carried out under the same conditions as in the prototype. However, small deviations in the temperature regime from the optimal values do not cause rapid growth of extraneous microflora and, therefore, have less effect on the yield of fungi.
In a specific embodiment of the process, raw straw was irradiated on an ESG-2.5 electrostatic generator with an electron beam with an energy of 1 MeV. The irradiation was carried out in the atmosphere by the extracted beam. Straw was placed on a rotating disc in order to more uniformly irradiate and prevent local overheating. In one irradiation session, 2 kg of dry substrate was obtained. It is possible to irradiate the drum, where the straw rotates and mixes in the flow of air. At an electron beam current of 50 μA, the required dose set occurred after about 1 hour. With increasing electron energy or beam current, the processing time is shortened. At optimal irradiation regimes, which are know-how in this method, even from poor quality raw materials, a substrate is obtained in which there is no extraneous microflora completely, and the substrate is enriched with cellulose decomposition products. On this substrate, the output of the product in double harvesting was increased by 30% compared to the substrate prepared in an autoclave. In addition, the fruiting period of fungi has been extended, with subsequent charges being no less effective than the first two and the number of charges has reached 5. Therefore, in general, the yield has increased no less than 2.5 times. The spent substrate is enriched with a mycelium much higher than normal and there are no visible traces of straw. This biomass is an excellent protein-containing feed additive for farm animals.
Thus, the proposed method of preparing the substrate allows the utilization of cellulose-containing raw materials in the growing of fungi on it. While in the cultivation of fungi on traditionally prepared substrates the spent substrate is a mixture of mycelial biomass with substrate residues, their separation without deterioration of the mycelial quality is still an unsolved problem.
CLAIM
A method for preparing a substrate for growing fungi by moistening the cellulose-containing raw material and irradiating it with a flow of energy, characterized in that the irradiation is performed before the raw material is humidified and irradiated with a beam of accelerated electrons or X-ray radiation with a dose of at least 8 Mrad.
print version
Date of publication 11.03.2007gg
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