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INVENTION
Patent of the Russian Federation RU2262827

METHOD OF INTENSIVE CULTIVATION OF CORN

The name of the inventor: Melikhov V.V. (RU); Dronova TN
Name of patent holder: State Scientific Institution All-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture
Address for correspondence: 400002, Volgograd, ul. Timiryazeva, 9, GNU VNIIIOZ
Date of commencement of the patent: 2004.06.07

(EN) The invention relates to plant growing. The method involves the use as a precursor of perennial legumes or leguminous crops, the seeds of which are treated with a composition of natural bischofite with a concentration of 25-35% and a 3-day suspension of green alga Chlorella Vulgaris before sowing. As a sort of corn, hybrids of early and early ripening groups are used, the seeds of which are prepared for sowing in the same way as the seeds of the precursor. Under the main soil cultivation, lime is added to pH 6.5-7.0, organic and mineral fertilizers. Nitrogen fertilizers, in addition to applying for basic soil cultivation, are introduced in 4-5 and 7-8 growth phases in the form of productive feedings. Treatment with a herbicidal agent, which uses a mixture of herbicide and 3-day suspension of Chlorella Vulgaris, is carried out twice: before sowing and in 3-5 growth phase. The water regime is used according to the scheme 70 ... 80 ... 70% HB. This ensures a high yield and quality of corn grain in the economical use of resources.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to crop production.

Intensive technology of growing corn for grain requires the exact implementation of all technological operations, compliance with norms, timing and methods of introducing batteries; Complex plant protection, which is carried out at key stages of their growth and development, taking into account the data of biological control. Therefore, for the precise performance of all operations of intensive technology, it is necessary to know the progress of the stages of plant development and the formation of their generative organs. Between the degree of development of generative organs and the number of leaves there is a close relationship, which simplifies the application of biological control. By the number of leaves on the main stem of the plant (along with the dead), one can determine the phase of development or the stage of organogenesis directly in the field, which makes it possible to effectively carry out agrotechnical measures.

A method for growing corn is known, providing for the care of plants in developmental phases and repeated feeding with nitrogen fertilizers [1].

The disadvantage of the method is the use of nitrogen fertilizers in higher doses, which on irrigated lands, in particular light chestnut soils, leads to the accumulation of nitrates and other harmful substances in plant products, soil, ground and surface waters, an increase in the density of soil composition, a decrease in its total porosity And aeration, and activates the release of carbon dioxide from it, adversely affects the presence of waterproof, agronomically valuable aggregates, increases the dispersion coefficient [2].

The technical result is to ensure a high yield and quality of corn grain with economical use of resources.

The technical result is achieved by using a perennial leguminous grass or leguminous plants as a precursor in the method including the choice of the precursor, the maize variety, the preparation of the seeds before sowing, the sowing and care of the plants in the developmental phases, the seeds of which are treated with a composition of natural Bischofite 25-35% concentration and 3-day suspension of green alga Chlorella Vulgaris, taken in the ratio 1: 0.7.

Under basic soil cultivation, lime is added to pH 6.5-7.0, organic and mineral fertilizers: phosphoric, potassium. Nitrogen fertilizers, in addition to applying for basic soil cultivation, are introduced in the form of productive fertilization in 4-5 and 7-8 growth phases.

Treatment with a herbicidal agent, which uses a mixture of herbicide and 3-day suspension of green alga Chlorella Vulgaris in the ratio of components 1: 1.8-2.0, is carried out twice: before sowing and in 3-5 growth phase.

Hybrids of early and early ripening groups are used as a variety of maize. Seeds are planted before sowing in the same way as the seeds of the precursor.

The water regime is used according to the scheme 70 ... 80 ... 70% HB. And 80% of HB - from the beginning of mashing to the milk ripeness of grain, 70% HB - in the remaining periods of vegetation.

The main source of humus formation and preservation of soil fertility are stubble-root remains of cultivated crops.

The value of perennial legumes and leguminous crops is determined by their ability to accumulate a large amount of organic matter in the soil and replenish the reserves of nutrients due to it. So meadow and goat clover accumulate the largest number of roots - up to 13 tons / ha by the end of the 3rd and 4th years of life, alfalfa - up to 11.2 tons / ha in the 2nd and 3rd years of life.

The chemical analysis of the root residues shows that the nitrogen content in them is up to 1.77%, phosphorus - up to 0.96%, potassium - up to 1.24%.

High accumulation in the soil of nitrogen is determined by the active activity of nodule bacteria, the dynamics of formation of which closely correlates with age and cut. The maximum number of nodules with leghemoglobin (piece / plant) was established in the first mowing on crops of the 2nd year of life of the clover meadow grade Pelikan - 32.6, goatskin eastern - 35.0, alfalfa bluegris - 31.0.

Processing seeds of these crops before sowing the corresponding for each species bean strains of rhizotorphin - control and composition of natural bischofite 25-30% concentration and 3-day suspension of green alga Chlorella Vulgaris in a ratio of 1: 0.7 showed that the control ratio of active nodules To the total number of them: clover 1: 1.5-1.8, goat 1: 1.8-2.1, alfalfa 1: 1.4-2.0. At the same time in the experiment this ratio was 1: 1.1-1.2 in all cultures. The number of nodules with leghemoglobin in the experiment increased by more than 2.4-2.8 times and was: for clover - 84.8; At a goat dog - 98, at a lucerne - 74,4.

Thus, legumes left over 1 hectare more than 306 kg of nitrogen, more than 75 kg of phosphorus and more than 160 kg of potassium.

When calculating fertilizer doses, the biological characteristics of corn were taken into account, the planned yield, the content of elements of mineral nutrition in the soil, and their removal from the crop.

Potassium fertilizers were applied in calculated doses in the form of potassium chloride with 60% K ₂ O content, phosphorus fertilizers in the form of ammophos with 50% P ₂ O ₅ content for basic soil treatment. Nitrogen fertilizers in the form of ammonium nitrate containing 34% of nitrogen were introduced in parts: the first - for the basic treatment of the soil, the second - in the form of productive fertilization in 4-5 and 7-8 phases of growth.

With intensive technology of growing grain crops, the microelements are quickly removed. Therefore, between the II and VI stages of organogenesis, zinc plants (1 kg / ha zinc oxide) and molybdenized superphosphate (1 centner / ha), magnesium (40-70 kg / ha), copper (0.3-1.5 kg / Ha) and boron (1.5-2 kg / ha).

To obtain high yields of corn, a neutral soil medium and a sufficient amount of calcium are needed. For this, liming of soils is carried out according to conventional methods to pH 6.5-7.0.

Treatment with herbicidal agent is carried out twice: the first before sowing, the second - in the 3-5th phase of growth.

As a herbicide, a herbicide mixture (for example, Marsanto's "Harnes" and a 3-day suspension of the green alga Chlorella Vulgaris in a ratio of 1: 1.8-2.0 is used.

The realization of the potential activity of herbicides as chemical protection depends primarily on the entry of the active substance into the target object without damage to the cultivated plants and the lack of aftereffect of the herbicides in the crop rotation.

The long-term practice of using herbicides, including new ones with selective action, shows that somehow herbicides exert a toxic effect on agricultural crops, leading to a decrease in the quantity and quality of the crop.

The possibility of joint application of a composition, which includes both chemical and biological agents (their compatibility), was studied in the following proportions of the components of the composition: 1: 1.5; 1: 1.8; 1: 2.0; 1: 2.2.

As a result of the research, it was found that the use of a composition with a component ratio of 1: 1.5 as a herbicidal agent on maize crops ensured a yield of 72.1 c / ha, at a ratio of 1: 1.8-79.8 c / ha; 1: 2,0-88,4 c / ha (on a hybrid of corn Povolzhsky 23).

Minor yield variations with different herbicides were within the error of the experiment.

In addition, in Russia, especially in the southern regions, the grain of cereal crops rapidly increases with toxin-forming strains of fusarium, aspergillus, penicillium, mucor, etc. According to the data of 2000-2002, a complex of these fungi species infected more than 60% of the samples of wheat, barley , Corn, pledged for storage or received for sale [3].

In this regard, studies on the inhibitory effect of the proposed herbicidal composition on the development of mycotoxins have shown that it inhibits the development of a complex of toxinogenic fungi. Apparently, the proposed composition causes autolysis of intracellular structures of mycotoxins and their destruction.

Joint application of manure, mineral fertilizers and lime leads to a significant decrease in the content of water-soluble and exchangeable forms of lead and cadmium in the soil and thus reduces the flow of heavy metals into crop production.

The advantage of this method of growing corn in comparison with the prototype and other technologies is:

- maximum use of the potential of "biological" nitrogen produced by symbiotic and free-living microorganisms;

- reduced doses of mineral fertilizers;

- maximum rapprochement of the terms of fertilizer application with the period of their active consumption by plants;

- Savings of irrigation water due to the use of a differentiated irrigation regime with intensive water supply only in the period of the greatest water consumption of maize;

- the possibility to receive in the Volgograd region in the field conditions a grain of standard 14% moisture and thereby reduce energy consumption for drying;

- reduction of anthropogenic load on agricultural crops and soil microbiocenosis due to reduction of the herbicide consumption.

USED ​​BOOKS

1. SU 1782381 A1, December 23, 1992.

2. KRUZHILIN I.P. Increase the level of scientific support for the program for the effective use of irrigated lands / Bulletin of Agricultural Science, 1986, No. 5, pp. 136-140.

3. Monastyrsky I.V. Biosecurity of cereals from toxicogenic microorganisms / g. Protection and quarantine of plants, 2003, No. 2, pp. 5-8.

CLAIM

A method for intensive maize cultivation, including the selection of a precursor, a maize variety, seed preparation before sowing, sowing and plant care in development phases, characterized in that the precursor is a perennial leguminous grass or leguminous crops, the seeds of which are treated with a natural composition before sowing Bischofite 25-35% concentration and 3-day suspension of green alga Chlorella Vulgaris in the ratio 1: 0.7, as a variety of maize, hybrids of early and early ripening groups are used, the seeds of which are prepared for seeding in the same way as the seeds of the precursor; For basic soil cultivation, lime is added to pH 6.5-7.0, organic and mineral fertilizers, nitrogen fertilizers are applied for basic tillage and in the form of productive dressings in 4 and 5 and 7 and 8 growth phases, treatment with a herbicide, as Which uses a mixture of herbicide and 3-day suspension of Chlorella Vulgaris in the ratio of components 1: 1,8-2,0, is carried out twice: before sowing and in 3-5 growth phase, the water regime is used according to the scheme 70 ... 80 ... 70% HB, and the pre-determined soil humidity threshold of 80% HB is maintained in the period from the beginning of the mashing to the milk ripeness of the grain.

print version
Date of publication 06.03.2007гг

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